Essays on Aztec

The four articles summarized and discussed in this annotated bibliography were selected because they deal with some of the civilizations of the first Americans, the Aztecs in particular. There always seems to be a lot of information and research into Western and pre-Western archaeology and anthropology, such as studies about Celtic, Roman, and Egyptian culture and mythology, but less about pre-Columbian America. All four of these articles were selected from peer-reviewed journals. Journals were selected instead of a book because it seemed like the best way to get a general idea about some very diverse topics regarding the Aztecs. Topics for three ...

Introduction

Dona Marina, also called Malintzin, or La Malinche (1496-1529) was an American Indian originating from the Nahua (Aztec) ancestry. Malinche played a very important role during the conquest of Mexico by the Spanish. She was believed to be a princess of the Aztec language (Nahuatl) speaking tribe and was sold as a slave in her youth to the coastal traders because of the family politics.

Malinche’s father, who was a rich and powerful Aztek chief, died when Malinche was still a young child and therefore, her mother got married for the second time and gave birth to a son with her new husband. In ...

Indeed, Mixtec writing can be considered to have had an impressive history that spans to more than 2000 years. During this long duration, it has managed to express numerous aspects and concerns in regard to social reality in which it has been produced. Bringing us to the Mixtec-Aztec interaction, Mark B. King shows us how various characters and pictorials forms of writing represents complete ideas and words instead of sounds and syllables in poems and metaphors. The structure and meaning of the Mixtec codical symbolism have been examined and expounded in his article. According to King, the focus on ...

In the life of the Aztecs religion occupied an extremely important role. It was interrelated with all spheres of their everyday life: advancements of their architecture were related to the necessity of building huge temples for appraising their gods, wars were conducted with a view of enslaving people for sacrificing them to their deities, their culture was tightly connected with religion which was the source for new ideas and was the background for developing new cultural concepts, etc.. The religion of the Aztecs was polytheistic. They believed that the deities commanded the forces of nature and human actions. Aztec ...

The Aztec community, who are the modern Mexica, are considered to be one of the most famous and important civilization of the Mesoamerica. Back in the Postclassical period, they are said to have moved to the Centre of Mexico and there is where they have settled ever since. They are known to control most of Mexico for most part of their stay in Mexico. Their rich history is explained by many documents and artifacts found in these sites including the Annals of Tlatelolco, Florentine Codex and excerpts of Oaxaca and Yucatan. Florentine Codex is a manuscript of the 16th ...

Part IV Question

Colonization of America by the European countries began in the late 15th century. The colonization was mostly motivated by the Europe desire to acquire wealth. The European colonialists justified their move by stating that they wanted to civilize indigenous people. The famous phrase “God, Gold and Glory” incredibly summarizes the colonialists’ motives. Explorers, Amerigo Vespucci, Diego Alverez Chanca, Hernando Cortes, and Samuel de Champlain spoke on their aspiration to extend the political boundaries of Europe and to advance European economies. Vespucci, Chanca, Cortes, and Samuel de Champlain emphasized their intent to convert Indigenous people to Christianity. Some of the ...

The conquering of the Mexican by a small group of Spanish conquistadors is one of the most interesting part of history. There are many ways in which the Spanish fighters used to defeat the Aztec Empire of Mexico. This story is one of the most famous incidents from history where the Spanish Conquistadors in partnership with their Indian allies conquered Aztec Empire. The Aztecs used to be notorious, and they never loved to keep the peace. They had a strong army of trained and experienced fighters and dominated the ethnic groups and territories for a large area. There are a number of factors that ...

Several factors can be attributed to the Spaniards conquest against the Mexican. However, the most significant factor that led to this conquest was the coalition of Spanish forces. Spanish forces got reinforcement from a number of rivals of the Aztec Empire. The rivals who offered support to the Spanish included Totonacs and the Tlaxcaltecas. The Spanish army coalition had the numbers in their favor besides the superior weapons which helped them a great deal to conquer the Spaniards (Lockhart, 2004). The Mexican on the other hand used inferior weapons which could not counter Spanish weapons. The Spanish coalition of forces was ...

History

Introduction of Aztec Empire Aztecs were Nahuatl-speaking people who ruled a large empire in the present central and southern Mexico during the 15th and early 16th centuries. They are called Aztec due to the word Aztlán, which refers to the “White Land”1, probably due to the origin from the northern Mexico. The center of the large Aztec empire, Tenochtitlán, was among the largest cities in the world in 1519. During that time, nearly 38 provinces were working under the rule of Tenochtitlán. Tributes, payments, and human sacrifices were most important events at that time that ...

Hernan Cortes’ pre-conquest assessment of the Aztecs is one of the famous episodes in the history of the Spanish conquests. In the second letter to Charles V, Cortes gives an account of the pre-conquest assessment of the Aztecs. To start with the Aztecs had an unpleasant tribute system, which was not popular among the Mexicans. The harsh tribute system allowed Cortes to play the role of a liberator. Moreover, the Spanish were immune to several diseases they brought into Mexico, but the Aztecs were not. The spread of dangerous diseases, such as small pox reduced the population of the Aztecs ...

Chapter Summary

The first chapter of Howard Zinn’s text deals with the established societies present in the America’s prior to contact from other nations around the world. Is has been suggested by historian and archaeologists that the first people to arrive on these continents were not indigenous to the region and transplanted themselves here after following game over the land bridge that used to exist in the Bering Strait. They traveled throughout the continents, stopping in various locations while some continued to remain nomads and others built permanent settlements. Some of these early civilizations were quite advanced. A ...

(Insert Instructor) (Insert Course) (Insert Date)

1. Aztec was a term that the foreigners introduced for Mexicans in reference to their political alignment. Kings led the people of Aztec Empire who came from the ethnic group called Mexica. The Aztec believed in a god called Quetzalcoatl. The Empire had several ethnic groups in living in different cities a factor that made them susceptible to the attacking Europeans. It had a standardized tax system with proper collections and expenditure accounts. The Africans had kingdoms as their systems of governance before the coming of Arabs and Islam as well as Europeans and ...

The influence and importance of Tolteca during the Aztec time

Originally, Aztec were nomads and had no artists or craftsmen. They had arrived in the valley of Mexico in 1325 by overpowering other tribes who occupied the region like the Xochimilco and Colhuacan. They preserved the ancient art traditions of the Tula after it had fallen along with its customs and traditions. Tula was the capital of the Toleca which is also referred to as Tolec. Tolecas flourished around 900-1187 and they were native of Hehuetlapallan, village found in 576 BC by the Northwest Mexico immigrants. This essay elaborates on the influence and importance of Tolteca during the time ...

Aztlan is the mythological home for the Nahua people. These people trace their originality back to Mesoamerica, the Aztec people’s legendary home. Aztec is the word that was used to refer to the people who came from Aztlan. When literally translated, Aztlan refers to a “Place of the Herons” or “Place of Whiteness” which meant that it was a wholesome and sanctified place. According the Chicano, Aztec and Nahua people, Aztlan was likened to the Garden of Eden. It was deemed to be a location where all originated from. According to them, Aztlan meant ‘home’ since a majority of the natives accepted ...

The interpretation that the pachuco resistance is tied to the “assimilation to political consciousness Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s [] achieved national popularity following Luis Valdez's celebrated play "Zoot-Suit"” (Mazón 118). Like a majority of Valdezs works, a Chicano family in crisis has been dramatized in this play. Although the play revolves around Henry Reyna but he is not the only central figure. Henry has a rather suave alter ego by the name of El Pachuco who embodies the stereotypical “Chicano” and “Pachuco.” Henry is a misunderstood figure in the play, and unlike his familia, El Pachuco brings another dimension to ...

The Inca Empire contained military, political and administrative in Cusco which is now known as Peru. It was actually the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Their main language of communication was Quechua. They had many forms of worship though their leaders advocated for the worship of their sun god. The king was considered as the child of the sun. Their economy incorporated central planning of a very high degree. There was no evidence of external trade in their culture. In terms of art and technology, the Inca culture, architecture was one of their most important form of art. In addition, ...

Aztec society (a Pre-Columbian society) was a highly stratified and complex society that grew among the Aztecs of central Mexico centuries before Mexico became Spanish colony- before the Spanish conquest. It was created on the cultural basis of the greater area of Mesoamerica. Talk of politics, the society was located in Altepetl (the dependent city-state) comprised of smaller divisions called Capulli – which often comprised of one or more kinship groups. On social matters, the society depended on definite division between the free commoners and the nobles that were divided into hierarchies of accountabilities, social status, and power. However, this paper argues ...

Accounts of historical events often vary depending on who is telling the story or which side is being favored. This short essay discusses the events surrounding the initial contact of the Europeans with the American Indians and briefly tackles the issues raised by a couple key documents. Further elaboration of one issue about the conquest is presented in the second half of the paper.

Initial impressions

As far as I can remember, my idea about the “discovery” of Mesoamerica by the Spaniard has been of a superior race coming over a new land to improve the lives of the people here, teaching them to ...

There is a great contrast in these 16th Century documents between the way a European observer described the wealth, power and confidence of the Ottoman Empire at its height, and how the Aztec records in The Broken Spears were filled with a sense of doom and despair as the relatively small Spanish force under Hernan Cortez approached their capital of Tenochtitlan. In the former case, the Turks already had conquered the Near East and the Balkans, and the Europeans were not at all certain they could ever defeat them or even fight a successful defensive action against their large and powerful forces, while ...

- Evaluation of the Company’s Objectives

The corporate objectives of Aztec Catering, a company providing catering services to businesses, schools, colleges, hospitals and retirement houses in the United Kingdom are the following:

These corporate objectives of the company require substantial work to refine, extract and direct the company towards profitability, sustainability and growth. The first step in refining the corporate objectives of the company is to be familiar with what a corporate objective is. Faucett (2012), defines corporate objectives as ”statements of intent that provide the basic direction for the activities of an organization in pursuit of its mission.” This means that a corporate objective is a broad, ...

The Aztecs formed a great and wealthy empire in the ancient civilization. The ancient world knew them for their bravery and persistent will. They believed in conquering and success. Don Hernando Cortes recognized this fact and wanted to see for himself by wanting to fight Aztec messengers upon arriving at the shores of the Mexican city. Once a destitute tribe, the Aztec managed to build and establish their empire in Central America through hard work. They built a great city-metropolis on an otherwise uninhabitable island. The organization of the empire was so rich, magnificent and orderly. Upon entry into the city, the ...

Introduction

The analysis of Ecological Basis for Aztec Sacrifice by Harner looks at the article that Harner has projected. The Aztecs have conducted sacrifices so as to enhance their diet by use of cannibalism. This is emphasized through the ritualized human sacrifice plus the absolute numbers of victims that are involved. This has been documented as evidence for the cultural behaviors in the ethnographic record, in the world. The paper has proposed an evolutionary and ecological theory for the explanation of the strange behavior and maturity of the Aztec sacrificial multifaceted. This is seen as an accepted significance of the ...

Religion is the most common universal belief in which its importance lies on the moral values that guide people in life in following the path to righteousness. For some, it provides answers in their quest for meaning and purpose in life while others view it as a way to achieve their hopes and aspirations. In some cultures, religion arises out of a major phenomenon that symbolizes their history of political and social struggles which contributes a huge part of their culture and way of life. One example is the phenomenon of La Virgen de Guadalupe in Mexico which influenced cultural, social and ...

The Spanish conquistadors defeated the powerful Inca and Aztec Empires quickly despite the low numbers of the Spaniards invading America. The Spaniards defeated the Aztecs in the year 1519, under the leadership of Hernan Cortes. In the year 1533, the Incas were defeated by the Spaniards under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro (HJ, 2015). Some of the factors that enabled the Spanish conquistadors to defeat the Aztecs and the Incas include superior technology; alliances with the natives; high training and education; infecting the Aztecs and Incas with diseases such as smallpox; the use of well trained animals such as ...

I have reviewed your memo regarding our client Howdy Brewster which describes his business activities and the recent events which may impact his 2011 Federal Tax Return. Here is a review of the factual information about Brewster which pertains to the income tax questions. His business is an eight hundred fifty acre farm and dairy operation. About 150 Holstein milk cows are part of the dairy operation. Approximately 150 Black Angus steers are raised to sell. Brewster has one part-time employee. He employs his two teen-age sons for the daily farm work. The land has been in the family for ...

I have reviewed your memo regarding our client Howdy Brewster describing his business activities and the recent events which have occurred that could have an impact on his 2011 tax returns. His business is a farm and dairy operation on 850 acres of land. The land has been in the family for close to 125 years. There are three existing houses on his property.

Mr. Brewster recently signed a contract with Aztec Oil and Gas Pipeline to allow the company to lease a portion of his land in order to run a pipeline; Aztec will need access to maintain the pipeline over its ...

The poem entitled “I Ask It,” written by a renowned Aztec poet Nezahualcoyotl is a very short piece, though very potent as it touches upon profound human truths of existence and being, which is actually what the Aztec religion concerned itself with. The Aztec people understood their place on earth; that all life is transitory, and that humans are not granted the life cycle of nature, which is to die and be reborn every spring. The life of a human being is merely a speck in time, barely perceptible, and their fate is subject to the whimsies of the gods, who ...

Abstract

This paper describes the Teotihuacan state-city thriving in the Basin of Mexico between 200 BC and 600 AD. A description of archeological findings at the site in Teotihuacan Valley offers an insight into political organization and everyday life of the powerful city. City features grid system and a large number of impressive structures. Its agriculture was highly reliant on systems of irrigation. A high demand for construction wood might have had a harming effect on local ecology and agriculture. The economy of Teotihuacan was based on market commerce including trading with areas as remote as Veracruz or Guatemala. Political power and ...

The Code of Hammurabi – it is one of the oldest monuments in the sphere of ​​legislation. It is a black basalt pillar on which cuneiform inscriptions on the classic Babylonian dialect of Akkadian are located, which include two hundred eighty-two articles from various areas of law. The Code of Hammurabi was created by the king of Babylon Hammurabi, who reigned in round 1793-1750 years BC and made Babylon the biggest cultural, economic and political center of Asia Minor of those times. The Code of Hammurabi – is one of the most important sources of the ancient Babylonian law and of the ...

There is little room to debate the general outcome of the interactions between the Spaniards led by Hernando Cortés and the Aztecs in the first quarter of the 16th century, but there is good reason to suspect that the story long associated with the Spanish conquest is more myth than true story. Examining and comparing a range of different narratives from around that period quickly reveals significant evidence that the belief that the Europeans were gods did not exist at the time of the conquest and was perpetuated both by Europeans and indigenous Americans in the centuries that followed ...

The American Museum of Natural History in New York exhibits unique photography, motion pictures, and many other anthropological exhibits. This Museum was fascinating because it shows pieces of art describing other world cultures and their way of life. These artifacts and pieces of art help one understand other people’s culture and their traditional beliefs. The museum is divided into three floors and each floor has a particular topic that it covers. The first floor had artifacts of human biology, evolution of species, American Northwest Coast people, and eskimos. The second floor focused on people from South America, Asia, and ...

Sensing the possibilities of America, Spaniards started their American expedition in earlier sixteenth century under administration and support of Spanish monarchy. Christopher Columbus started his mission in the year, 1492. He sailed to America with a motive to sell, buy spices as well as other goods and to hunt for the potential trade opportunities of the new places. Spanish sailors were among the first explorers of different new places of the world including the North American territory. This paper discusses the Spanish mission, establishment of Spanish colonies and other related aspects of the story. Spanish colonies were established in ...

World Literature

Answer to Question 1 Dante’s Divine Comedy

Dante had his fifteen minutes of fame during a deeply contentious time in Florence, Italy just at the beginning of the new century, the century of the 1300s that is. The Whites and the Blacks were had split the city with their rigid partisan views. Dante was an outspoken member of the Whites; the side that supporting the “Ordinances of Justice” and the government. The Blacks political leanings were towards the aristocratic and they were backed by the Pope. Dante was a Prior, a powerful elected civil servant position for two months. The committee ...

Question 1. The Crusades are probably the greatest symbol of the religious enthusiasm of the age. What were the goals of the Crusades? Targets? What motivated people to go on a crusade besides religious zeal? How do we account for their general failure? How were the Crusades viewed by the Muslims, as indicated by the evidence from “Listening to the Past”? What lasting impact did they have? Answer 1. Modern history judges the crusades as severe and prejudiced and declares the celebrated period of Christian history as morally evil. There have been apologies for the crusades from many ...

RE: Howdy Brewster

I have reviewed your memo regarding the case of Mr. Howdy Brewster. In 2011 Howdy signed a contract with the Aztec oil and Gas Company to build a pipeline across his property for the pipeline to cross over his property so that it can maintain its useful life. He received a given amount of $9,200 after the contract was signed and to resolve the issue with the neighbor paid an amount of $7,500 in so that the boundary can be sorted out with the neighbor as well. In September the same year, Howdy dammed a stream to have more water available ...

The Coyolxauhqui Stone

Found at the base of Templo Mayor’s stairs, the Coyolxauhqui is a large, shield-shaped stone relief similar to what was being described in the legend. The sculpture might have been made during the 14th century as the Templo Mayor was built in 1325. It is said that the Templo Mayor was constructed based on a prophecy followed by the Aztecs wherein they will find an eagle perched on a cactus while devouring a snake. The Templo Mayor continued to expand for two centuries. During the time of Spanish Conquest in 1521, it reached a total population of 300,000 and was considered as ...

According to the Inca religion, they believed in reincarnation, whereby death acted as a passage to the next world, which is similar to heaven that the Euro-Americans believed in them with snow capped mountains and green flower covered fields. Before the Spanish colonization, their myths were oral tradition, however, the Spanish helped in recording this oral tradition. They offered human sacrifices, and killed many of their servants, concubines, and court officials. Child sacrifice was also a common practice in the Inca religion, especially after important events. The Aztec believed in complex interactions between dates, gods and colors. They feared the nature ...

The eight pieces of writing we are analyzing for this assignment have many common themes. Love, war, loyalty, death, and peace are all themes I noticed in the readings. This essay will focus on the theme of peace in the selected readings. Peace is thought of by some as the opposite of war, but it can also be an inner peace, the absence of conflict, or a feeling of calm or contentment. As I read each piece, I was struck with the thought that each story had at least one death in it, and from each death came some sort ...

Introduction

In the traditional day, the urge to conquer various territories was manifest across the international system. Through their missions, the Spanish wanted to conquer Mexico as a consequence of enlarging and expanding their mandates on a planetary scale. The conquest of Mexico was eased by the fact that there was growing dissent in the entire region because there were people who sought allegiance through forceful approaches. In 1547, the Francisco Hernandez came into contact with Mexico through the Yucatan coast. Consequently, other expeditions by other individuals such as Juan de Grijalva provided further insights into the nature of the land that ...

Abstract

The project deals with the problem of etiquette along with various forms that it implies. Table, business, and greeting etiquette are the focal points of the research. Apart from the norms of socially acceptable conduct, the project contains the overview of such essential aspects as history, geography, population, religion, and industry. The project is based on the opinions of the leading subject-field experts and specialists that major in history, demography, sociology, ethics, and affiliated disciplines. Keywords: Mexico, etiquette, conduct, geography, history, population, religion Etiquette is a set of rules and conventions that regulates human social behavior acceptable in ...

Sexual offenders are required to register their contact details with the authorities. This assists to keep track of their residence and activity promptly in order to avoid recidivism. Registration of contact details and email addresses notify the sexual offender that they are under constant scrutiny. Therefore, they will desist from such activity or rather become more prudent in executing their deviant behaviors. More often than not, sexual offenders are known to go back to the vice even after imprisonment. The reasons underlying this argument are lack of follow-ups by the authorities and poor monitoring and assessment methods. In this ...

Introduction

María Candelaria (Mexican: Xochimilco) is a 1943 Mexican film directed by Emilio Fernández. The movie won several accolades for the subject matter, direction, and acting. In 1946, it became graded as a classic in the history of Latin American cinema, when it felled down the linguistic and cultural barriers as the first Mexican film that ever won the Palme d’Or at The Cannes International Film Festival. The film can be simply categorized as a classical romantic-tragedy, but the qualities that truly made it famous were the expressions gender and cultural issues and the hauntingly beautiful cinematography of the film. Today, ...

Conquistador was a name given to the warriors and explorers from Spain who took over and dominated over much of the American colonies in the sixteenth century. The most widely known subjugation were the ones that involved the conquering of the city of Tenochtitlan, the conquering of the Mayan empire, and the domination over the civilization of Peru. The Spanish explorers also subjected the Caribbean colonies to a lot of terror1. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to look into the issue of the Spanish armies in the 1500s and 1600s, and especially at the issue of conquistadors, and discuss ...

Apocalypto, 2006 is a movie directed by Mel Gibson. It is set during the age of the Mayan civilization in Mexico. It tells of the time when the Mayan civilization was declining and the rulers recommend offering human sacrifices and building of more temples to appease their gods and restore the civilization to prosperity.

Apocalypto outlines the tale Jaguar Paw, whose village is attacked by Mayans seeking slaves for human sacrifice. He hides his son and pregnant wife in a deep hole and is unfortunately captured. He is spared from sacrifice by an eclipse and has to struggle to survive. He ...

Compare and Contrast the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building

Both The Empire State Building and Chrysler Building were constructed in New York (USA) in an era when American cities such as New York and Chicago competed to have the tallest buildings. The Empire State building was the tallest building in the world at the time of its construction, which started on January 21, 1930 and took 410 days to complete. The building remained the tallest office building in the world for 41 years. Nevertheless, the Empire State building lost this status since 1973, when the World Trade Center opened in Manhattan, progressive developers have constructed taller skyscrapers that ...

Compare the treatment of indigenous peoples by the Spanish in Mexico and the French and British in North America

The Spanish used techniques that caused the Indian, who were the natives of Mexico during the period, to fight against each other. This enabled them to conquer the Aztecs, who were the most dominant community in the region. When the Aztecs were defeated by the Spanish in 1521, Hernando Cortes placed policies that needed the Indians to give silver and other precious metals to the administration that took over. They used force when it came to forcing the natives to pay their dues. Encomendaros was also responsible with the converting of the Indians to Christianity while under supervision. This ...

1. Marie de France’s “Bisclavret” is far more understated in its description of the werewolf than similar imagery in modern novels. One element of modern writing is an increased reliance on imagery rather than suggestion, and while the important element of “Bisclavret” is the theme rather than description, in modern works we tend to get both – consider the case of Professor Lupin from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The focus in “Bisclavret” is on the treachery of the wife and the knight, and the rectitude of the former baron. The narration in ...

The term “hydraulic” refers to waters or liquid in motion and originated from the word “hydra,” a Greek term that means water. A hydraulic civilization is an empire that controls its population through controlling the supply of water. The environment determines the kind of civilization needed in a specific geography. Climate and natural resources play a crucial role in economic processes. Thus, controlling the supply of an available resource allows monopoly and power to be established and maintaine by the government. The government in hydraulic civilizations is a distinct and permanent institution that ensures and monitors that water supply are properly distributed. ...

Angola is a country found in West Africa. During the 15th century, the Portuguese established contacts with the inhabitants of the North Western part of the country mostly the Mbundu and the Imbangala who actively engaged in slave trade. Their activities in slave trade had great impact in the Atlantic Slave Trade. The black legend refers to an anti- Spanish propaganda which was commenced by the Italian and Protestant writers in the 16th century. It was in opposition of Spain’s brutality and aggression toward rebels in its properties both in America and Europe. Dona Marina was an ...

MAYAN ARCHITECTURE: PRE-CLASSICAL PERIOD TO THE FALL

- Introduction The Maya people were a people who flourished in Meso-America-- notably the Yucatan peninsula-- prior to the arrival of the conquistadors from Europe. The Mayan people were already in decline when the Europeans arrived, but the European invasion of the Meso-Americas was very devastating for what remained of Mayan culture. As a result of this devastation, the art and architecture of the high classical Maya was lost for a number of years; it was swallowed up by the jungle, only to be later reclaimed and studied extensively. The Maya are often a source of fascination, as the reasons for ...

In search for a definition for Catholicism, a universally accepted one is “Adherence to the forms of Christian doctrine and practice which are generally regarded as Catholic rather than Protestant or Eastern Orthodox.” (Oxford Dictionaries). In the midst of a world that struggles to survive and live through wars, anxiety, injustice, greed, and devalued relationships, among others, the Second Vatican Council has declared that those that can provide the generations to come with reasons to life for and look life with optimism, hold the future of humanity (USCCB). Bearing that in mind, one can say that Catholicism is a faith and hope-centered religion ...

This essay explores how the United States which began as 13 separate colonies formed a distinctive nation of its own. It traces the early evolution of the people of America and the path to American independence from the colonial power. 1. Early Americans: Historians and archaeologists speculate that the early Americans crossed over a broad land bridge (Beringia) during the last Ice Age. As the glaciers melted, the land bridge was submerged, leaving them trapped on this side of the Bering Sea. Those people of Central America i.e., Maya, Aztec & Incas, became centers of innovation and cultural diffusion. They all ...

In and before the 1600s, Indians performed some sort of slavery before the coming of the Europeans. The situation of enslaved Indians varied from community to community. For example, some were adopted into the community to replace slain warriors of battle. Some of these were mutilated or tortured to the point of death as a consolation to the bereaved families. Others were even married off to the widows of the deceased. Other communities, like the Creek, took the offspring of the slaves to become a full part of the community rather than enslaved offspring. Some tribes held them hostages for payment ...

The Spanish established colonial empire in the Americas in the 16th Century in parts of South, North and Central America; a region that later became known as the Latin America. Its empire was among the first and largest global empires in the world. Its territories spanned the Americas, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and Africa between the 15th centuries until the late 19th Centuries, with several other colonial empires in Africa in the late 20th century (Mills, Taylor, & Graham). In 1492, Spain began as one united monarch after the Iberian Peninsula was Reconquista. A Spanish voyager, Christopher Columbus, commanded and exploratory voyage ...

- It has been suggested that agriculture has been one of mankind’s most important inventions, second only to our learning to use fire. Do you agree or disagree? What other human inventions are of this magnitude? What would have happened to our species if we had not invented agriculture? Was the invention of agriculture inevitable? The agricultural revolution in the Neolithic Period was one of the most important changes in human history, except perhaps for the Industrial Revolution that began in the 18th Century. In the present-day world, the computer, information, genetic and cybernetic revolutions should also ...

Knowing the history of a place enables a person to gain a better understanding about the contemporary culture of its inhabitants. Tracing the history of Mexico has shown that the population is a combination of European settlers and native inhabitants. Over several decade the groups in Mexico has resulted from intermarriages of different combinations. Residents may be natives, peninsulares, croillos, and mestizos. Further intermarriages result in additional groupings to the existing ones. Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821. Fifteen years later, while still a young nation struggling with political and economic difficulties, Mexico faced a new enemy. In 1836, President James K. ...

Early Christianity adopted many of the Pagan rituals as it evolved. The influences of Paganism can be found in the symbols Christians use as proof of their faith, the buildings they worship in and the ceremonies they participate into the holidays they celebrate. John H. Newman the author of Development of the Christian stated, "The use of temples, and these dedicated to particular saints, and ornamented on occasions with branches of trees; incense, lamps, and candles; votive offerings on recovery from illness; holy water; asylums; holy days and seasons, use of calendars, processions, blessings on the fields, sacerdotal vestments, ...

- Introduction - Context In general, I am a person who lives under the sign of “Carpe Diem” – “Live the Moment” and I am doing this every day, living my life to the fullest. This is not to say, however, that I do not have a personal plan, but I am not forgetting to live, to enjoy the little joys and emotions that life has to offer, for the sake of strictly following my personal plan. I never considered too much the expression “You can’t escape your destiny”, until this year. It is probably because I consider that we, ...

1. The proximity of the Silk Road caravan routes allowed Indians to serve as “middlemen” for the East-West trade, and to travel to Southern Asia. In so doing, they imported religions that had long been established on the Indian sub-continent, namely Hinduism and Buddhism. Trade was integral to the spread of Hinduism to Sri Lanka and Borneo, while the ancient tradition of Buddhist merchants and monks carried their religious tradition as far as China; in fact Buddhist philosophy was being transmitted via the Silk Road as early as the 2nd century B.C. (John Carroll University, 2012). Trade was also ...

Pre-Colonial periods in Latin America

Latin America in general refers to the countries south of the United States of America where the Latin derived language known as Romance is spoken. Before the colonization of these regions, there existed indigenous people, some of which, had civilization that were notably advanced such as the Maya, Aztec and Inca. The Latin America countries have an almost similar history in politics, economic and social establishment. The region has always been populated in earlier millennia of which a precise dating cannot be conducted due to scarce sources of documented history. However, in places such as the Andes and the Mesoamerica ...