Essays on Epidemiology

Milestones in Public Heath Informatics

There are several milestones in public health informatics history and one of them is specialization. The health field is vast and has many fields of concern to help the patients recover from various health complications and illnesses. Initially a doctor was supposed to be able to handle any health complications regardless of any aspects. Currently, the various areas that medical practitioners can specialize are such as disease prevention, epidemiology, laboratory health informatics, epidemiology among others (Yasnoff, O'carroll, Koo, Linkins & Kilbourne, 2000). With specialization in different fields and progress in information technology, the various areas of health concern can be ...

Essay

Needs Assessment and Rationale Falls are a serious public health issue in the United States because it is the main cause of trauma-related incidents and injury-related emergency cases, and the leading cause of unexpected deaths among the elderly. People aged 65 and above comprise the majority of casualties from falls (Al-Faisal, 2006). The prevalence of falls rises continuously with age irrespective of gender and racial/ethnic affiliation. As reported by Stevens and colleagues (2010), “each year, about one-third of all older adults fall. In 2007, an estimated 1.9 million fall injuries among persons aged 65 years and older were treated ...

Diabetes in America: Research Proposal

Given the recognition and on-going research into the disease of diabetes, there has probably been thousands and perhaps millions of books and articles written on the subject. The most commonly recognized types are type 1 and types 2 diabetes, but others include gestational, monogeneic, and cystic-fibrosis related diabetes (NIDDK, 2017). It is impossible to determine how many people in the world have diabetes or how many will develop it. The estimates of the amount of money spent in patient care and research are only guesses, and the suffering by diabetes and their loved ones is incalculable. However, this paper ...

Background of the Study

The problem of HIV and AIDS has become a global one in the short time since the identification of the virus. Although there is no vaccine to protect against the virus, knowledge and education are two powerful shields against infection—and it has become clear in recent years that impoverished women in the developing world are particularly heavily impacted by HIV transmission and development of AIDS (UNAIDS, 2016). The goal of finding a way to slow or completely halt the spread of HIV and the development of AIDS has been an epidemiological conundrum for many years. Promoting health and ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

Doctor

ABSTRACT Young people in the United States are battling depression in record numbers, reaching an all-time high of 3 million patients in 2015. Researchers are continuing to search for alternative or additional methods than therapy and medications to improve depressive symptoms in teenagers and young adults. Some studies have demonstrated that as possible option in easing depression is physical exercise. In addition to assisting mental health issues, exercise promotes social interaction, physical health, and appearance. However, research has focused primarily on adults and therefore additional studies are needed with focus on the impact of exercise on depression in young ...

One of the developing African countries challenged with severe health problems and requiring special attention from international organizations is Angola which has been marked by increasingly high levels of malaria incidence. Malaria is considered the main health problem haunting Angola (Schwartz et al., 2001) and this tendency has been persistent for years. The number of deaths caused by the disease has been varying but extremely high – around 21,000 cases in 2012 (UNDP, n/a). Moreover, the disease affected non-Angolan residents during the civil war in the country lasting until the early 2000s: the troops of the UN peacekeeping mission ...

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

Background: Clinical Description

The disease causing agent, Coccioides spp., causes a wide range of illness, but these illness are mostly determined by the hosts' defenses, inoculum size and possibly specific organism virulence. Most of the clinical infections (about 60%) show few or no respiratory symptoms. However, the rest 40% may show symptoms of illness that may either be acute or sub-acute. The illness could range from progressive pneumonia to flu-like conditions. Misdiagnosis usually occurs in self-limited community-acquired pneumonia. According to Saubolle, McKeller & Sussland (2007), only 29% of 56 people who had community-acquired pneumonia were diagnosed of coccidioidomycosis. The exact ...

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Introduction

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and an emotional experience which is associated with the potential damage of tissues (Gregory & Haigh, 2008). There are various factors that contribute to the pain psychology such as psychological and environmental. Acute pain is associated with the actual tissue damage which is associated with the surgical incidence and tissue damage. When the pain is experienced for a longer period due to unknown reasons or any underlying problem, it’s called chronic pain which illustrates the pain of Mr. John Smith due to ...

Ebola virus disease, formerly described as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, refers to a severe illness that is usually deadly in humans. Wild animals transmit the virus to human populations where it spreads through direct contact with infected bodily fluids. Typically, the disease has a fatality rate of nearly 50% with past outbreak cases recording fatality rates ranging between 25% and 90% (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). For example, an Ebola epidemic in West Africa reported in 2014 caused global panic because it was “the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered” (WHO, 2016). In ...

The Social Issue: Homelessness.

Who is affected by this issue? How large is it? How many people does it affect? Homelessness affects both adults and their families. In the United States with the latest survey indicates 71 percent of the homeless population has lived in San Francisco Areas before losing their homes

What indicates that this is a problem? Is there evidence? 

Homelessness has become among the top issues affecting both adults and children in our society with latest official count conducted in 2015 placing the adult homeless population to more than 7000 (Kilgore 594).

Explain the reasons you identified this particular problem?

This problem is highly pressing given that an increase in homelessness leads to increase in other social problems ...

There are many different types of virus and bacteria that can have a negative effect on the human body; some are internal, while others are external. One such bacterium is Staphylococcus, which leads to infection in many human beings. The Staphylococcus bacteria is responsible for a number of different types of infections, they are described as being spheroid shaped, gram-stain positive sometimes seen in singular, in pairs, or very often in clusters; this is often contributed to being described as a bunch of grapes (Davis 1). Human beings are most susceptible to two specific strains, staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus ...

Homework

What is the Nuremberg Code and what are the important parts of the code? How can this code protect research participants? The Nuremberg Code are a list of ethical principles for research that is conducted on humans. The Codes came as a result of the trials of the Nazi doctors that performed experimentation on prisoners in concentration camps during WWII. The trials took place in Nuremberg Germany and were held by the United States. Dr. Leo Alexander submitted a list of 6 defining terms for legitimate medical experiments and research. They were adopted by the Counsel for War along ...

The article is based on a study conducted by the authorswhich had the primary objective of researching on various health issues and ideas which are of significant value in the life of individuals. The three scholars had provided some research findings and results which this article has advanced by building more knowledge on the research topic (Kuh et al. 778). Most of the diseases when recognized at an earlier stage before spreading to the rest of the body, is easily controlled. Unfortunately, this is not the case with the majority of cancer patients realize cancer when it has already ...

Norovirus in Vermont

On the 3rd of February 2004, the Vermont Department of Health (VDH) was advised of a few people who had severe gastroenteritis in the wake of going to a private indoor swimming facility over the previous weekend (Podewils et al. 2007, p. 827). Reported side effects were intense onset retching, looseness of the bowels, and sickness and by and large happened inside 12–36 h of going to the office and kept going up to 2 days (Hall et al. 2011). A far-reaching investigation and assessment of the pools and pool support frameworks were led by the Vermont Department ...

Abstract

Over thirty years after its identification, HIV and AIDS remains a somewhat elusive virus, particularly when it comes to its history as a human infectious agent, and resourcing a complete epidemiology of the disease. Part of the problem is that so many antiretroviral drugs have come out and have either been used or prescribed incorrectly. In addition, the virus, like many other reverse RNA transcriptase viruses, has a very high aptitude in terms of developing resistance to drugs at a very rapid rate. What further complicates matters is how quickly it has spread. It will probably never truly be ...

Developing a Surveillance and Monitoring Program

What action can you take when an outbreak is reported close to home? Background SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the SARS Coronavirus. Coronaviruses are mostly found in poultry with only a few strains hosted by humans. In the past, Coronaviruses only caused mild flu infections. However, in recent years, the coronaviruses SARS and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) have been associated with causal problems for acute respiratory conditions. Further scientific reports have shown that SARS Coronavirus is a new mutant strain origination from animal hosts (Chan & Chan, 2013).

Symptoms

SARS symptoms include ...

Capstone Project of a Community Surveillance System in Kentucky: Evaluation of the Community Surveillance System and the HealthSIS system (Emergint technology Inc.) used in the Northern Kentucky Health Department and St. Elizabeth Hospital

Abstract . 4

Surveillance Systems Overview 5 Disease Surveillance: Responsibilities and Procedures . 6 Project Goals .. 8 Emergint, Inc. (HealthSIS) .. 9 Monthly Log .. 11 Emergent: Health Department and St. Elizabeth Interface .. 12

Performance Issues at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital 13

Questions Regarding Performance Issues at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital . 14

Performance Issues at the Kentucky Department of Health 15

Possible Solutions for Performance Issues .. 16

Using DCTS Computer Software 18

Conclusion and Recommendations .. 19

Works Cited 21

Appendix A .. 22 Abstract The surveillance systems for hospitals are crucial ...

2A. Appraising Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Quantitative Study One source of bias during data collection is the use of self-report data (Polit & Beck 2012). Chivers et al. (2001) obtained data through the SF-36 and Beck depression inventory which required the patients to answer questionnaires. If they failed to give accurate answers, it would have affected the validity of the findings. The study design also allowed patients to receive other clinically appropriate treatments that were beyond the study protocol (Chivers et al. 2001). Additional treatments are confounding variables but their influence on the study outcomes was not estimated in the statistical analysis. This reduces confidence in ...

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects a significant percentage of mothers, and accounts for mother death during childbirth anywhere from fifteen to twenty percent of the time—pre-eclampsia is one of the most significant and important causes of maternal death during childbirth to this day (Sibai, Dekker & Kupferminc, 2005; Ghulmiyyah & Sibai, 2012). As such, it is immensely important to develop strategies to deal with the problem of pre-eclampsia, but it is also essentially important to develop strategies for dealing with education and prevention of the condition (Villar et al., 2003). There are a number of common conditions that are ...

Application of Epidemiology – Case Study

Application of Epidemiology – Case Study

Information Summative

The statistical analysis of the Good Health Hospital’s medical records reveals the progression of Escherichia coli infection among four hospitalized patients who reported bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea, loss of appetite, flatulence and pyrexia since last week. The summary of these cases presented below in the context of their further analysis. The findings by the CDC revealed that the E. coli manifestations emanated among the affected patients after consuming the spoiled food items attributing to meats and vegetables.

Background Information (Indicating the Requirement of Further Investigation)

Georgia Department of Public Health (GDPH) describes various nosocomial infections reported within a ...

(Case Study Report)

Part 1

Question 1. A. What are the key steps of the investigation of an outbreak? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, epidemiologists follow a systematic approach in order to pull off a “quick and clean” outbreak investigation (CDC, 2012). The following procedure includes the ideal system in carrying out an outbreak investigation: (1) field work preparation, (2) confirm the existence of the reported outbreak, (3) vet the current diagnosis, (4) conduct a working definition of the case, (5) start recording individual cases, (6) apply descriptive epidemiology, (7) construct a hypothesis, (8) verify the hypothesis, ( ...

The title of the article covers the snapshot of what the contents of the research are. The title also has a section that focuses on the methodology and target population for the study. The specific aspects of the title create an idea of what the article will cover. The article does not have an abstract. On the contrary, it has summaries of the sections covered. These sections offer a shorter version of the article. The introduction provides a clear intention of the direction that the article will take. It also provides a background of the study and the anticipated ...

1. The proposed topic is on physician assisted suicide, especially arguing that patients should not be given the prerogative to opt in resorting in ending one’s life, especially for those with chronic, debilitating illnesses and terminal conditions. 2. The topic had been a controversial issue as some societies shun on the option. The recent movie entitled ‘Me Before You’ touched on the topic of euthanasia or physician assisted suicide . As such, one would like to delve more deeply on the topic and determine the rationality or justification for such decisions. 3. The potential thesis statements are as follows:

...

Part 1

Cystic fibrosis is a disorder that has been proven to have profound effects on the genetic makeup of an individual. This condition mainly affects the lungs and the alimentary canal. The other body organs likely to get affected by the disease include the kidneys, pancreas, intestines and the liver. It has been established that the condition compromises the functioning of the body cells responsible for the production of digestive, mucus and sweat juices (Mayo Clinic., 2016). Under normal circumstances, these cells are usually thin and slippery but if they become affected, the secretions they produce turn sticky and thick. ...

Introduction

Esophageal cancer is among the key health problems that is associated with numerous complications. As such, esophageal cancer is a form of cancer that typically occurs in any part of the esophagus and is among the most severe malignancies (Spechler, 2013). Essentially, this form of cancer is categorized into various types based of the cells involved whereby the most prevalent forms of esophageal cancer are Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) as well as Adenocarcinoma (AC). Among the major risk factors that usually increase the likelihood of developing this form of cancer are smoking, having GERD (Gastro-esophageal Reflux disease), obesity and ...

In the present world, information technology continues to play an important role in health-care decisions, training, and public health informatics and especially among health practitioners who work directly to serve members of the public. The health and the well-being of Canadian citizens is particularly vital and is best dealt with by understanding the determinants of the disease, how it spreads from one Canadian to another and from community to community. As Flicker et al. (2004) observes, a man’s ill health and health status of the society is affected by environmental factors and lifestyle. This assignment is an examination ...

1. Project Proposal 1.1. Research Background Media campaign has always been central consideration for any marketing plan. Trends of communication using different media have been undergoing steady evolution for the past several decades. Today’s marketing plan involves much more sophistications than ever before requiring companies to adopt state-of-the-art approach to it to maximize their chances of success (Napoli, 2011; Noll, 2007). The proposed research is going to revolve around the assessment of effective ways of collecting the required data for STA (a traveling agency) helping it develop its new marketing plan aligning to existing and emerging trends of ...

Abstract

This paper discusses the epidemic of obesity/overweight in details. The first part of the paper consists of the epidemiology and etiology associated with the condition. It gives statistics related to obesity among the American people. It also entails various consequences and health risks associated with obesity in adults and children. Later, the paper offers various legislative approaches and actions that could be taken on a local and federal level to curb the menace of obesity and promote a healthy living lifestyle among the modern-day people. Overall, the paper presents causes, health effects, and recommendations to reduce the obesity levels ...

Obesity has sprouted into a chronic condition that threatens the lives of many individuals particularly the youth and children. It entails the presence of excessive fat in the body that arises from a combination of contributing factors and causes such as genetics, dietary patterns, medication use, inactivity, etc. Due to the prevalence and the health risks that obesity poses, it is essential for medical practitioners at the legislative level to assist in the prevention of the condition and promote the health outcomes of people throughout their lifespans. This essay looks at the etiology and epidemiology of obesity as well ...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Abstract The intensive care unit in most hospitals plays the role of providing care to patients dealing with life-threatening conditions. The technological and other set ups in these hospital units are vital in ensuring that these patients continue to receive the best regarding care while with the intentions of having them emerge with desirable outcomes. There are however challenges relating to the care that these patients receive since, in most cases, they are usually under mechanical ventilation. A patient under this condition faces the risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia if the ventilators are not handled with the required care. ...

Understanding the concept of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) can be defined as a condition wherein the heart fails to pump sufficient blood to the body at the appropriate pressure. In other heart failure cases, the heart is unable to fill enough blood or the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to other parts of the body with the desired force. Most heart failure patients suffer from both problems. Heart failure is misunderstood as the heart stops working or is about to stop working. However, it is not true but a serious condition that require immediate care (Grossman, S.C & Porth, CM 2014).

Overview

The process ...

1. The Ebola virus is a virus that belongs to the Filoviridae family of viruses. It causes a severe disease that has fatal consequences in the majority of the cases. Ebola appeared in 1976 in Africa when two deadly outbreaks happened. Besides, the Ebola virus is a general name that comprises a few species such as Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Tai Forest ebolavirus, also known by its former name as Cote d’Ivoire ebolavirus (World Health Organization, 2011, p. 3). The majority of these subtypes (4 out of 5) originates from Africa and occurs ...

Analysis of Diseases

Overview Chikungunya (CHIK) refers to a re-emerging arboviral disease transmitted by the mosquitos Aedes aegypty and Aedes albopictus (Pialoux 318). The virus belongs to the genus Alphavirus and family Togaviridae. The word chikungunya derives from Makonde language (spoken in Tanzania and northern Mozambique), where it means “to walk bent over” (Halstead 557). This name refers to the main feature of both chronic and acute phase of the disease a change in posture causes by the arthritis and arthralgia (Charrel, Lamballerie and Raoult 769).

History

The disease gained its name after the outbreak in Tanganyika, the modern Tanzania in 1952. However, ...

Amongst the major infectious diseases, hepatitis is one of the most important diseases affecting a huge number of populations worldwide. Hepatitis is majorly caused by virus or other contributors to the inflammation of liver. It can be infectious or non-infectious. It is a big concern to deal with the disease as it is responsible for taking huge tolls of life with its remarkable symptoms in function loss of the liver due to factors like liver scarring (cirrhosis) or liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) in extreme cases (NHS, 2016). Viral hepatitis is considered to be the cause of hepatitis occurrence in ...

Abstract

Worldwide, ovarian cancer is ovarian cancer is the sixth most diagnosed cancer and is responsible for the most deaths annually than any other disease of the female reproductive system. It has a poor prognosis because the symptoms are vague even into Stage IV of the disease. Epithelial ovarian cancer constitutes about 90% of diagnosed cases. Research has demonstrated that hormone therapy, chronic pelvic inflammation, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants are factors in the etiology of ovarian cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 is also associated with breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, fallopian tube cancer, prostate cancer, and primary peritoneal cancer. ...

Introduction

Stroke is among the key healthcare problems that is associated with severe long-term disabilities, increased morbidity. In addition, stroke is associated with higher incidences of death in the United States as well as the world in its entirety. In the recent years, incidences of stroke especially among the high risk middle age adults have escalated raising serious concerns among the healthcare professionals as well as the entire public. According to CDC, stroke is among the key causes of adult disabilities and is associated with higher incidences of death as well as increased morbidity among this population (Centers for Disease ...

Abstract

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, central line-associated bloodstream infections lead to the deaths of thousands of people every year in the United States. These infections actually represent about 10% of all hospital-acquired infections translating to about 71, 900 infections per year in US hospitals. Also, this condition adds billions of dollars to the total health care system costs. However, these infections are actually preventable. This paper analyzes literature related to this topic and tries to establish the best method for solving the problem of central line-associated bloodstream infections. The paper suggests the standardization of central ...

Narrative:

The topic of the research is to eradicate childhood obesity. A database search was carried out on to identify material that fit the description of the research. The keywords used included obesity, which is a state where the body mass index of an individual exceeds 30. Obesity in children focused on material that focused the effects of obesity in children. Material that contained a reference to obesity in children as well as ways to eradicate obesity in children was considered for the research. Material that focused on obesity in general without being specific to children was excluded from the ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is known as the most commonly diagnosed disease among women. It is not restricted to a single cast race or ethnicity. As compared to white women Asian women suffering from breast cancer are diagnosed at the later stages of the disease, and they also have higher death rates. Many studies are dot done on the racial differences experienced by the survival during the treatment or during diagnosis. Disparities in the breast cancer survival women could be due to inequality in the screening of breast cancer, its diagnosis, treatment and follow-up after the treatment. Research shows that how ...

Introduction

Consumption of addictive psychoactive substances can be traced back to the earliest records of the human history. In ancient past, these psychoactive substances were consumed in various occasions: some priest consumed the substances during religious ceremonies; some substances such as opium were used for medicinal purposes; were consumed by the general population as they were socially accepted. People later devised various potent compounds which were easier to administer. As a result of high administration, addiction and abuse of these substances began. As early as in the 17th century, the concern of overuse of these substances and the loss of ...

Introducing the Microorganism

Candida albicans is a human microbiome member. It is opportunistic in nature and exists as a non- harmful resident of the genitourinary tract in 70% and of oral cavity in 75% of humans. It has shown opportunistic behaviour leading to infections in case of individuals whose immune system is compromised (immunocompromised). C. albicans is mainly responsible for 2 types of infection: superficial candidiasis like vulvovaginal or oral infections and systemic life-threatening infections. C. albicans has been observed to cause vulvovaginal candidiasis in approximately 75% of women. C. albicans is an obligate and diploid organism possessing 8 pairs of chromosomes, ...

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Introduction

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a very complicated neurodegenerative condition including the motor and non-motor manifestations that lead to neuronal loss. Currently, only symptomatic therapies are available but nothing is known yet to prevent this degenerative process. This is a multi-factorial condition with multiple risk factors that includes increasing age, genetic vulnerability, and environmental determinants. All these factors mutually play a role in the pathogenic process of PD. Medical sciences have achieved major advances in understanding the process working behind PD development that are Nigral Dopaminergic Apoptosis, Protein ...

Discussion 1:

Part 1: Controversies surrounding the "discovery" of America with specific details.The discovery of America is dated as early as 1492 and accredited to a renowned Spanish explorer, Christopher Columbus who is believed to have set out of Spain in a maritime expedition that would lead to the discovery of the Americas, introduction of Christianity and the eventual colonization of the country. Due to the determination of Columbus and his counterparts to discover, conquer and exploit new areas for the untouched wealth, he viewed and handled the local indigenous people as real impediments to his mission. There exist tripartite compositions ...

Annotated Bibliography

Co-Occurrence and Treatment 1. Annotated Bibliography 1. Ta, V. M., Juon, H. S., Gielen, A. C., Steinwachs, D., & Duggan, A. (2008). Disparities in use of mental health and substance abuse services by Asian and Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander women. The journal of behavioral health services & research, 35(1), 20-36. This study is very recent which is one of the reasons it was selected for inclusion of my annotated bibliography. The researchers aimed to examined comorbidity of mental illness and substance abuse both of which that require treatment. Therefore, this analysis will yield prevalence of comorbidity as well as the ...

While much has been hypothesized regarding paranoia, it is of the essence to note that it mainly connotes to a condition whereby an individual develops a feeling of suspicion towards others. Precisely, persons suffering from paranoia tend to harbor the thoughts that other people are against them. In fact, paranoid individuals tend to think that other people intend to harm them (Sarkar et al., 2012). As a result, paranoia makes people develop certain behaviors aligned to being highly conscious. A reflection on the lives of every individual depicts the fact that at one time in life, an individual develops ...

Healthy behaviors play a key role in daily life. Yet, certain unhygienic practices tend to interfere with the health and induce a risk to the overall life. These practices could be high-fat diet, alcohol, and smoking. There is a need to know much about these. In such context, the present description deals with a topic “ What will kill you first, a smoking, a high-fat diet or alcohol?”.

Health -related risk factors:

A risk factor is any quality, trademark or presentation of a person that improves the probability of building up an ailment or damage. A few illustrations of the more vital danger elements ...

Introduction

Studies relating to lung cancer treatment can save lives and make the lives of cancer patients more comfortable besides increasing the quality of life. According to Lardinois et al., (2003), there are three primary types of lung cancer; they include non-small cell, small cell, and carcinoid lung cancer. Statistically, non-small cell lung cancer, for example, Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma account for the highest occurrences of all lung cancers to a tune of 85% [1]. It has been established that both environmental and genetic factors do contribute to lung cancer significantly. Continued exposure to carcinogens, ionizing ...

Introduction

Research in lung cancer treatment can save lives and improve a patient’s quality of life. There are three main types of lung cancer: Non-small cell, small cell, and lung carcinoid cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer, such as Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma make up about 85% of all lung cancers (Molina, Yang, Cassivi, Schild, & Adjei, 2008). Both environmental and genetic factors are significant in the cause of lung cancer. Chronic exposure to carcinogens, ionizing radiation, and viral infections can lead to alterations of the DNA in tissue lining the bronchial epithelium of the lungs. Furthermore, ...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that is related to serious traumatic events and is characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness, and absence of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images. Research shows that reliable and modest gender differences exist in the growth of PTSD (Vishnevsky 110). Researchers also found that the risk of PTSD could vary in women because of type of trauma and prior history of trauma. However, the risk for PTSD in men is not much affected by the type of trauma and history of trauma. ...

Background information

Malaria, a mosquito borne transmissible disease of both human beings and some animals is a pertinent disease in the 21st century which accounts for more than 650, 000 deaths annually (WHO, 1147). The prevalence of malaria is highest in the tropical and subtropical regions. Adverse effects of the disease is an equally major public health issue that affects maternal and child health. In the developing countries, malaria is a leading cause of maternal and child health. Consequentially, it is a pertinent public health disease. This manuscript offers a succinct analysis of the disease while appraising its causative agents, life ...

Elliott, A. M., Smith, B. H., Penny, K., Smith, W. C., & Chambers, W. A. (1999). The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. The Lancet, 354(9186), 1248–1252. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. This study describes an early epidemiologic study on chronic pain. The authors recognized chronic pain as one of the problems the community faced. The researchers took a study to quantify and describe the distribution of chronic pain in the community. The researchers carried out their study using 5036 patients, who were aged 25 years and above. The study was based in the UK. The ...

Infection in cancer patient with febrile neutropenia: epidemiology, microbiology and management

Abstract Febrile neutropenia (FN) is characterised by a decrease in neutrophils number to values below 500 cells/ mm3 and an occurrence of fever higher or similar to 38.3ºC. It commonly occurs in cancer patients as a result of chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy destroys carcinogenic cells but also attacks in many cases some normal cells including essential elements of the immune system. Fever is one of the characteristic symptoms of FN and is usually associated with the presence of an infection caused by various microorganisms. Bacteria, including Gram-positive isolates (currently dominating) and Gram-negative species (dominant in the 1970s), are usually ...

Hepatitis type B viral infection is a common and serious disease that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is a DNA virus with partial double strands and belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. One-third of the world’s population is believed to have been infected by HBV of which 6% have chronic HBV infection. Depending on the rate of infection and carrier rate, the world is divided into low, medium and high endemicity regions (Franco et al. 75). The HBV resides in the bodily fluids of an infected individual and is transmitted via the same (Aspinall et ...

Epidemiology among Italian Americans

Epidemiology data that compared the deaths status of Italians and Americans found that leading causes of death for adults at both times were similar in Italy and the United States. For the past thirty years, the leading cause of death for the adult population for Italians in has been degenerative diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease and cancer. Studies of Italian-born immigrants in New York and Pennsylvania had relatively low death rates when compared to other groups (Mugnaioli et al., 2006). Italian males had the lowest death rate from all causes of any foreign-born group even lower than the native population. ...

Introduction

Pulmonary edema (PE) is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the parenchyma and air spaces of the lungs. Most often PE is associated with respiratory failure and impaired gas exchange. Globally, PE is known to be characterized by two major factors, the first is associated with the injury of the lung parenchyma which is termed as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The second is associated with the failure of the left ventricle of the heart to release blood from the pulmonary circulation within the system and is termed as cardiogenic pulmonary edema (Glaus, Schellenberg , and Lang. 2010). The major cause ...

In the event that a child is constantly having recurrent coughs, shortness of breath, wheezing sound during breathing and chest tightness, chances are that they have been affected by childhood asthma. Such children usually have less enthusiasm compared to other children and may avoid involving themselves in physical activities. The air passages and lungs when exposed to particular triggers like animal fur, pollen, dust and cold usually get inflamed thereby making it a challenge for air to pass through. The commonest symptoms of childhood asthma include shortness of breath, intermittent coughing, chest pains, and chest congestions. (Mayo Clinic, 2016) ...

The Targeted Group

Hepatitis A description Hepatitis A is a disease of a liver caused by a virus known as Hepatitis A. some reported cases shows that the illness is caused by consumption of either food or water contaminated with fecal that has the virus (Gossner & Severi, 2014). Therefore, the most common causes includes:

Consumption of raw or else undercooked shellfish sourced from sewage polluted water

Not washing hands clean after diaper exchange Poor individual hygiene by persons who prepares the meals. Diagnosing of Hepatitis A The most fundamental diagnosis is through the blood test. Thus, if a person thinks that he or she has Hepatitis A, it is advisable to seek the diagnosis ...

The Institutional Affiliation

Reading review The chapter Cheryl Zlotnick and Luann Devos called Transitional Families, explores peculiarities and aspects of living in a transition state. First of all, it defines the transitional family as a family whose “structure, living situation, or both” are in flux. The author’s argue that the number of transitional families in nowadays society increases and the issue should be addressed more intensively. The Unites States Department of Housing and Urban Development reported that one-third of people who used homeless centers were families (2008). Transitional families can be divided into a few subgroups. Families that belong to the ...

Overtime, infectious diseases have been responsible for massive outbreaks of diseases resulting in numerous deaths. In the contemporary world, infectious diseases are still responsible for numerous documented deaths while simultaneously increasing the global burden of disease. Among the numerous infectious diseases with a high disease burden is the recently rediscovered Zika virus. This manuscript thus offers a succinct analysis of the presented infectious disease. Inferences are drawn from a recently published article which the contextual issue. Among the issues appraised in this manuscript are the correlation between the disease’s causal agents, the susceptible individuals and the relevant environmental ...