Essays on Red Blood Cell

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

Abstract

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder in which the red blood cells, which function as the oxygen carriers throughout the body, develop in an abnormal manner. The red blood cells are normally disk-shaped and very flexible but in sickle cell patients the cells often become very rigid and crescent shaped. This abnormality in the shape and functionality of the red blood cells hinder the normal flow of blood in the body. The red blood cells are therefore rendered unable to move freely through the blood tissues and through organs that result in the failure of certain important organs ...

Introduction and Overview

The Rhesus factor (Rh) refers to the red blood cell’s(RBC) surface antigen;the name Rhesus comes from the small Indian monkeys in which it was first discovered. Rh incompatibility,sometimes referred to as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with the Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh- positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. This condition can have fatal outcomes including haemolytic disease of the foetus or newborn, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). These conditions have, in the past, raised a lot of concerns, and some ...

1. What is Normal hematocrit ranges?

The normal hematocrit ranges are dependent on two things which are the age and sex of the individual. However, it is only dependent on sex after adolescence. The normal hematocrit ranges are: 55%- 68% for Newborn babies, 47% - 65% for one week old babies, 37% - 49% for one month old babies, 30% - 36% for three month olds, 29% -41% for one year olds, 36% - 40% for 10 year olds, 42% - 54% for adult males, and 38% - 40% for adult women.

2. What is Occult blood?

An occult blood is defined as a negligible amount of blood present ...

Glycosylated Hemoglobin: HgA1c

Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed by the irreversible, non-enzymatic binding of circulating glucose to the amino groups of lysine and valine residues in hemoglobin. It is measured as a ratio of glycosylated hemoglobin to non-glycosylated hemoglobin. The level of HgA1c in erythrocytes depends on the concentration of glucose in blood. When level of blood glucose is high, the rate of glycation is increased, hence more glycosylated hemoglobin. Glycation occurs slowly and over the entire lifespan of the red blood cell, i.e. 90-120 days. Therefore, HbA1c reflects the average level of blood glucose exposed to the red blood cell over the past ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

The binding of antibodies to red blood cells can lead to potentially fatal outcomes such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.1 Information regarding the first steps of hemolytic transfusion reactions is well documented. It is, however, unclear why the severity of hemolytic transfusions experienced by different individuals ranges from mild to very severe.2 The pathophysiology of the final pathways and downstream events of red blood cell hemolysis are also yet to be fully elucidated although research is ongoing.2 A recent study by Liepkalns et al. (2012)1 has reinvigorated debate on the ...

Introduction

The issue with blood donation in Canada, as well as around the world, is that the supply of blood peaks during times of crisis when the need for blood is at the forefront of the public’s attention. This often outpaces the demand and goes to waste due to the small shelf life of blood. There is a steady demand for blood donation year-round and is often under-supplied. Should Canada use a monetary incentive to improve the supply and demand imbalance for blood donation?Blood Donation In Canada Canadian Blood Services (CBS) looks after the blood donation efforts within all Canadian provinces. ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2 General background 3 Resistance mutants 4 Hemoglobin mutants 4 Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5 Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6 Method: 7 Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8 Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9 Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

Biology for Nursing Practice

(Location of the University)

INTRODUCTION

The earliest recorded use of performance-enhancing substances dates back to the era of the Olympians in Greece, specifically 776 BC (Bowers 1998). ‘Doping’—an overused term in the field of sports—originates from the Dutch word “doop”, a viscous opium juice which was once a favorite of the ancient Greeks. Nonetheless, it is a common knowledge of today that the use of performance-enhancing drugs is banned because of the unfair advantage it gives to sportsmen. Cunning as it may seem, athletes in the 1990s have found ways to improve their performance sans the use of mainstream drugs ...

At the level of the iliac crest, it moves to the left common iliac artery. From the left common iliac artery, it joins the left external iliac artery. The red blood cell exits the perineum through the inguinal ring and joins the left femoral artery. The left femoral artery passes through the anterior muscles of the left thigh, inside the adductor canal and enters into the popliteal fossa through the adductor hiatus. In the popliteal fossa, the red blood cell joins the left popliteal artery, which divides into an anterior and a posterior tibial arteries. The red blood cell ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet (Arthurs &Sudhakar 2005). Carbon dioxide is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly regulated. This paper aims at discussing the production and transport of carbon dioxide from the cells through ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet. This results in the utilization of about 80% of oxygen and gives respiratory quotient of 0.8 (Arthurs & Sudhakar 2005, p. 207). Carbon is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly ...

Malaria is a vector-borne communicable humans and other animals’ disease that is caused by a protest microorganism of the Plasmodium genus. It starts with an infected female Anopheles mosquito bite that inserts the organism via saliva into the circulatory system. Once in the blood, the organism moves to the liver to grow up as well as reproduce. Characteristically, malaria symptoms include headache and fever, which in harsh instances can proceed to death or coma. Malaria is widespread in subtropical and tropical areas in a broad band all over the equator, including much of the Americas, Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa (Cutler, Fung, Kremer, ...

A solution with a higher solute concentration than a cell is known as hypertonic solution. A solution of lower solute solution than the cell is known as hypotonic solution and of similar concentration isotonic solution. Osmosis refers to the phenomenon whereby solution moves from a hypotonic area, across a membrane with selective permeability, to a hypertonic area. The selective membrane refers to membranes that prevents one substance from passing through but allows another. In most cases, the biological membranes are permeable to water and impermeable to solutes such as sugars and ions. The cells have an ability of regulating their internal water and salt ...

Digestion in human beings and other animals is overly dependent on the action of enzymes; in their basic form, enzymes are protein materials that act as catalysts with the ability to produce certain chemical changes. Digestion of food substances usually begin in the mouth. The glands in the mouth produce enzyme salivary amylase (which acts on starch changing it into sugar) and lingual lipase (which kicks off the digestion of lipids) (Chiras 109). The stomach n its part, produces two enzymes, pepsin that breaks down proteins into peptides (Chiras 109). While there are no enzymes produced in the large ...

1. In the article, Henry (2009) states; “In the context of immunohaematology testing, quality control systems should also be able to detect instrument and human errors such as transcription, transposition and transmission”.

Routine immunohaematology tests may look as if they are both dependable and straightforward; however, the failure of reagent and circumstantial technological inaccuracies can take place both in manual and automated systems. Very dangerous errors such as transposition and transcription can be made. Transposition errors are caused when staff or instruments pick up and use incorrect sample or reagent or dispense samples or reagents into an incorrect testing ...

1. In the article, Henry (2009) states; “In the context of immunohaematology testing, quality control systems should also be able to detect instrument and human errors such as transcription, transposition and transmission”.

Routine immunohaematology tests may seem reliable and simple, however, reagent failure and technical errors can and do occur both in manual and automated systems. Very dangerous errors such as transposition and transcription can be made. Transposition errors are caused when staff or instruments pick up and use incorrect sample or reagent or dispense samples or reagents into an incorrect testing position. Mixing up of test materials such ...

The differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin

a. Red Blood Cell with oxygenated hemoglobin (diamagnetic) has no effect on the magnetic field b. Deoxygenated Red Blood Cell with deoxygenated hemoglobin which is paramagnetic affects magnetic field Erythrocytes of the blood act as carriers of hemoglobin; a four unit protein that through binding process with oxygen molecules, thereby forming oxyhemoglobin, transports oxygen to various part of an animal’s body. Oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin have different quaternary structure. The disparity in quaternary structures of these two kinds of hemoglobin is attributed to the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin. The beta chains in oxygenated hemoglobin ...

The differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin

Erythrocytes of the blood act as carriers of hemoglobin; a four unit protein that through binding process with oxygen molecules, thereby forming oxyhemoglobin, transports oxygen to various part of an animal’s body. Oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin have different quaternary structure. The disparity in quaternary structures of these two kinds of hemoglobin is attributed to the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin. The beta chains in oxygenated hemoglobin are much closer to each other compared to the ones in the deoxygenated hemoglobin (Campbell &Farrell, 2009). In the same light, the quaternary structure is affected by the hemoglobin’s ...