Essays on Hippocampus

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Many people will probably not put much attention to the importance of memory until they hear the case of Clive Wearing, a man whose memory would last only for a few seconds. Clive was a healthy musician until he got sick which changed his whole life, an experience that also shows the importance of memory in people’s lives. It was in 1985 when Clive lost his memory. Before this incident, he was a keyboardist, a tenor, a musicologist, and a conductor (“Clive Wearing”). Clive had herpes encephalitis which affected some parts of his brain that are ...

The article at hand discussed the effectiveness and benefits of usage of MR Imaging in the case of Alzheimer Disease. The study took place in a mouse model, however it claims for being equally effective in the treatment of people who suffer from this disease. The main purpose of the study was to determine whether MR targeted to the hippocampus is helpful in identifying and monitoring Alzheimer Disease. It is also aimed at seeking ways to achieve improvement in pathologic brain abnormalities and behavior that can possibly prevent prompt development of disease. The choice of the method that was ...

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Recreational adolescent use of marijuana can result in adult cognitive problems including learning, thinking, and memory problems (Crean, Crane, & Mason, 2011). Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is known to humanity for thousands of years. It is obtained from the hemp plant, known as Cannabis sativa. Marijuana is one of the most popular, easily obtained drugs, and controversial drugs. It contains psychoactive chemicals such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which was obtained in the mid-1960s. This is the key chemical behind the development of controversies in this and the last century. Certain others aspects of the endocannabinoid system including cannabinoid ...

The development and functioning of the brain is greatly reliant on specific dietary components. As an example, glucose is the primary nutrient component that provides energy for the brain. For this reason, carbohydrate intake is crucial for the functioning of the brain. Gu et al. (2015) article “Mediterranean Diet and Brain Structure in a Multiethnic Elderly Cohort” offers a glimpse on the implications of Mediterranean diet on the development and functioning of the brain. The article is based on a scientific research carried out in 674 elderly respondents. Gu et al. (2015) study sought to establish whether increased cortical ...

The development and functioning of the brain are greatly reliant on specific dietary components. As an example, glucose is the primary nutrient component that provides energy for the brain. For this reason, carbohydrate intake is crucial for the functioning of the brain. Gu et al. (2015) article “Mediterranean Diet and Brain Structure in a Multiethnic Elderly Cohort” offers a glimpse on the implications of the Mediterranean diet on the development and functioning of the brain. The article is based on a scientific research carried out in 674 elderly respondents. Gu et al. (2015) study sought to establish whether increased ...

INTRODUCTION

Cannabis Sativa was one of the most used plants up until its ban in the 1970’s in the United States. However, California passed the use of the plant for medicinal purposes by a wide margin in the Proposition 215 of November 1996 (Kramer). There are proponents and opponents to the use of marijuana in any situation, and both sides bear strong views to support their case. In California for instance, it is permitted by law for ill patients to cultivate and use marijuana. The law stipulates that they should have a medical recommendation from a physician. The use ...

Summary

Over the past few years, there has been a growing interest among neurosurgeons on the potential for therapies that impact on diseases, over and above the movement disorders and pain. One of the biggest targets of this increasing interest has been the nucleus accumbens. It has been studied for long, as an area of the brain that mediates a variety of behaviors, including reward and satisfaction (Salgado & Kaplitt, 2015). With this in mind, the modulation of the biology of the Nucleus Accumbens through either deep brain stimulation or through biological therapies like gene therapy or the transplantation of cells ...

The present essay describes the seminar on 5HT receptors and Hippocampus Stem cells. Mood and anxiety both are disorders related to cognitive behavior, and they have the similar genetic origin as well as treatment strategies. The research has exhibited that similar neural serotonin receptors are involved in pathological condition of mood and anxiety. Among all cognitive disorders, 10% are related to mood while 15-20% are associated with anxiety, showing mutual comorbidity of 30-60%. The lecturer talked about the Stem cells and neurogenesis in brain citing a quote “In the adult centers, the nerve paths are something fixed, ended, and ...

Introduction

Define memory, and describe how it is measured? Memory refers to the ability of human beings to recall or remember the experiences and information. Memory results after learning have taken place. Memory may be in the form of skills or facts. The neurons can describe memory. Memory can be measured through the recall method where the materials learned after some time is reproduced. The repetition of learning materials is used to assess the retention ability or memory. The recognition method is also used to measure memory because it is very sensitive in the detection of retention capacity. The ...

Introduction

Memory is the capacity to recall information one has experienced or learned. Many people struggle with remembering events which they have experienced or previously had information on. Students are particularly aware of this fact because they are constantly tested on what they can remember from previous class work. Today, research indicates that there is a noticeable shrink in the hippocampus during late adulthood, which leads to impaired memory, as well as a heightened risk for dementia. However, fitter adults who undertake physical activity have larger medial and hippocampal temporal lobes (der Borght, Havekes, Bos, Eggen, & Zee, 2007). According to Erickson et ...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) or dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) is one of the most common pathologies of the central nervous system and psyche. It usually affects persons in the old age and today an estimated of 500,000 Canadians suffer from Alzheimer’s or related dementia, over 70,000 being under 65 and 50,000 under 60. Neurodegenerative process is accompanied by progressive loss of memory and cognitive abilities decline. AD inevitably leads to death of the patient, and there are still no drugs to prevent or cure this disease. Incidence increases parallel with an increase in life expectancy. ...

This paper seeks to establish the use of technology in the investigation of cognitive processes. Cognitive processes are the mental functions of intuition, sensing, feeling and thinking. These functions divide along the lines of; processes of perception and processes of judgment. Sensory and intuitive processes help the brain in perceiving the environment and collecting information. Thinking and feeling processes apply in making appropriate decisions as may be required of the situation. Owing to the immense value of cognitive Processes to humanity, it is important that they are apparent. The use of technology has changed the manner in which ...

Alzheimer’s:

Symptoms, Care, and Treatment Growing old is a part of life. For some the ideal is to grow old with their families around them, enjoy grandchildren, and generally enjoy their golden years. For those that suffer from the disease known as Alzheimer’s however, it is a time of great uncertainty. Alzheimer’s Disease is seen to affect older individuals and is known as an “old person” disease. It has been seen, only rarely, to have an early onset within a span of age 30 to 60. When this occurs it is very likely that the afflicted individual shares the necessary ...

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that makes a patient fail to establish between real and unreal things in the surrounding. Schizophrenic patients experience hallucination that makes them hear sounds and voices that other people cannot hear. In most cases, schizophrenic patients are aggressive because they think that people close to them influence their way of thinking. Various scholars have written much about this mental condition; however, most of these elite learners dealt with various aspect of the mental condition. This paper seeks to conduct an analysis of schizophrenia, which include the theoretical perspectives, research methods used to analyze the mental ...

Abstract

Amnesia is a condition characterized by memory loss or inability to form new memories that can be caused by organic or functional factors. Organic factors that cause amnesia include brain injuries from physical trauma or medical condition. Functional factors are psychological responses to traumatic events or internal conflicts. Although the cause of amnesia is clear when memory is impaired by organic factors, the role of physiological processes in dissociative amnesia is still controversial. This paper aims to provide an overview of amnesia and the physiological processes that can explain how functional factors affect the brain and impair memory recovery. ...

Abstract

Through the ages, exercising and body fitness have been promoted as factors necessary for improving body health and health maintenance. Every person that indulges in exercises and maintains proper nutrition can reap the benefits of a healthy body and mind. Regular exercises keeps the body functioning in optimal condition and ready for any contingencies. But the question arises as to when to begin, so that one can reap all the benefits of regular exercising. Although the best answer to this question is “here and now, “that is beginning exercises right away. However, childhood is the considered the best age to ...

Brain size correlation

Literature Review Research by scientists tends to show that there is disproportionate and sudden growth of brain during a person’s early years and autism. This seems to suggest that rapid excessive growth will likely prevent a child from making the necessary connections that guide one’s normal behavior. This research also indicates that adolescents and children who have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have brains that are smaller in percentage when compared to those without ADHD (Haier et al. 2005). Science tends to support the phenomenon that with age, brains shrink. This however may not affect cognitive functions. With ...

Abstract

Low mood disorder, otherwise known as depression, is the product of distorted judgments and beliefs. As such, it can produce cognitive dysfunctions that indicate the impairment in attention, concentration, memory, and other aspects. The opening chapters of the project induct into the rationales behind depression and its phenomenon. Further sections analyze depression and cognitive outcomes, the negative cognitive triad, faulty information processing, the ways depression produces cognitive deficits, functional and structural abnormalities of the human brain caused by depression and associated with cognitive deficits, depression cognitive symptoms and cognitive abilities affected by depression. The opinions of prominent psychology and ...

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to a mental health condition, which is often triggered by a terrifying event experienced or witnessed by a person who develops the condition (Thomas, 2011). In essence, an individual who develops the condition (PTSD) may suffer because he or she was the one who received the harm or the harm was on a loved one or the person in question was just a witness of a terrifying occurrence as stated earlier. Usually, people suffering from the post-traumatic stress disorder feel frightened or stressed even when they are out of the danger (Thomas, 2011). Some of the stressing events that cause ...

Abstract

The present article discusses the anatomical and functional aspects of human memory. Memory is an integral part of our cognitive processes and gives the meaning to life. The importance of memory can be ascertained by studying the conditions associated with memory loss. Scientists have established the ‘what,’ ‘where’ and ‘how’ of the memory by using animal models or the modern computerized techniques like CT, MRI and PET. The medial temporal lobes of the hippocampal region are the primary sites of memory and learning. However, the final storage site of memory is presumed to be neo-cortex. Depending on the anatomical ...

In the human brain, the cortex is responsible for a multitude of important functions, including the processing of memory, perception, thought, attention, language and consciousness. The cerebral cortex is connected to other brain structures, including the thalamus and the basal ganglia. The cortex both sends signals to these other regions of the brain and receives and processes information from other structures. Sensorial input is processed on the opposite hemisphere from where it was experienced: for example, visual input that passes through the right retina is processed on the left side of the brain. Eye movement is one of the ...

Introduction

Alzheimer disease is an acquired disorder that leads to behavioral and cognitive impairment (Anderson, 2013). There is significant interference with the social functioning and occupational functioning of the individual. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease and it has no cure (Myers, 2010). There is development of plaques in the hippocampus of the brain, a structure that helps in encoding memory (Myers, 2010). there is also deposition of plaques in other areas of the brain that are involved in thinking and decision making (Anderson, 2013).

Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation

Pre-Clinical Alzheimer’s disease In a patient with the pre-clinical form of Alzheimer’s disease, the ...

[Author’s Name] - Introduction Human brain has been studied by the researchers for years so that they can find its accurate role in cognitive functions. In this particular endeavor, the case of Phineas Gage holds a significant importance as it offers insight into the cognitive functions of the brain and how they are affected by a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The accident of Phineas Gage has been helpful in uncovering the authentic facts about the cognitive functions of brain, areas that support cognitive functioning and the consequences as a result of the occurrence of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Willingham, ...

Abstract

Research shows that childhood traumatic experiences and stressful life events can lead to manifestation of mental disorders like Dissociative Identity Disorder in young adulthood. Individuals with this mental disorder display varying personalities at different moments especially when the traumatic memory or experience is triggered. A patient with this disorder is diagnosed using the DSM-IV classification and psychiatric management is enforced with the aim of achieving non-dissociation and acquisition of a consolidated personality and identity.

Hypothesis statement

Mental disorders refer to any condition that manifests as deviation from social norms, thoughts, perceptions, behavior, and mood leading to an impaired social functioning. Causes of ...

PTSD War Veterans and Their Families

PTSD War Veterans and Their Families

Introduction

On January 2nd, 2013, an elderly war veteran in Las Vegas was charged with two murders after he allegedly killed two women with more than 20 blows to their heads with a hammer. His ex-wife reported that he had alcohol and drug abuse issues, and during their marriage, he would often beat her or attempt suicide. According to his medical diagnosis, he suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. This type of scenario is common among war veterans with PTSD because they will more likely engage in domestic violence than war veterans ...

Right brain vs. left brain

The theory of the function and structure of the brain implies that the brain consists of two sides that are different and they control the brain. The longitudinal fissure is what that splits a human brain into distinct cerebral hemispheres that is the right and the left side. These two hemispheres show a not complete but a strong bilateral symmetry in the ways they both function and how they are structurally made. Generalizations that are widely being made in the field of popular psychology suggests that these sides have characteristics that are labeled to them. Normal myth is that the left side ...

Introduction

Hippocampus Learning Center is at its prime position in offering products and service to the local people in India especially in Kodipura – Ashwini, Centre and Lingapatna – Dhanalakshmi, Centre. This center offers space and book to people who have no access to public library bookstores, this center has added itself great advantage because it is in a position to attract a lot of client because of its availability in remote areas.

Products and services

Hippocampus Learning Center has set up active libraries that are capable of reaching over 300 libraries that has the ability to cater for more than 100,000 children in one financial ...

of HT22 Cells derived from Mouse Hippocampus

Sections I and II

Biology Section I 1. Introduction Fluorescent protein development research has gained increased knowledge about the range in the color palette available from the Aequorea Victoria jellyfish. The wavelength emissions in the blue to yellow range are now better understood. [1] Another area that has seen a great improvement in knowledge is the understanding of emissions of the monomeric fluorescent protein emissions in the orange to far-red spectral region. [1] The spectral region of fluorescent in the orange to far-red is derived appropriate reef coral species. [1] This area of research ...

Abstract

The paper discusses infantile amnesia – the phenomenon of the inability of adults to recollect any memory before the rough age of three years. The science behind the phenomenon is brain development. However brain development theory is being questioned today for its inability to explain a few aspects of childhood memory. Sigmund Freud’s explanation is his theory of repression of traumatic sexual experiences. Other psychologists meanwhile believe that language development holds the key to the explanation behind infantile amnesia. The paper also discusses the concept of identity and focuses on some empirical results that have been developed to prove the ...

Adult Hippocampal neurogenesis has often been associated with hippocampus-dependent learning memory. The whole process of neuron development is highly and differently susceptible to various factors and conditions that affect its survival, as well as functionality. Various prior researches have indicated that spatial training occurring 6-10 days after an injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), which is a DNA synthesis marker, increased the cell’s survival rate in male rats. However, sex differences has been reported in spatial cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis, hence developing difficulties in understanding whether spatial training would affect males and females hippocampal neurogenesis similarly. Therefore, the article by ...

Abstract

The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system found in the temporal lobe. Hippocampal neurogenesis, the ability of the hippocampus to generate/produce new neurons all through to adulthood, has been linked to emotion moderation, spatial navigation, learning, memory, and cognitive function. These functions are usually impaired in depression and anxiety and hence the speculations that hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in the etiology, pathophysiology and even the treatment depression and anxiety. The hippocampal neurogenesis hypothesis attempts to explain the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in the development of depression and anxiety based on findings from various studies. Findings that neurogenesis ...

Quit Smoking

Many smokers find it hard to quit smoking because many parts of the brain function in a way that reinforces smoking (Noonan, 2011). In particular, nicotine, which is the cigarette’s main active component, “acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain” (Noonan, 2011) where the absence of nicotine would cause increased appetite, lack of attention, difficulty in sleeping, irritability, and a craving for cigarettes.

These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are present in the neurons that are responsible for releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine from the VTA (ventral tegnantal area) into the NAc (nucleus accunbens) where the pathway that the dopamine passes through ...

Cardiovascular Diseases

The temporal lobe of the brain is located below and behind the frontal lobes of the brain. The temporal lobe functions in processing cognitive functions and emotional functions. It also takes part in the processing of memory, its storage and retrieval (Brogaard, 2010). In addition, processing of speech and language are parts of the functions of the parietal lobe. It also functions in recognition of shapes and individual's faces. Because of these, injury to the temporal lobe would cause problems like difficulty in remembering and recognizing faces (Brogaard, 2010). Information pertaining to this is processed by the hippocampus, responsible ...

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a mental condition that affects about 1% of the world’s population. It's often associated with attempted suicides with 50% of those affected by the condition attempting suicide at some point of which 9-13% are fatal . The symptoms of schizophrenia are grouped into three: positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. Cognitive symptoms have been known to be an indicator of both the disease outcome (prognosis) and the response to the treatment. They include the inability to pay attention, language difficulties, memory dysfunction, poor interpretation of social cues and cognitive inflexibility. Patients with schizophrenia have difficulties in assimilating ...

Introduction

The modern era is becoming so demanding to the human being and hence man has been working tirelessly in trying to come up with ways of doing things faster, efficiently and accurately. Development of man like-machine is one of the technological advancement that has resulted from such efforts. It involves the application of the concept of Pattern recognition in designing a machine that can emulate the various action of human being. Pattern recognition is a concept whereby machine is designed in a manner whereby it can act according to certain pattern this concept was established when the mechanism of human brain became ...