Essays on Pneumonia

The rationale for using the North American antibiotic guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in immunocompetent patients as the basis of measurement in the study reviewed was established by the recommendations of the following bodies:

- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) - The Canadian Infectious Disease Society/Canadian Thoracic Society (CIDS/CTS), - The American Thoracic Society (ATS)

Basis of the Rational

These recommendations resulted from the findings of all four organizations indicating that “Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of CAP, that treatment that covers ‘atypical’ pathogens (e.g., Legionella ...

The risk of death by patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) stems not only from their critical illness but also from nasocomial infection. Among the critically ill patients, pneumonia is one of the most common nasocomial infections, affecting 27% of the patients (Cai, 2011). Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) as it is commonly referred occur 48 hours or more after admission and endotracheal intubation (mechanical ventilation) of the patient (Drakulovic, 1999). The frequency of nasocomial pneumonia varies among the types of ICUs with high incidences of VAP mortality reported in children’s pediatric intensive care unit ( ...

Podolsky, S. H. (2005). The Changing Fate of Pneumonia as a Public Health Concern in 20th-Century America and Beyond. American Journal of Public Health, 95(12): 2144-2154. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048397.

The article proposes the essence of understanding the history of pneumonia. The article covers historical data from the emerging awareness of the disease in 1930 to the 20th century. Within this timeline Podolsky illustrates the significance of vaccine, control programs and reeducation of physicians. The author also provides insights on how penicillin and sulfonamides affected control programs. As control programs regressed government concerns also become devoid. As a consequence, pneumonia reverted ...

According to Hospital Nurse Staffing and Quality of Care | Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality, there has been a prediction by the federal government claiming that there is to be an expected increase in the number of hospital nursing vacancies by nearly 29% which is approximately 800,000 by the year 2020, this will not be filled by slow increase in the number of nurses as their rate of increase will only be a mere 6%.

As it had been noted that higher level of nursing staff will increase both nurse satisfaction and higher quality health care, this cannot be achieved ...

Ventilator Assisted Pneumonia

Ventilator Assisted Pneumonia

- O'Keefe-McCarthy, S., Santiago, C., & Lau, G. (2008). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Bundled Strategies: An Evidence-Based Practice. Worldviews On Evidence-Based Nursing, 5(4), 193-204. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2008.00140.xSummary of Article: In an effort to create care practices and a ventilator bundle to reduce ventilator-induced pneumonia, the study started with a compliance audit by quality control to determine baseline information. - Research Elements: The design included education of staff, placement of reminder signage, and collecting data from the period of October 2008 to December 2009. The quality department conducted compliance audits. Specific objectives were determined, striving for 100% compliance and reduction of VAP ...

About five years ago, I had an unpleasant experience while driving with my friends. We got in a car and drove all over the city. At one point, while I was sitting in the back seat, a friend who was driving caused an accident. Fortunately, nobody was injured. However, I got very scared and couldn’t calm down for a while. Soon after that a friend offered to drive me home and I had to sit in the back. When I entered the car, I felt enormous fear. This can be explained by classical conditioning. In fact, this is a special type of classical ...

1. Components and mechanisms of the respiratory system The respiratory system is the system that allow humans and animals to breathe. The main function of the system is to provide oxygen to the body through the blood. Breathing involves two main actions: inhaling and exhaling air. Inhalation brings oxygen into the body via the blood and exhalation chases out carbon dioxide. The respiratory system is composed of different tissues and organs, including the airways, lungs, bloods vessels and muscles connected to each other to assure a proper breathing process (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 2012). The airways ...

Of principal concern is the prevention and control of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by medical practitioners in intensive care units (ICUs). VAP is one of the most frequently reported infections acquired by patients under mechanical ventilation healthcare. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) persists to be a frequent and potentially deadly complication of ventilator care (Chulay, 2005), often occurring within environments characteristic of the intensive care unit (ICU) that are high-tech and high touch. Patients who are ventilated and intubated present the unique challenge for critical care registered nurses (RNs) to incorporate evidence-informed practices concerning the delivery of high-quality care (Crunden, 2005). Ventilator-Associated ...

Abstract

This paper briefly discusses the pathophysiology of pneumonia due to infection of mucor, laboratory indicators of pneumonia infections, and its possible treatments. Initially, the paper defines mucor and explains how it gains entry into the human body. Laboratory test results of a case study are also analyzed. Factors that increase one’s chances of being infected with mucor and those that predispose one to pneumonia have also been stated. Mucor is a genus belonging to phylum zygomycota and kingdom fungi. According to Pitt and Hocking (2009), at least 20 species of mucor have been reported in food. Mucor infection causes ...

Nursing home pneumonia has been identified as a Healthcare-Acquired Pneumonia (HCAP); the disease is caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Evelyn, 2002). The research aimed at analyzing different characteristics of the disease; the main areas that the research focused on were causes of pneumonia and then treatment plan. The article in the web discussed the guidelines for treatment of the disease. The disease is caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Aureus, and Enteric Gram-Negative pathogens (Myolette, 2002). The disease affects a person whose body cannot resist these pathogens; the part of the body associated with the disease is the respiratory system that is made ...

Article #1. Martins, S.R.M., & De Oliveira, D.S.F. (2014). This article discusses the results of a two-stage speech therapy tests performed on the elderly, 45 in all and between the ages of 60 and 85 years old. The speech therapies resulted in improvements in 73% of subjects with dysphagia, and voice improvements on 62% after 11.6 sessions (Martins & Oliveira, 2014, p. 1120). Although the article makes no mention on the morbidity and mortality rates of dysphagia and dysphonia, it nevertheless affirms that “neurological diseases are common in the elderly” (Martins & Oliveira, 2014, p. 1120). In this respect, it can be ...

Article #1: Becker, R., et al. (2011). “Functional dysphagia therapy and PEG treatment in a clinical geriatric setting.” Dysphagia, 26, 108-116. 1). Summary: The article by Becker et al. delves on the outcomes of two Functional Dysphagia Therapy (FDT) with one group using percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), and another group of non-PEG users. 2) Element: The victims of stroke and those with cerebrovascular diseases have neurogenic dysphagia, 50% and 30% respectively. The result of this study revealed a mortality rate of 19.7%, and lower for the second group of non-PEG users which is at 8.6%. 3) Outcome: Those ...

Background information

According to the United Nations, homelessness has become “an increasing social and public health problem worldwide”. There are various states of homelessness. Absolute homelessness refers to “conditions of persons without physical shelter”. Relative homelessness refers to a state in which one has some form of physical shelter but the shelter does not meet the required health and safety standards. For instance, it has poor sanitation and access to water is limited or non-existent. Estimates reveal that over 100 million individuals are homeless worldwide. In the United States of America, the US Department of Housing and Urban Development estimates that about ...

Customer Inserts His/ Her Name

Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name (28.1.2012)

a) Among the major signs of pneumonia are persistent coughs with sputum, fever and chest pains during inhalation, shortness of breath and headaches (Schiffman, 2012). In the case provided, Evelyn had the exact signs and symptoms as the ones that cause pneumonia and is therefore, suffering from pneumonia. b) The history of the patient in the case study and the tests done indicate that the pneumonia Evelyn is suffering from is viral pneumonia. The history of the disease, over a month of experiencing symptoms of fever, headache and persistent cough indicate the patient is ...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), defined as pneumonia that was absent or not developing at intubation, is the second most common hospital acquired infection (Bahrt, 2009, p. 49). It is the most prevalent hospital acquired infection amongst mechanically ventilated patients in critical care units with an estimated 10-20% incidence rate in some hospitals. It affects approximately 28% of patients requiring mechanical ventilation for >48 hours (Button, Culmer, Southard, & Donaldosn, 2005). Patients on mechanical ventilation for >24 hours are 6 to 21 times more likely to acquire VAP than patients not on ventilator support. VAP is the ...

Preventing Ventilator-associated pneumonia

P __Population/patient = Critical care patients on ventilators I __ Intervention/indicator = increased frequency of hand washing and strict disinfection as measures to prevent the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical care patients. C__Comparator/control = Critical care patients in whom this intervention is not performed. O __Outcome = Ventilator associated pneumonia is prevented in critical care patients.

T__Time of discharge

In line with the PICO format, the PICO question would be, "how does increased frequency of hand washing and disinfection affect the development of ventilator assisted pneumonia in critical care patients?" In carrying out this research, ...

Quantitative Article Critique

Methods, Results, Data Analysis and Findings The quantitative research article chosen to be discussed was entitled Predictive Values of Semi-Quantitative Pro-Calcitonin Test and Common Biomarkers for the Clinical Outcomes of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. The respondent population was mainly composed of people who have been hospitalized as a result of having been diagnosed with Community Acquired Pneumonia between August 2010 and October 2012 using the semi-quantitative serum PCT Test. The objective of the research was to determine whether there is an existing relationship between the semi-quantitative serum pro-calcitonin (PCT) test (BRAHMS PCT-Q) and the clinical outcomes of patients with community acquired ...

Ventilator Assisted Pneumonia

Ventilator Assisted Pneumonia

Implementation Plan

The Policy and Procedure Committee of St. Mary’s Hospital was presented with a literature review and presentation suggesting a policy change; the change regarded care of ventilated patients in the Intensive Care Unit. The change promoted addressed incorporating oral hygiene measures in an effort to reduce ventilator assisted pneumonia (VAP) in the patients. The use of manual cleaning with chlorhexidine swabs or brush in conjunction with suctioning enhances the removal of bacteria from the buccal cavity. The presence of the bacteria encourages development of VAP. The Committee requested an implementation plan for further evaluation of the proposal.

...

Studies show that stroke survivors with poor oral hygiene have a poor quality of life (Armstrong and Mosher 2011). (Lam et al. 2014) have explored the effect of clinical oral health and socio-demographic factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients following stroke. Oral health-related quality of life results were received before and after provision or oral health promotion interventions. Eighty-one patients faced a stroke rehabilitation ward. OHRQoL have also determined the outcomes after in-hospital oral health intervention programme. They observed a significant association between the absence of regular daily brushing and majority of measurement scale items (6 out of ...

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the repeated blockage of upper airway when a person is asleep. It is the most common type of apnea during which the diaphragm and chest muscles open the obstructed airways and pull air into the lungs. This loss of breath reduces the flow of oxygen to vital organs causing irregular heartbeat (Force & American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2009). A person usually snores loudly at night with interruption by a silent period when they are not breathing, they wake up not refreshed in the morning, headaches that are hard to treat, feel sleepy or drowsy all day ...

Introduction:

The bacterial negative gram bacilli group Enterobacterriaceae have both motile and non-mitole relationships with peritrichouse flagella. Both types of bacteria, however, have the ability to fermet glucose and get nitrite from nitrates, as well as produce gas. They are a common find in greenhouses, and there are hundreds of species of this microorganism, including Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella Enterobacter, pneomoniae, etc. The pathogenic types of this bacteria have the ability to bring about diseases in animals and humans.

In this test, two varying types of Enterobacteriaceae will be identified (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This will be accomplished ...

Designing an approach to Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.

Candace Moore No University Affiliation Nursing Introduction: Ethiopia is highly affected by communicable diseases like many countries less economically developed countries. These diseases accounted for over 60% of total death and 63% of DALYs in Ethiopia 2010. Out of these communicable diseases lower respiratory infections play a major role in the mortality and morbidity of the people. These diseases contribute about 14 % and almost 11% of towards all communicable death and DALYs respectively ((( Source from summative assignment))). The risk of developing acute lower respiratory infection was found to be very high in children under the age ...

Abstract

The topic of this paper is regarding the effects of the nursing shortage on patient safety and adverse events. Due to the nursing shortage, there is an increase inare registered more patient adverse events and there is increasedthe risk to the patient’s safety increased. If the nursing shortage problem is not correctedsolved, then there will be a continuance ofcontinue increase in the risk to patient safety risk , andas well as harm to the patient. In the paper there is provided Aan explanation of the nursing shortage, the its cause of the shortage, how the shortageit affects patient safety, and ...

Abstract

Early ambulation is now recognised as an intervention that confers many positive benefits to patients following cardiac surgery. However, there is lack of clarity as to the optimum time for the patient to perform early ambulation. A focused question was developed to ascertain whether early ambulation within 24 hours after extubation is more effective compared to ambulation 24 hours or more following extubation. The clinical question guided the search and retrieval of 6 studies that were subsequently appraised. There are benefits and many limitations of the chosen studies and do not provide sufficient evidence to answer the clinical question ...

It has been found that “compliance with evidence based practice in the form of a care bundle can reduce the incidence of VAP” (Ellis et al.) or ventilator associated pneumonia.

One example of a protocol is that which was developed by the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement or ICSI (Weinert). This protocol covers the “orders around patient care management for the prevention of” (Weinert) VAP.

Protocols are associated with bundles, which the Institute for Healthcare Improvement or IHI defines as “a grouping of best practices that, when used individually, are found to be effective” (Wip and Napolitano). Both the IHI and the ...

Legionella is one of the conditions that for a long time has been researched on. Several authors and researchers have come up with their views concerning this condition and present their views in books, journals, and even websites. In the annotated bibliography below, a clear indication of the contribution of each author is given. The relevance of the reference is also shown, giving readers the reason why they should take the references. Annotated bibliography Bartram, J., Chartier, Y., Lee, J. V., Pond, K., & Surman Lee, S. (Eds.). (n.d.). Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis. (Original work published World ...

In the early 1980s, following confirmed reports of an outbreak of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) among homosexual men in several states in the U.S, several studies were conducted to identify the risk factors associated with the disease(s), related trends and other associated issues. From these studies and CDC reports on the disease, several issues and trends emerged . Among the trends and the issues identified in the said studies and reports is that the prevalence of the disease was higher in homosexual men.

Some lifestyle aspects, common among the infected patients, were linked to ...

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of injury to the lungs that impedes the supply and uptake of oxygen from the alveoli resulting in a state of severe hypoxemia, dyspnea, anxiety, and tachypnea. This review has established that genetics may be playing a role in increasing one’s susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS. Moreover, biomarkers would also play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. However, it still remains unclear on the type of genes and biomarkers that play a role in causing ARDS. It has also been established that young children (less than 2 years ...

The qualitative research selected was a study titled: Pneumonia Care and the Nursing home: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Resident and Family Member Perspectives (Carusone, Loeb and Lohfeld, 2006).

Problem Statement

The clinical problem that led to the study is the increasing need for long-term healthcare in healthcare establishments due to the increase in population and change in social values. Apparently, a significant part of the population within the age of 65 and above are increasingly requiring hospitalized care for various health related complications associated with old age. Patients requiring this kind of service have been found to prefer receiving the service in ...

Introduction

Legionnaires’ disease was first recognized in 1976 following its breakout in a hotel in Philadelphia housing delegates who had attended American Legion convention (Lynch, Brightman, & Greenberg, 1994). Its causative agent is a bacterium known as Legionella pneumophila (Lynch, Brightman, & Greenberg, 1994). This disease presents with symptoms similar to those associated with pneumonia. Legionella pneumophila also cause another disease known as Pontiac fever (PF). Pontiac fever and Legionnaires’ disease are collectively referred to as legionellosis. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), crude national incidence rate of legionellosis in the United States increased by 192% from 2000 to 2009.

Etiology/Pathology

Legionella ...

1.0 Background Information on SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged febrile lower respiratory viral disease that has been described in Asia, Europe, North America and recently Middle East. The disease was first reported in Asia, specifically in Guangdong Province of Southern China, in late 2002. It then spread to Hong Kong, Vietnam, Singapore, Canada, Taiwan, Thailand, Canada, the U.K, U.S and Slovenia at an unprecedented rate, so that in a period of weeks it had spread to 37 countries and was thus a pandemic of global concern in 2003. SARS is reported to be the first global ...

X-ray Reading

X-ray Reading Figure 1 The patient in this x-ray image is centred with both lungs apices. The image has also captured the costophrenic angles but some of the bones are invisible in the picture. The reason some of the bone structures are invisible is because of poor reproduction. Additionally, the medial ends of clavicle are invincible thus it is impossible to assess rotation using this image. Another observation is that the trachea is patent and deviated to the right. The image also shows that the heart is deviated to the right. The heart of the patient has a ...

Asthma is a chronic airway disease that is difficult to manage because of numerous risk factors and complicated by poor self-management. This is a case study of acute severe asthma triggered by viral respiratory infection and exercise in an Aboriginal female with chronic asthma. The discussion will include the diagnostic tests, patient assessment, care and interventions, medications, and nursing care performed or should have been performed. The expected outcomes will also be described.

An arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed showing respiratory acidosis and mild hypoxaemia. Above normal PaCO2 and below normal pH meant the lungs could not eliminate carbon ...

Antimicrobial agents can be categorized as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral agents because each group is used to treat infections caused by bacteria, fungus, parasites or viruses. Further classifications within those categories are used to differentiate between agents effective against specific pathogens. For example, aminoglycosides are primarily used to treat gram-negative infections while antianaerobic agents are used to cure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic infections (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Viral and bacterial infections are different, but the differences between them are not always obvious. As a general rule, bacterial infections usually manifest as strep throat, urinary tract infections, ...

John Hopkins School of Medicine (1995) describes conducting airways as those consisting of the oro-and nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, divisions of bronchi and bronchioles. However, the alveoli, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles are involved in the gaseous exchange with the pulmonary capillary.

Community-acquired pneumonia is caught in the public areas such as schools. It is caused by the virus, bacteria and fungi (John Hopskins School of Medicine, 1995). Hospital-acquired pneumonia may be acquired in hospital and in most cases at the intensive care unit.

Reactivated tuberculosis occurs due to reactivation that takes place within the ...

Why Pneumococcal Infections is a Global Health Problem

Pneumococcal infections are mainly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae also known as pneumococcus. Serious pneumococcal infections are a major global health problem. By the year 2010, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 1.6 million people – including more than 800,000 children under the age of 5 years – die every year from pneumococcal infections (Georgiev, 2009). Nearly all of these infections and deaths occur in the world’s poorest countries. These include Sub-Saharan African countries, Latin America, South Asia, some parts of Europe and Australia. In Latin America, epidemiological studies show that infants younger than 6 months have a higher risk ...

Abstract

The paper discusses the life of Alphonse Gabriel Capone a famous and powerful crime mob operating in Chicago. His nicknames were Al Capone or Scarface his influence began in 1925 after the demise of his mentor James Torrio. He gained power through selling of illegal liquor and from there he ventured into other operations like prostitution, gambling, and racketeering to expand his influence. He also bribed politicians and legal authorities to enable him carry out operations without legal interference. However, after the valentine day massacre, which he is thought to be behind, he was pursued by the authorities who caught ...

Application of the Natural Law Theory in the Management of a Case in Relation with the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care

Introduction

Natural laws are principles with reasons used to examine the human nature and are set by the natural world. These natural laws in most cases use justification to examine the nature of humans and try to explain morality and ethics basing on the religious perspective. Additionally, natural laws often are joined with common laws and norms of the societies but in most cases these natural laws contend that specific rights and values are acquired genetically from parents. In addition, these natural laws are related to ethical and religious directives for catholic health care which actually stipulate the bioethics ...

Introduction

It is important for the organization to train their nurses and explain the different types of patient care activities that could result in hand contamination. The advantages and disadvantages of hand-washing should be explained to the nurses in order to make them more efficient in their nursing practices. I have reviewed three articles in this direction so as to justify the arguments put forward.

- KuKanich, K.S., Kaur, R., Freeman, L.C., and Poweel, D.A. (2013). Evaluation of a Hand Hygiene Campaign in Outpatient Health Care Clinics. AJN, 113(3), 36-42.

- Why did you choose this article? After ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious disease caused by SARS corona virus (SARS-CoV). It is a dangerous, not well understood, and easy to transmit disease. Its most dangerous features are that SARS outbreaks occur within the hospital setting, it can be deadly, and has no definitive set of symptoms. There is a distinct probability of another global outbreak of SARS.

On February 28, 2003, Carlo Urbani, a medical doctor working for the World Health Organization in Vietnam, examined an American patient in a French hospital in Hanoi. The patient presented with atypical pneumonia, a respiratory disease with an unusual panel of symptoms. ...

Description of the chickenpox as a communicable disease.

Chicken pox is also refers to as varicella, is a communicable disease (CDC – ACIP, 2015). Chicken pox is a viral disease and it is characterized by an itchy red rash in body which mainly begins on face then chest and eventually to the back before spreading allover the body. Herpes varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox. The oozing blisters or bed linens of an infected person, or contact with the clothing, or droplets as a result of sneeze or cough are all means of spreading the chicken pox. The person infected by the virus will show the symptoms after ten to twenty days of ...

Research paper

Abstract The research paper deals with correlation of asthma risk among adults in Finland as a result of infant RSV bronchiolitis and reduced respiratory health-related quality of life after RSV pneumonia. The research includes the patients participated in different kinds of clinical study such as measurement of lung function, skin prick test, doctor examination, etc. The research group stated the problem to follow up the sequelae of the respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (RSV LRTI) from infant age with asthma, atopy, and lung function in adulthood. The researchers used several tests to give the statistics for the ...

Causative agent

Chickenpox is a disease that is highly contagious, and its causative agent is varicella zoster virus (Wood). Historical information The history of the term chicken pox that is documented as being used from 1684 is not dependably known. There have been speculations that it was derived from chickpeas, on the basis of their resemblance of vesicles to chickpeas (Belshe).

Transmission

It begins with vesicular skin rash on the head and body. It is transmitted through the air and it easily spreads via sneezing or coughing by affected persons or via direct contact with the rash’s secretions. The patient ...

(Author)

Abstract

Unplanned extubation can be defined as the premature removal of ETT. It can be deliberate or accidental. Usually, it is caused by mechanical ventilation, which is the common process in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Unplanned extubations represents fourth most common adverse event in NICUs in North America. Unplanned extubation can result in several complications such as acute cardiorespiratory deterioration, bronchospasm, hypotension, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and subglottic stenosis. Duration of intubation, short length of ETT, less common use of sedatives and muscle relaxants, and time spent out of bed in the hand of parents, i.e. movements, are some of ...

Glossary

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-COPD Air pollutants- the particles that pollute air Asthma- This is a chronic lung ailment, which causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Biomass-this is a biological material that is obtained from living organisms, particularly plant-based Particulate matter- this term refers to the assortment of solid particles and liquid drips found in the air Introduction Air pollution refers to the introduction of biological molecules and other dangerous materials into the globe’s atmosphere, causing diseases and eventual deaths. In addition, the damage is extended to other living organisms such as crops. Most ...

Healthcare Quality Initiative Paper

For many people both in medical and non-medical world, Health care quality initiative represents a huge undertaking in developing and improving the overall quality of care. Medicare system offers a perfect avenue to enhance the quality of care offered by professionals. In explanation, Medicare is a social insurance program that caters for both the financial and wellbeing of the elderly sick and disabled persons under 65. Included in this category are individuals at the end stage of renal disease. This Medicare system program is financed chiefly by the premiums, taxes and revenue from the federal government. It is divided into two components – ...

This paper argues about the shutdown of SeaWorld; SeaWorld is a mammal theme park, located in the United States. Sea World is a theme park dedicated to the underwater world. Unlike other parks, Sea World is not divided into zones. Here each attraction has its own name and theme. SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment maintains one of the largest collections of marine animals in the United States. It provides care to as many as 67,000 animals including marine and terrestrial. In the wild, marine animals live in large social groups and swim up to 100 miles a day. However, at SeaWorld, Orcas ...

METHODOLOGY

This study is intended to be conducted prospectively in a 375-bedded educational hospital facility. This study will be carried out in a 6 month period running from November 2013 to April 2014. In regard to the methodology for this study, all patients admitted during this period will be examined and included in this research for every day detection of any form of Hospital acquired infection, also referred to as nosocomial infections, which ranges from Surgical site infections (SSI), Pneumonia (PNEU), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), blood stream and Lung infections among many others (Warrell, 2003, p.17). Through a quantitative ...

In this paper, I will compare and contrast two international funding programs, which majorly support health services in the developing countries. For the purpose of this assignment, I will compare and contrast Population Service International (PSI) and AIDS Relief, which are both international organizations funding health related programs in developing economies.

PSI at a Glance

It is a global health organization aimed at improving the health standards of people in the developing economies. The organization majorly focuses on challenges such as family planning, HIV and AIDS, health risks associated with children less than five years such as diarrhea, malaria, pneumonia, and malnutrition, and barriers ...

Introduction to MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial strain of S. aureus that that has developed a resistance to certain types of antibiotics, including methicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and amoxicillin (Farley 2008). The types of infections differ according to whether the MRSA infection was acquired in the hospital setting (HA-MRSA) or whether it was a community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infection. The most severe MRSA infections are those acquired in health care facilities and include infections of the bloodstream or surgical wounds, and pneumonia. MRSA bacteremia is often fatal, thus timely and aggressive intervention is critical in patients at high risk of death; for example, ...

Introduction

As people grow older there are certain biological and cognitive changes that take place in the body. The human body experiences decreased capabilities in its respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, neural and urinary functions. Due to the adverse challenges that the elderly face in their later life, it would be great for the various scientists and experts to come together and research more on the theories of aging or the causes of aging. They can come up with more treatments that will increase the immunity system of the old people. This way the older people are able to live their last ...

Abstract

Ethical dilemmas occur across disciplines and cultures. Many times they are so intense that people take to the courts for what they perceive as justice. However, ethics regarding many life issues are so sensitive that even court rulings still leave parties dissatisfied with the ethical outcomes. In the following pages of this document the writer will examine an ethical issue facing society for which controversial opinions have been offered based on cultural beliefs emerging from religious orientations, egotistical dispositions; greed and merely a desire to contend. Questions are always asked about the right to die and the right to live. ...

Abstract

Karen Ann Quinlan is a woman who lived between March 1954 and June 1985. She was born to a single mother of American Irish ancestry. Later, her mom gave her up for adoption to Joseph and Julia Quinlan; a childless couple at the time. (Quinlan, 1978). At age 21 in 1975, however, after moving away from her adopted parents to live with friends; she encountered the unfortunate experience of becoming unconscious, remaining in a coma for almost ten years. From reports she was dieting, had very little to eat within two days of the incident and was taking tonics and valium; besides drinking ...

Karpetis, George. "How experienced social workers apply recovery-oriented mental health policies in everyday practice." European Journal of Social Work 23.1 (2020): 106-117.

Social workers are the first line helpers to people who have recently suffered stress, trauma, and crisis events. They go through various training to handle these individuals because each individual has a different perspective and crisis or trauma that they may have undergone, and each one of them requires a different kind of attention. Most of these techniques that social workers use include offering psychological first aid, listening to the victim, and offering them a temporary ...

Essay Outline

- Thesis: In Katherine Porter’s Jilting of Granny Weatherall, granny Weartherall’s main antagonist is life itself (that throws back and forth), but she manages to soldier on and weather all kinds of adversity till her death.

- Jilted at the age of 20

- Granny Weatherall gets jilted by her lover, George, at the age of 20.

- She withstands the pain of the break-up.

- Sick at 40

- At the age of 40, granny Weatherall develops milky leg and double pneumonia.

- She manages to pull through.

- ...

Northway and his colleagues were the first to describe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 1967. The condition was described as a lung injury affecting preterm infants with surfactant deficiency as a result of mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. A lot of the infants that develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia are born at about 30 weeks gestation, weigh about 1kg and are inundated with breathing problems. Also, infections shortly before birth or after birth have also been implicated as a cause of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

CAUSES

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a complication in premature infants that are undergoing treatment for respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory distress syndrome is a severe breathing disorder that ...

Tuberculosis or TB is one of the leading causes of death that is due to an infectious disease called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and only second to HIV/AIDS. When a person is infected with TB, the bacteria in the lungs multiply causing pneumonia; the patient experiences chest pain and has a persistent cough that often brings up blood. In addition, lymph nodes near the heart and lungs are enlarged. As the bacteria tries to spread to the other parts of the body they are interrupted by the body's immune system. The immune system forms scar tissue around the bacterium that helps fight the ...

Respiratory syncytial infection is an acute viral disease characterized by phenomena of intoxication and moderate lesion predominantly lower divisions Respiratory with the frequent development of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. A characteristic feature of this virus is its ability to determine syncytium formation or cells in tissue culture. Replicates in tissue culture HeLa, HEp-2 and human embryonic kidney. In the external environment is unstable at a temperature of 55 ° C is inactivated for 5 min.

A study of the pathogenesis of this disease is difficult. The clinical course of the disease, both natural and experimental infection among adults, does not ...

The human race is facing serious threats from killer diseases caused by mutated viruses. Killer epidemics are one of the major predicted reasons for the extinction of human race. Kibola the newly identified epidemic is a matter of high concern for medical practitioners as well as pharmaceutical companies. This epidemic spreads through air and water which makes preventive mechanisms very difficult. Since this disease is caused by a mutated form of Ebola virus, the symptoms are almost the same as Ebola. However the mortality rate is three times higher and the spreading rate is also enormously high. The symptoms are high ...

Introduction

The debate on the safety of Genetically Modified (GM) foods has raged on for close to two decades now. On one hand of the controversy are people who argue that GM foods are safe and suitable in ensuring that the increasing world population gets adequate food in the face of deteriorating climate and unfavorable production factors. On the other hand, there are a significant number of people who allege that GM foods have negative long-term effect on human beings. Those opposed to GMOs have cited failure by researchers to prove safety and attributed the increment in chronic diseases to the ...