Essays on Atherosclerosis

Arthritis

Definition
Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints in a human being (Breedveld, & Combe, 2011). This results with the stiffness of the joints and constant pain. The condition is known to worsen with the age of the individual. There are two most common types of arthritis and these are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the joint of the individuals on a normal scenario. Rheumatoid arthritis on the other hand is an autoimmune disorder. There are also various types of arthritis and these include those caused by uric acid crystals, Continue reading...

Endothelial malfunction is the main cause for atherosclerosis. Arterial blockage increases the risk of stroke, congestive heart failure, and heart attack. Cocoa polyphenols, bioavailable superoxide dismutase, and pomegranate help the arteries from being damaged by enhancing endothelial function.
Pomegranate has influential antioxidant properties that protect the heart and blood vessels. Pomegranate juice reduces atherosclerotic properties, and reduces arterial plaque progression. Anthocyanins, Punicalagins, and tannins present in pomegranate acts as antioxidant and reduce cardiovascular diseases. Cocoa polyphenols enhance endothelial function, improve the free flow of blood, and prevents oxidation of LDL's.
Cocoa has a high concentration of flavonoids. Epicatechin and Continue reading...

Hormone replacement therapy is spoken in hush tones and with underserved skepticism, especially testosterone for men. This begs the question, what is the reason for unprecedented backlash regarding hormone replacement therapy, especially when using testosterone in men? The claims made seem unsubstantiated, weak and are not backed by any evidence. More precisely, they are in contravention of recent discoveries and published studies. The tragedy is that such misinformed happen in the public domain and are propagated through many different media outlets. In the interest of fairness, I ask seek to know why the media does not report on the Continue reading...

Discussion

Periostin, an ECM protein, was named because of its expression in the periodontal ligament and periosteum of adult mice.30 PN is expressed in tissue growth and remodeling, as in cardiac and valvular development and disease, wound repair, tumor tissues, and inflammation.31-37 PN is also widely expressed in various atherosclerotic vascular lesions: it could be located in the intima, preatheroma regions, and the extracellular matrix of advanced lesions with calcification. PN variants are associated with extent of atherosclerosis in young persons, which suggest the importance of PN in the development of atherosclerosis in the arterial wall.38,39 This study used Continue reading...

Introduction

The term “risk factor” is very common in epidemiology. In general sense, it refers to a particular variable that is associated with an elevated risk of infection or disease. Since the number of diseases in the world is very large, the number of risk factors is also every large. The risk factors however vary from one disease or infection to another. However, there are a number of risk factors that are very common and play a significant role in many infections. One of these factors is molecular genetics. As the name suggest, molecular genetics is a genre that mainly Continue reading...

Abstract

The Type A and Type B personality theory defines people with Type A personality as impatient, impulsive, ambitious, and even hostile or aggressive. People with Type B personality are the opposite of people with Type A personality, which makes them relaxed and easy-going. Because Type A behavior patterns are associated with higher stress levels, researchers have been investigating the association between those behaviors and physical health. This paper examines the association between illnesses and Type A behavior patterns. It also addresses the criticism regarding the role of the tobacco industry in funding Type A behavior patterns research and identifies Continue reading...

 Cardiovascular Disorders

[Institution’s Name]

Cardiovascular disorders

Cardiovascular disorders are reported to be the leading cause of death. There are numerous grounds of the disorders that are directly related to the environmental and genetic factors of the patients. Each factor has the potential to influence the pathophysiology of patients in a parent that can instigate cardiovascular disorder. The most common observed is atherosclerosis is one such arterial disease that is believed to be directly concerned with the genetics. A number of studies have revealed the interconnection of the genetic factors with the source of the disease. In recent years, the investigation over the Continue reading...

Lipids are a group of structurally diverse hydrophobic compounds that are not very soluble in water. Cholesterol is a common lipid that can be obtained from the diet and is synthesized in most cells of the human body. It is a component of cell membranes, maintains membrane fluidity, and acts as the precursor of other important biological compounds such as steroid hormones and bile salts (Smith, Marks, and Lieberman 54, 163).
High concentrations of cholesterol in the blood can cause accumulation of fatty deposits on arterial walls that can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are associated Continue reading...

Aneurysm is a word that we mostly use to describe a balloon-like bulge in an artery. Arteries, on the other hand, are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The walls of the arteries are usually thick enough to withstand normal blood-pressure. These walls could however become damaged due to some genetic conditions, trauma or sometimes due to injury to the walls of the arteries. The pressure of the blood against the damaged arterial walls could sometimes result in the accumulation of blood which leads to an aneurysm. Some types of aneurysms exist at birth while others Continue reading...

Health Care

Health Care Expenditures Attributable to Smoking
In the United States alone, there are about 440,000 individuals who die annually of smoking related diseases (Pubmed). According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, recent studies linked cigarette smoking to a numerous other diseases to include abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, pneumonia, periodontitis, and stomach cancer. “These are in addition to diseases previously known to be caused by smoking, including bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, and throat cancers, chronic lung diseases, coronary heat and cardiovascular diseases, as well as reproductive Continue reading...

Dieting has become an urgent problem of nowadays for many people. Obesity, high cholesterol level, killing heart diseases, and diabetes are haunting people making them look for a way to prevent or cure them. Dieting is often a solution they seek. For more than thirty years a low-fat diet has been considered a panacea. But is it really as efficient as it is said?
The idea of limiting the amount of fat intake to avoid cholesterol level increase and resultant heart diseases was first introduced as early as in the mid-1979s by Marshal Matz and Alan Stone, members of Continue reading...

Overview

This case involves the assessment of the client’s problems. The case presents the client’s situations that are relevant to the assessment. In this case, the client’s profile, case study, and pertinent case study questions will be outlined. The following medical terminologies will be employed: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Amylin, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, hemoglobin A1C level, post-prandial, BMI, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. The data obtained from the assessment will help design a care plan for the client.

Ethnicity: Pacific Islander Lifestyle: Sedentary lifestyle and smoking
Language: English/Austronesian language Any existing disabilities: None
Continue reading...

with numbness in both feet.

With numbness in both feet.

Normal aging process symptoms
Numbness of both feet in an obese 75 year old male could be attributed to several causes inclusive of the normal aging process. Some are peripheral neuropathy; monnueropathy; diabetic neuropathy; spinal stenosis; slipped disk and peripheral vascular disease. With regards to aging and unassociated with any other disease process numbness in both legs at age 75 accompanied by obesity could signal nerve damage linked to poor circulation in the extremities (Digiovanna, 2000).
Blood vessels and heart muscles tend to age with age. This means that valves, nerves responsible for pumping Continue reading...

AU ID

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and especially industrialized countries (Moran et al., 2014). Risk factors associated to coronary heart disease have been studied in the last decades. Some of these well-known risk factors are high blood pressure, high blood sugar and lipids, smoking, and alcohol consumption (Bagchi et al., 2001; Wilson et al., 1998). In the last few years, mental stress has also been proposed as a risk factor for coronary disease (Party, 1988). Nabi et al. (2013) define stress as a state “experienced when a person feels that environmental demands tax or exceed Continue reading...

Myocardial ischemia or cardiac ischemia is the decrease of blood flow, and thus oxygen supply, in the heart due to partial or complete blockage of the heart’s arteries. Its effects range from damage of the heart muscle (heart failure), to heart attack (myocardial infarction), and to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia). Symptoms of myocardial ischemia may not appear (silent ischemia), or may be characterized by chest pressure or pain (angina pectoris), neck or jaw pains, shoulder or arm pains, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath, and nausea and vomiting.
Myocardial ischemia may occur slowly as arteries become blocked over time, Continue reading...

Report Epidemiology Cardiovascular diseases and dietary fats

- Introduction
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- What is Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)?
CVDs include diseases of the heart, vascular diseases of the brain and diseases of blood vessels such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most deadly CVD that due to lacking blood flow to the network of blood vessels surrounding the heart, also named coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischemic heart disease (IHD) (Nabel and Braunwald, 2012).
- The pathology of heart attack and stroke
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CVD. The underlying disease Continue reading...

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a recommended treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD). In the United Kingdom, around 2.7 million people have been diagnosed with this condition (NHS, 2012). The aim of surgery is to relieve angina and shortness of breath by improving the flow of blood to the heart (Parry et al., 2010). These symptoms cause severe discomfort and distress as well as limit the amount and type of physical activity a patient may engage in.
Surgery helps patients attain a higher quality of life referred to as satisfaction with Continue reading...

Introduction

The human cardiovascular system includes the heart and the blood vessels. The heart is a hollow, four chambered organ. Internally, it is divided into the upper and the lower chamber called the atrium and the ventricle respectively. The blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins. The arteries carry the blood away from the heart. Arterioles regulate the blood flow to a particular region of the body. Capillaries allow the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the blood to the tissues. Veins function in supplying blood from the periphery back to the heart. When blood exerts a hydrostatic pressure Continue reading...

The mental position and status of an individual or group determines many issues in terms of the way individuals or the groups behaves and acts towards realizing certain objective and goals. The mental position is critical in the sense that it can lead one to succeed or fail in confronting various challenges, since it also determines and controls the body. Meditation is an act that everybody in the world undergoes either subconsciously or consciously in life on a daily basis. It is described as a practice of concentrated focus upon something in order to increase awareness of the current Continue reading...

Paul has been feeling very tired and has been having sudden weakness and numbness on one side of his body. He calls the hospital asking if this is anything to be concerned about. How do you respond?
1. What is the neurological problem Paul is most likely encountering?
There are two common neurological problems that are usually associated with the symptoms of sudden weakness and numbness on one side of the body. These two conditions are somewhat related in terms of the mechanism. Stroke is a form of medical emergency simply because it is usually caused by problems affecting Continue reading...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality in the US. According to American heart association statistics, nearly one million men and women succumb to various complications from CVD. In the US, CVD claims more lives than cancer and AIDS combined (CDC, 2012). It is also one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide (WHO). The economic cost of CVD in 2008 was estimated to be $448.9 billion, which was double the cost estimated for the year 2007, $219 billion.
There are a number of factors to the incidence of CVD. These include non modifiable factors such Continue reading...

Design

The research design utilized in this case was the Pretest-posttest design. This is a design where a single sample of the population is measured using the dependent variable before and after the independent variable has been manipulated. The appropriateness of this type of design in the conduction of the study is clear because of the unique nature of the study where the sample is prone to the exhibition of various dynamics based on the manipulation of the independent variable.

Sampling

The sample population of the research was well defined and incorporated individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) including those with Continue reading...

Coronary Artery Disease or CAD is a prevalent disease not only in the United States but worldwide, affecting and even claiming lives of millions of people every year . The CAD presentation did acknowledge this fact. However, it forgot to mention that the already high rates of CAD-related morbidity and mortality are still continuing to increase every year. That means more and more people are becoming diagnosed with the disease, some of whom even suffer from the condition’s secondary complications such as immobility, etc. This also means higher healthcare costs not only for the affected individuals but also for Continue reading...

PART 1: Pathophysiology template

Disease: Ischaemic Stroke
Definition:
  An ischaemic stroke of the left dominant cerebral hemisphere is a stroke that occurs when the blood supply to the left side of the brain is obstructed. The blood supply contains nutrients and oxygen for the brain cells. For majority of the people, the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for the control of the right side of and hence its failure affects the right side (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010). It is also responsible for the control of speech and language (Hickey, 2009).

Aetiology:

Ischaemic Stroke of the left hemisphere is caused Continue reading...

- Chemistry of Cholesterol
C27H45OH is the molecular formula of cholesterol. The molecules consist of three regions: a hydrocarbon tail, a hydroxyl group, and a a ring structure region with 4 hydrocarbon rings.
The solubility of the hydroxyl group in water can be attributed to its polar nature. The 4-ring region that also comprises cholesterol is a common ring in all steroids. The rings have a carbon atom at each corner with two hydrogen atoms that extend off the ring. That is why it is called a hydrocarbon ring. The ring region and the tail region cannot dissolve in Continue reading...

Question#1

Nutrition also known as aliment or nourishment, is the stipulation, to organisms and cells, of the materials essential (in food form) to support life. Most common health complications can be curbed or combated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is determined by the palatability of foods with regard to what it eats. In this study I am going to let you know how nutrients need to change throughout the life cycle: during the infancy and early child hood, and adolescent and adult hood respectively.
Requirements for micronutrients and macronutrients are advanced on a per–kilogram base Continue reading...

Personal Health Risk Assessment

My family has a history of blindness, as my great grandfather was blind. Apart from blindness, deafness is similarly a condition that poses risk in my family because my sister and I are both deaf. I therefore, face a health risk of blindness in the future. Diabetes has a strong relation with blindness. Meningitis on the other hand, is connected with deafness. In this respect, aging and genetic inheritance are the main risk factors that are likely to determine my state of health in the future. Some others risks that I can manage with positive health choices include high Continue reading...

Part 5: Final Draft

This paper has several sections. First, it gives an analysis of a psychological report which was published in popular media. The second part documents the original research cited in the psychological report in section one. The third step gives a comparison between the first and second report.

Analysis of a Psychological Report

The title of the report was Silent Cerebral Emboli May Hasten the Progression of Dementia (Journal Watch, 2012). The author notes that the findings of the report were drawn from two groups: patients with dementia (loss of cognitive ability particularly, memory, attention, and language) and patients with Alzheimer disease. The author begins Continue reading...

The blood vessels that are involved in carrying oxygenated blood are referred to as arteries. The arteries are involved in carrying the oxygenated blood all through the body starting from the heart. In healthy conditions, the arteries have smooth inner walls and their blood flow through them with ease. There are incidents where the occlusion of the arteries occur, narrowing the artery. The main cause of the artery clogging is a thrombus and atherosclerosis. This is due to the formation of plaques from the various substances that circulate in the blood such as the fat, calcium, fibrin, and cellular Continue reading...

Lab report discussion and results

Introduction
The experiment is aimed at studying about the protein content in the cells and tissues of various organisms and the ways of regulating the growth of some tissues in the body of the animals like in our case we used the rabbit tissues in determining the feasibility of the experiment. The process begins with the ability to look at the process of obtaining the protein from the sample given and how to quantify the amount of protein in such cells.

Method:

Protein extraction
The process of protein extraction involves three major processes which must be followed in order to Continue reading...

Arteries are those vessels in the body that carry blood that is rich in oxygen. The healthy arteries are those that have smooth inner walls and flowing of the blood in the arteries is easy. However, some people have clogged arteries as a result of the buildup of plaques on the inner side of the arteries. The arterial plaques may result in the reduced blood flow. Heart disease refers to the disease that affects the heart and the blood vessel most of which have a relationship with atherosclerosis process. The disease is also known as cardiovascular disease. The atherosclerosis Continue reading...

The blood vessels of the human body are predominantly made up of endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). The remainder of it is composed of extracellular matric (ECM), which includes collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (Robbins, 2007, pg. 340). The walls of the vessels can be separated into three layers. The innermost layer, or tunica intima is made up of a single layer of endothelial cells overlying extracellular matrix (Robbins, 2007, pg.340) The next layer, or tunica media is separated from the tunica intima by the internal elastic lamina; the tunica media is mainly composed of SMC’s Continue reading...

Introduction

In this paper, the pathopyiology of syncope is discussed with emphasis on Mr. Peter’s medical history and factors that could have contributed to his syncope. Further, the paper discusses the colonoscopy and its findings, his right hemi colectomy and the complications arising from his fall.

Pathopysiology of Syncope

Syncope is the transient loss of memory that occurs when cerebral blood flow falls to below half the normal value resulting in a brief period of inadequate oxygen, glucose and other nutrients supply to the brain tissues (Hainsworth, 2004). Syncope occurs rapidly, lasts for a short duration and the patient almost always recovers Continue reading...

QUESTION 1:

Chronic diseases are the leading cause of the death and disability worldwide. For every 10 people, 7 deaths are attributed to chronic disease, such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke (CDC, 2012). In 2005 nearly one out of every two adults had a chronic disease. It accounts for nearly 75% of direct healthcare cost in the United States (Thrall, 2005). The prevalence of chronic disease increases with age, and with the increased longevity of the population the costs of care are rising. Diseases that were once considered to be fatal are now considered to be chronic diseases, such as Continue reading...

The human circulatory system can be defined or referred to as the organ system in the human being’s body system that is responsible for the transportation of blood around the body. It is burdened with the duty of permitting the lymph and blood circulation to transport nutrients. The lymphatic system is an extension of the human circulatory system and it comprises of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune systems.
The major parts of the human circulatory system include the blood, heart, white and red blood cells, platelets, and the lymphatic system. The circulatory system can be seen only as a Continue reading...

Introduction

Modern day health care systems focus on offering holistic care that is patient-centric, safe, effective, efficient and timely. To this end, medical practitioners must have a diverse set of skills and knowledge from pharmacology to human anatomy and physiology. Of this, a sound understanding of anatomy and physiology are critical in provision of care for long term care. Physiology is the study of function in living systems while anatomy is the study of structure in living things. These two disciplines have been central in the delivery of health services since Ancient Greece where philosophers such as Aristotle explained the Continue reading...

PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction
Over the years, there has been a lot of connection and relations between psychology and biology, and this is one of the aspects that have led to the interrelation of these two principles. Irrespective of the fact that both are independent principles and fields that focus on their own, respective lines of operation, it is necessary to note and learn the fact that both disciplines have a lot of connection and interrelation, and this is mainly, among other reasons, caused by the fact that they are disciplines that deal with the essence of life. In order to understand Continue reading...

According to Typep-1 Siegenthaler & Aeschlimann, (2007) the neme diabetes wass derived from a greek word, diabeinein which implies “to siphon”. There are two main types id diabetes (type 1, type 2) even though some researchers often contend that there is a third type called gestational diabetes. Ideally,type 1 diabetes is autoimmune conditions that occurs when the beta cells of the pancreas have been spifflicated (Siegenthaler & Aeschlimann, 2007; News medical, 2013). The leads to loss of glucose that becomes visible in the urine if it is above the renal threshold that is 190 to 200 mg/dl on average. This Continue reading...

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease of the walls of the artery that comes as a result of accumulation of fatty deposits on walls of the artery leading to an impairment of the flow of blood (Weber & Soehnlein, 2013). With in mind that cardiovascular diseases cause deaths and morbidity in several countries, atherosclerosis can be viewed as a serious disease particularly with regards to the ever increasing cases of obesity.
Notably, there is an apparent relationship between atherosclerosis and heart attack; atherosclerosis most commonly leads to heart attack. The understanding of the relationship between atherosclerosis and heart attack can be Continue reading...

Heart disease also known as cardiovascular disease is a term that is used to describe different types of heart conditions. This is a disease that affects the cardiovascular system. The heart disease remains the number one killer disease especially in the U.S. and it is also a major cause of disability in patients. The same heart disease is also the main reason why people develop heart attacks. There are different types of heart diseases, cardiomyopaphy, coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, valvular heart disease and stroke just to mention but a few. Even though Continue reading...