Essays on Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis among African American Teenagers

A summary Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is brought about by heart and blood vessels disorders (WHO, 2015). There are two underlying mechanisms through which CVDs occur. Fatty deposits (plaques or atheroma) can build up inside an artery causing it to narrow and harden (atherosclerosis) or a blood clot (thrombosis) can reduce blood flow to the heart, brain or body (NHS Choices, n.d.).Risk factors for CVDs include the harmful use of alcohol, an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, genetics, and tobacco use. Cardiovascular diseases include raised blood pressure (hypertension), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), coronary heart disease (heart attacks), heart failure, peripheral artery ...

[Institution Title] Clinical Case: Patient W.R.

The priorities of care

The first priority in relation to provision of care in the case of patient W.R is relieving him of the discomfort brought about by perceived unrelieved indigestion. The second priority is to address the elevated blood pressure of the patient. Finally, the third concern would be to transfer W.R to the Regional Medical Center so that he could be subjected to cardiac catheterization and given proper medical attention.

The Admission VS

For a man his age, the vital signs of W.R., in particular of his blood pressure recorded at 200/124 is not normal. The blood pressure ...

Food is a necessity of a man. Currently exists the understanding that the food provides a considerable influence on a person. It gives energy, strengths development, and health. You can be sure that human health is 70% dependent on the food. Food is the main source of most diseases, however, with its help it is possible to get rid of long-term illnesses. Elevated levels of blood cholesterol, obesity, tooth decay, diabetes, impaired fat metabolism, hypertension, constipation, increased uric acid in the blood or gout - this is an incomplete list of so-called "diseases of civilization" that were caused by ...

Disease management constitutes an important area in the clinical research where drugs possess a significant position. The effect of drugs on various organ systems has been the area of much research interest which gradually made feasible the development of several classes of drugs. Drugs may have dual role of promoting and inhibiting the vital biochemical and molecular pathways that play influential role in the disease outcome.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are considered as anticongestive heart failure and antihypertensive agents. They have gained wide spread physician and patient satisfaction. The ACE inhibitors prevent the ...

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA, is a hormone the human body produces via the adrenal glands, which are above the kidneys. The exact effect of DHEA is not yet fully identified; however, it is believed to be a precursor of the female and male sex hormones, namely estrogen and testosterone, among others. Precursors are substances that the body converts into hormones.

The production of DHEA usually reaches its peak around the mid-20s and declines ever after. The same applies to estrogen and testosterone, whose production also declines with age. For that reason, if an individual wants to increase their hormone levels, it ...

Issue Summary:

The population issue that I presented was the Heart disease. This refers to the class of diseases which entail the blood vessels, the heart or a combination of such. This is any of the disorder or disease relating to the cardiovascular system, mainly cardiac disease as well as the vascular disease of kidney and brain. This also involves the disease which affects the peripheral arteries. The heart disease is mainly caused by hypertension and atherosclerosis or a combination of both. Aging is also associated with morphological and physiological changes which alters the functioning of the cardiovascular system. This will therefore lead ...

Discussion Question

Discuss one Possible Peripheral Vascular Complication from Pregnancy. Is there a way to prevent this Possible Complication or Treat it? Peripheral vascular diseases are a set of conditions that primarily affect other blood vessels, apart from those in the brain and the heart (Tendera et al., 2011). PVDs are mostly as a result of narrowed arteries and veins, which restricts the efficient supply of the blood and nutrients to all parts of the body. People with hyperlipidemia, obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes are more predisposed to peripheral vascular diseases, compared to those that do not have those medical conditions. Also, ...

Coronary Heart Disease

Peter Libby and Pierre Theroux article talk about the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. The article suggests that the knowledge on the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease has been undergoing a significant evolution. The article reviews how the advances altered the concepts and clinical approaches to acute and chronic phases of coronary artery disease. Arterial remodeling or compensatory enlargements are one of the evolutions of coronary artery disease (Libby and Theroux 24). The article suggests that the coronary heart disease requires effective revascularization to relieve ischemia and recognize the need to attend to the non-obstructive lesions.

The article by ...

1) What is the pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system? 

The pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system is based on its overall function of inhibiting the function of angiotensin II and aldosterone hormone production (Woo & Wynne 12). These drugs are purposely used to control high blood pressure, and they tend to act on the renin angiotensin aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. The mechanism of action ARBs is quite different from ACE inhibitors which act by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II, which increases blood pressure by stimulating smooth muscles and water retention ...

- What did you learn that was beneficial to you? Be specific (i.e. give specific examples and references). Why did you find this beneficial? How will you apply what you have learned to your personal lifestyle?

In this class I have learned that eating healthy does not necessarily mean consuming less calories, skipping specific food groups, or skipping whole meals; but rather, eating healthy means consuming all types of foods in a balanced way. What surprised me most was that healthy eating actually means consuming many calories, but they have to be beneficial; they cannot be so called “empty calories.” Foods that are considered high in calories but still healthy are dried fruits and avocados. Cereal is a good breakfast option because of the high percentage of fiber and calcium. While consuming many healthy calories is ...

Cardiovascular diseases include all diseases that affect the heart and the circulatory system of the body, including coronary heart disease, stroke, valvular heart disease, heart failure and cardiomypoathy. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, with more deaths recorded for cardiovascular diseases than any other disease. It affects both men and women of all races and ethnic groups.

Many heart diseases are caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the process by which plaques build up in the walls of blood vessels. This process causes narrowing and hardening of blood vessels. This leads to increase in force of contraction ...

Diagnosis of the gastrointestinal conditions is important in that it ensure appropriate intervention. It is important for the medical provider to adhere to certain protocols that would guide him or her manage the condition successfully. The first section that should be considered is the history of the present illness. History is very important. Some gastrointestinal conditions are heredity. The practitioner should ask the patient to clarify about the etiology of the disease (Walker, 2008).

The practitioner should also find out about the past medical history. Dietary history of the patient is very important as far as gastrointestinal system is ...

Getting rid of the Trans fats has become an issue affecting the American citizens and manufacturing industries. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fats that found its way in the market through manufacturing and processing natural fats. Trans fats acids are considered unnatural and harmful to the health of human beings. They come to existence from vegetables, fast foods, snack foods, and baked goods. Trans fats are associated with increasing risk of coronary and heart disease. Coronary heart disease is the leading number one killer. Unsaturated fatty acids have trans isomerism opposed to trans configurations hence they lack ...

Introduction

Cerebrovascular accident refers to stroke in which the blood flow to the brain is interrupted due to a rupture of an artery to the brain or blockage, resulting in oxygen deprivation and consequent death of brain cells. Our brain needs a steady oxygen supply to have blood pumped throughout the body effectively. The blood flowing through the arteries to the brain carries the oxygen. In the case of a cerebrovascular accident, one or few of these arteries get ruptured or blocked, thereby interrupting the flow of the oxygen-rich blood to the oxygen. Within 60-90 seconds of oxygen deprivation, the brain cells in ...

Pathophysiology

Any long-term rise in blood pressure above the upper limit of normal vibrations (hypertension) may be the cause of diseases and pathological conditions of the heart and blood vessels. It is known that the probability of developing coronary heart disease, latent or overt cardiac and renal failure, and cerebrovascular events in adults with diastolic blood pressure (BP) greater than 90 mm Hg. two times higher than in diastolic blood pressure below 80 mm Hg. Hypertension is a pathological condition of the body's adult due to prolonged elevation of systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg. and diastolic blood pressure above ...

Arthritis

Definition Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints in a human being (Breedveld, & Combe, 2011). This results with the stiffness of the joints and constant pain. The condition is known to worsen with the age of the individual. There are two most common types of arthritis and these are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the joint of the individuals on a normal scenario. Rheumatoid arthritis on the other hand is an autoimmune disorder. There are also various types of arthritis and these include those caused by uric acid crystals, ...

Endothelial malfunction is the main cause for atherosclerosis. Arterial blockage increases the risk of stroke, congestive heart failure, and heart attack. Cocoa polyphenols, bioavailable superoxide dismutase, and pomegranate help the arteries from being damaged by enhancing endothelial function. Pomegranate has influential antioxidant properties that protect the heart and blood vessels. Pomegranate juice reduces atherosclerotic properties, and reduces arterial plaque progression. Anthocyanins, Punicalagins, and tannins present in pomegranate acts as antioxidant and reduce cardiovascular diseases. Cocoa polyphenols enhance endothelial function, improve the free flow of blood, and prevents oxidation of LDL's. Cocoa has a high concentration of flavonoids. Epicatechin ...

Hormone replacement therapy is spoken in hush tones and with underserved skepticism, especially testosterone for men. This begs the question, what is the reason for unprecedented backlash regarding hormone replacement therapy, especially when using testosterone in men? The claims made seem unsubstantiated, weak and are not backed by any evidence. More precisely, they are in contravention of recent discoveries and published studies. The tragedy is that such misinformed happen in the public domain and are propagated through many different media outlets. In the interest of fairness, I ask seek to know why the media does not report on the ...

Discussion

Periostin, an ECM protein, was named because of its expression in the periodontal ligament and periosteum of adult mice.30 PN is expressed in tissue growth and remodeling, as in cardiac and valvular development and disease, wound repair, tumor tissues, and inflammation.31-37 PN is also widely expressed in various atherosclerotic vascular lesions: it could be located in the intima, preatheroma regions, and the extracellular matrix of advanced lesions with calcification. PN variants are associated with extent of atherosclerosis in young persons, which suggest the importance of PN in the development of atherosclerosis in the arterial wall.38,39 This study used ...

Introduction

The term “risk factor” is very common in epidemiology. In general sense, it refers to a particular variable that is associated with an elevated risk of infection or disease. Since the number of diseases in the world is very large, the number of risk factors is also every large. The risk factors however vary from one disease or infection to another. However, there are a number of risk factors that are very common and play a significant role in many infections. One of these factors is molecular genetics. As the name suggest, molecular genetics is a genre that mainly deals with the functions ...

Abstract

The Type A and Type B personality theory defines people with Type A personality as impatient, impulsive, ambitious, and even hostile or aggressive. People with Type B personality are the opposite of people with Type A personality, which makes them relaxed and easy-going. Because Type A behavior patterns are associated with higher stress levels, researchers have been investigating the association between those behaviors and physical health. This paper examines the association between illnesses and Type A behavior patterns. It also addresses the criticism regarding the role of the tobacco industry in funding Type A behavior patterns research and identifies ...

Cardiovascular Disorders

[Institution’s Name]

Cardiovascular disorders

Cardiovascular disorders are reported to be the leading cause of death. There are numerous grounds of the disorders that are directly related to the environmental and genetic factors of the patients. Each factor has the potential to influence the pathophysiology of patients in a parent that can instigate cardiovascular disorder. The most common observed is atherosclerosis is one such arterial disease that is believed to be directly concerned with the genetics. A number of studies have revealed the interconnection of the genetic factors with the source of the disease. In recent years, the investigation over the spectrum ...

Lipids are a group of structurally diverse hydrophobic compounds that are not very soluble in water. Cholesterol is a common lipid that can be obtained from the diet and is synthesized in most cells of the human body. It is a component of cell membranes, maintains membrane fluidity, and acts as the precursor of other important biological compounds such as steroid hormones and bile salts (Smith, Marks, and Lieberman 54, 163). High concentrations of cholesterol in the blood can cause accumulation of fatty deposits on arterial walls that can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are associated with heart ...

Aneurysm is a word that we mostly use to describe a balloon-like bulge in an artery. Arteries, on the other hand, are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The walls of the arteries are usually thick enough to withstand normal blood-pressure. These walls could however become damaged due to some genetic conditions, trauma or sometimes due to injury to the walls of the arteries. The pressure of the blood against the damaged arterial walls could sometimes result in the accumulation of blood which leads to an aneurysm. Some types of aneurysms exist at birth while others develop during a ...

Health Care

Health Care Expenditures Attributable to Smoking In the United States alone, there are about 440,000 individuals who die annually of smoking related diseases (Pubmed). According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, recent studies linked cigarette smoking to a numerous other diseases to include abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, pneumonia, periodontitis, and stomach cancer. “These are in addition to diseases previously known to be caused by smoking, including bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, and throat cancers, chronic lung diseases, coronary heat and cardiovascular diseases, as well as reproductive ...

Dieting has become an urgent problem of nowadays for many people. Obesity, high cholesterol level, killing heart diseases, and diabetes are haunting people making them look for a way to prevent or cure them. Dieting is often a solution they seek. For more than thirty years a low-fat diet has been considered a panacea. But is it really as efficient as it is said? The idea of limiting the amount of fat intake to avoid cholesterol level increase and resultant heart diseases was first introduced as early as in the mid-1979s by Marshal Matz and Alan Stone, members of Senator McGovern’s ...

Overview

This case involves the assessment of the client’s problems. The case presents the client’s situations that are relevant to the assessment. In this case, the client’s profile, case study, and pertinent case study questions will be outlined. The following medical terminologies will be employed: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Amylin, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, hemoglobin A1C level, post-prandial, BMI, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. The data obtained from the assessment will help design a care plan for the client.

Ethnicity: Pacific Islander Lifestyle: Sedentary lifestyle and smoking Language: English/Austronesian language Any existing disabilities: None ...

with numbness in both feet.

With numbness in both feet.

Normal aging process symptoms Numbness of both feet in an obese 75 year old male could be attributed to several causes inclusive of the normal aging process. Some are peripheral neuropathy; monnueropathy; diabetic neuropathy; spinal stenosis; slipped disk and peripheral vascular disease. With regards to aging and unassociated with any other disease process numbness in both legs at age 75 accompanied by obesity could signal nerve damage linked to poor circulation in the extremities (Digiovanna, 2000). Blood vessels and heart muscles tend to age with age. This means that valves, nerves responsible ...

AU ID

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and especially industrialized countries (Moran et al., 2014). Risk factors associated to coronary heart disease have been studied in the last decades. Some of these well-known risk factors are high blood pressure, high blood sugar and lipids, smoking, and alcohol consumption (Bagchi et al., 2001; Wilson et al., 1998). In the last few years, mental stress has also been proposed as a risk factor for coronary disease (Party, 1988). Nabi et al. (2013) define stress as a state “experienced when a person feels that environmental demands tax or exceed his or her ...

Myocardial ischemia or cardiac ischemia is the decrease of blood flow, and thus oxygen supply, in the heart due to partial or complete blockage of the heart’s arteries. Its effects range from damage of the heart muscle (heart failure), to heart attack (myocardial infarction), and to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia). Symptoms of myocardial ischemia may not appear (silent ischemia), or may be characterized by chest pressure or pain (angina pectoris), neck or jaw pains, shoulder or arm pains, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath, and nausea and vomiting. Myocardial ischemia may occur slowly as arteries become blocked over ...

Report Epidemiology Cardiovascular diseases and dietary fats

- Introduction - Cardiovascular Diseases - What is Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)? CVDs include diseases of the heart, vascular diseases of the brain and diseases of blood vessels such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most deadly CVD that due to lacking blood flow to the network of blood vessels surrounding the heart, also named coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischemic heart disease (IHD) (Nabel and Braunwald, 2012). - The pathology of heart attack and stroke Atherosclerosis is the major cause ...

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a recommended treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD). In the United Kingdom, around 2.7 million people have been diagnosed with this condition (NHS, 2012). The aim of surgery is to relieve angina and shortness of breath by improving the flow of blood to the heart (Parry et al., 2010). These symptoms cause severe discomfort and distress as well as limit the amount and type of physical activity a patient may engage in. Surgery helps patients attain a higher quality of life referred to as satisfaction with life ...

Introduction

The human cardiovascular system includes the heart and the blood vessels. The heart is a hollow, four chambered organ. Internally, it is divided into the upper and the lower chamber called the atrium and the ventricle respectively. The blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins. The arteries carry the blood away from the heart. Arterioles regulate the blood flow to a particular region of the body. Capillaries allow the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the blood to the tissues. Veins function in supplying blood from the periphery back to the heart. When blood exerts a hydrostatic pressure against the walls ...

The mental position and status of an individual or group determines many issues in terms of the way individuals or the groups behaves and acts towards realizing certain objective and goals. The mental position is critical in the sense that it can lead one to succeed or fail in confronting various challenges, since it also determines and controls the body. Meditation is an act that everybody in the world undergoes either subconsciously or consciously in life on a daily basis. It is described as a practice of concentrated focus upon something in order to increase awareness of the current times, reduce ...

Paul has been feeling very tired and has been having sudden weakness and numbness on one side of his body. He calls the hospital asking if this is anything to be concerned about. How do you respond? 1. What is the neurological problem Paul is most likely encountering? There are two common neurological problems that are usually associated with the symptoms of sudden weakness and numbness on one side of the body. These two conditions are somewhat related in terms of the mechanism. Stroke is a form of medical emergency simply because it is usually caused by problems ...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality in the US. According to American heart association statistics, nearly one million men and women succumb to various complications from CVD. In the US, CVD claims more lives than cancer and AIDS combined (CDC, 2012). It is also one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide (WHO). The economic cost of CVD in 2008 was estimated to be $448.9 billion, which was double the cost estimated for the year 2007, $219 billion. There are a number of factors to the incidence of CVD. These include non modifiable factors such ...

Design

The research design utilized in this case was the Pretest-posttest design. This is a design where a single sample of the population is measured using the dependent variable before and after the independent variable has been manipulated. The appropriateness of this type of design in the conduction of the study is clear because of the unique nature of the study where the sample is prone to the exhibition of various dynamics based on the manipulation of the independent variable.

Sampling

The sample population of the research was well defined and incorporated individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) including those with post acute ...

Coronary Artery Disease or CAD is a prevalent disease not only in the United States but worldwide, affecting and even claiming lives of millions of people every year . The CAD presentation did acknowledge this fact. However, it forgot to mention that the already high rates of CAD-related morbidity and mortality are still continuing to increase every year. That means more and more people are becoming diagnosed with the disease, some of whom even suffer from the condition’s secondary complications such as immobility, etc. This also means higher healthcare costs not only for the affected individuals but also for the ...

PART 1: Pathophysiology template

Disease: Ischaemic Stroke Definition: An ischaemic stroke of the left dominant cerebral hemisphere is a stroke that occurs when the blood supply to the left side of the brain is obstructed. The blood supply contains nutrients and oxygen for the brain cells. For majority of the people, the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for the control of the right side of and hence its failure affects the right side (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010). It is also responsible for the control of speech and language (Hickey, 2009).

Aetiology:

Ischaemic Stroke of the left hemisphere is ...

- Chemistry of Cholesterol C27H45OH is the molecular formula of cholesterol. The molecules consist of three regions: a hydrocarbon tail, a hydroxyl group, and a a ring structure region with 4 hydrocarbon rings. The solubility of the hydroxyl group in water can be attributed to its polar nature. The 4-ring region that also comprises cholesterol is a common ring in all steroids. The rings have a carbon atom at each corner with two hydrogen atoms that extend off the ring. That is why it is called a hydrocarbon ring. The ring region and the tail region cannot dissolve in water, as they are both ...

Question#1

Nutrition also known as aliment or nourishment, is the stipulation, to organisms and cells, of the materials essential (in food form) to support life. Most common health complications can be curbed or combated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is determined by the palatability of foods with regard to what it eats. In this study I am going to let you know how nutrients need to change throughout the life cycle: during the infancy and early child hood, and adolescent and adult hood respectively. Requirements for micronutrients and macronutrients are advanced on a per–kilogram base during ...

Personal Health Risk Assessment

My family has a history of blindness, as my great grandfather was blind. Apart from blindness, deafness is similarly a condition that poses risk in my family because my sister and I are both deaf. I therefore, face a health risk of blindness in the future. Diabetes has a strong relation with blindness. Meningitis on the other hand, is connected with deafness. In this respect, aging and genetic inheritance are the main risk factors that are likely to determine my state of health in the future. Some others risks that I can manage with positive health choices include high blood pressure, diabetes, high or ...

Part 5: Final Draft

This paper has several sections. First, it gives an analysis of a psychological report which was published in popular media. The second part documents the original research cited in the psychological report in section one. The third step gives a comparison between the first and second report.

Analysis of a Psychological Report

The title of the report was Silent Cerebral Emboli May Hasten the Progression of Dementia (Journal Watch, 2012). The author notes that the findings of the report were drawn from two groups: patients with dementia (loss of cognitive ability particularly, memory, attention, and language) and patients with Alzheimer disease. The author begins by notifying ...

The blood vessels that are involved in carrying oxygenated blood are referred to as arteries. The arteries are involved in carrying the oxygenated blood all through the body starting from the heart. In healthy conditions, the arteries have smooth inner walls and their blood flow through them with ease. There are incidents where the occlusion of the arteries occur, narrowing the artery. The main cause of the artery clogging is a thrombus and atherosclerosis. This is due to the formation of plaques from the various substances that circulate in the blood such as the fat, calcium, fibrin, and cellular waste. ...

Lab report discussion and results

Introduction The experiment is aimed at studying about the protein content in the cells and tissues of various organisms and the ways of regulating the growth of some tissues in the body of the animals like in our case we used the rabbit tissues in determining the feasibility of the experiment. The process begins with the ability to look at the process of obtaining the protein from the sample given and how to quantify the amount of protein in such cells.

Method:

Protein extraction The process of protein extraction involves three major processes which must be followed in ...

Arteries are those vessels in the body that carry blood that is rich in oxygen. The healthy arteries are those that have smooth inner walls and flowing of the blood in the arteries is easy. However, some people have clogged arteries as a result of the buildup of plaques on the inner side of the arteries. The arterial plaques may result in the reduced blood flow. Heart disease refers to the disease that affects the heart and the blood vessel most of which have a relationship with atherosclerosis process. The disease is also known as cardiovascular disease. The atherosclerosis process refers ...

The blood vessels of the human body are predominantly made up of endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). The remainder of it is composed of extracellular matric (ECM), which includes collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (Robbins, 2007, pg. 340). The walls of the vessels can be separated into three layers. The innermost layer, or tunica intima is made up of a single layer of endothelial cells overlying extracellular matrix (Robbins, 2007, pg.340) The next layer, or tunica media is separated from the tunica intima by the internal elastic lamina; the tunica media is mainly composed of SMC’s and ...

Introduction

In this paper, the pathopyiology of syncope is discussed with emphasis on Mr. Peter’s medical history and factors that could have contributed to his syncope. Further, the paper discusses the colonoscopy and its findings, his right hemi colectomy and the complications arising from his fall.

Pathopysiology of Syncope

Syncope is the transient loss of memory that occurs when cerebral blood flow falls to below half the normal value resulting in a brief period of inadequate oxygen, glucose and other nutrients supply to the brain tissues (Hainsworth, 2004). Syncope occurs rapidly, lasts for a short duration and the patient almost always recovers spontaneously. Syncope ...

QUESTION 1:

Chronic diseases are the leading cause of the death and disability worldwide. For every 10 people, 7 deaths are attributed to chronic disease, such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke (CDC, 2012). In 2005 nearly one out of every two adults had a chronic disease. It accounts for nearly 75% of direct healthcare cost in the United States (Thrall, 2005). The prevalence of chronic disease increases with age, and with the increased longevity of the population the costs of care are rising. Diseases that were once considered to be fatal are now considered to be chronic diseases, such as certain ...

The human circulatory system can be defined or referred to as the organ system in the human being’s body system that is responsible for the transportation of blood around the body. It is burdened with the duty of permitting the lymph and blood circulation to transport nutrients. The lymphatic system is an extension of the human circulatory system and it comprises of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune systems. The major parts of the human circulatory system include the blood, heart, white and red blood cells, platelets, and the lymphatic system. The circulatory system can be seen only as a ...

Introduction

Modern day health care systems focus on offering holistic care that is patient-centric, safe, effective, efficient and timely. To this end, medical practitioners must have a diverse set of skills and knowledge from pharmacology to human anatomy and physiology. Of this, a sound understanding of anatomy and physiology are critical in provision of care for long term care. Physiology is the study of function in living systems while anatomy is the study of structure in living things. These two disciplines have been central in the delivery of health services since Ancient Greece where philosophers such as Aristotle explained the relationship between ...

PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction Over the years, there has been a lot of connection and relations between psychology and biology, and this is one of the aspects that have led to the interrelation of these two principles. Irrespective of the fact that both are independent principles and fields that focus on their own, respective lines of operation, it is necessary to note and learn the fact that both disciplines have a lot of connection and interrelation, and this is mainly, among other reasons, caused by the fact that they are disciplines that deal with the essence of life. In order to understand both ...

According to Typep-1 Siegenthaler & Aeschlimann, (2007) the neme diabetes wass derived from a greek word, diabeinein which implies “to siphon”. There are two main types id diabetes (type 1, type 2) even though some researchers often contend that there is a third type called gestational diabetes. Ideally,type 1 diabetes is autoimmune conditions that occurs when the beta cells of the pancreas have been spifflicated (Siegenthaler & Aeschlimann, 2007; News medical, 2013). The leads to loss of glucose that becomes visible in the urine if it is above the renal threshold that is 190 to 200 mg/dl on average. This condition of ...

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease of the walls of the artery that comes as a result of accumulation of fatty deposits on walls of the artery leading to an impairment of the flow of blood (Weber & Soehnlein, 2013). With in mind that cardiovascular diseases cause deaths and morbidity in several countries, atherosclerosis can be viewed as a serious disease particularly with regards to the ever increasing cases of obesity. Notably, there is an apparent relationship between atherosclerosis and heart attack; atherosclerosis most commonly leads to heart attack. The understanding of the relationship between atherosclerosis and heart attack can be best understood ...

Heart disease also known as cardiovascular disease is a term that is used to describe different types of heart conditions. This is a disease that affects the cardiovascular system. The heart disease remains the number one killer disease especially in the U.S. and it is also a major cause of disability in patients. The same heart disease is also the main reason why people develop heart attacks. There are different types of heart diseases, cardiomyopaphy, coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, valvular heart disease and stroke just to mention but a few. Even though it is the world’ ...

Abstract

Malta is situated in the central Mediterranean region. Mediterranean region is known to follow the Mediterranean diet; therefore, the incidence of heart diseases is low. Inspite of that, the rate of coronary artery disease (CAD) is very high in Malta. The latest WHO report shows 27.45% of all deaths in Malta due to CAD alone. Maltese have been following a sedentary lifestyle particularly due to lack of breathing space and urbanisation (dependency on motor vehicles and sitting in front of computers for long). Though standardized mortality rate is decreasing in Malta, it is higher than the rate of old EU ...

Background

Based from the interview and observation, the two most common diseases occurring in both sides of the family are: (1) diabetes, specifically NIDDM, and (2) heart disease, specifically atherosclerosis. These diseases are commonly known as lifestyle diseases mainly because of their non-curable characteristic. It was found out that diabetes, in the family, might skip a generation because one of our grandparents had it, but none of their children or our parents was able to acquire diabetes. However, this is still only a theory and is not yet conclusive as we are yet to establish the prevalence among our (second) generation. ...

Diagnostic tests and complementary/alternative medicines for coronary artery disease

The diagnosis of CAD is based on the presenting manifestations, medical history, and a battery of tests. These tests are usually conducted in a systematic manner beginning with the least expensive and non-invasive ones to the more expensive and invasive ones. If the findings of one level of tests are inconclusive or abnormal, the tests in the next level of diagnostic tests are conducted. The tests utilized in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease include blood tests, stress testing, non-invasive and invasive imaging techniques. Non-invasive imaging techniques include electrocardiography, echocardiography, nuclear imaging, positron emission tomography, electronic beam computed tomography, and magnetic ...

Nutrition among the premenopausal and postmenopausal is an issue of interest to scholars presently. Through these studies, scholars assess the diet quality and dietary intakes of the target group and determine whether the diets affect their health, specifically osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. The design used in the study was cross sectional study design, which entailed the use of anthropometric measurements and food records. In carrying out the study, the pre and postmenopausal women were targeted. The methods used in the study were biochemical assessment used in general analyzing of the hormone oestrogen. A venopuncture was used to collect ...

The patient, 89 years old, was admitted because of a stroke. No family brought her to the care facility. Age seems to contribute to the stroke. Patient has also diabetes. The blood sugar after conducting tests was at 5.1, which is stable. Based on the patient’s medical history, the patient has experienced hypertension, TIA, CHF and Atrial fibrillation. Monitoring for the patients ECG was done every 48 hours. The weight of the patient was done weekly, and in case, it increased, the doctor was to be notified. Body assessment was done. She indicated signs of depression. There was weakness ...