Essays on Short-Term Memory

Insomnia

Introduction Insomnia is the condition in which sleep disorder takes place and reduces the tendency to fall sleep. It also effects the duration that an individual is required to stay asleep in order to stay healthy. This condition occurs due to the daytime sleepiness, anxiety and depressed mood. However, scholars have also argued that the frequency of inadequate lifestyle can be a cause of the increasing rate of insomnia. It is observed that the occurrence of insomnia can range from short-term, long-term and periodic basis, and can result in life threatening situations if it is left untreated (Bonnet & Arand, ...

Introduction

Memory is defined as the multitude of abilities and capacities which human beings depend on to perform various life functions. This implies that the concept of memory is important in people regarding the way they remember life experiences hence every challenge that presents itself in understanding the functioning of the brain needs to be researched, and credible findings generated to improve the performance of human memory. Many people still wonder about the operation of the human brain and memory regarding the various functions performed and the way it influences forgetfulness among individuals. While other researchers have viewed the human ...

Associations are diverse between tasks. For instance, an individual can be impaired on one task as well as on the other tasks. This aids in the supposition that it is necessary for cognitive processes to carry out the two tasks. The most important type of association is the double association. In this type, the individual may create an association in the area where they are impaired on one task but functions normally on the other. On the other hand, another individual conducts one task normally yet has impaired function on the other task. Generally, therapists and neuroscientists have recognized ...

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Embodied cognition incorporates that the human cognition is comprised and shaped by various aspects of the body, which eventually indicates that it exceeds from the dependency on brain. In this manner, cognition is observed to be dependent on the experiences that an individual receives from numerous sensorimotor capabilities of the body. These capabilities are considered to be highly integrated in accordance with the psychological, biological and cultural setting of an individual (Wilson & Foglia 2011). Embodied cognition also accounts for the feedback mechanism that takes place between an individual and the world and hence, the prevalence of action ...

Psychology: Baddeley’s Working Memory

Introduction – Baddeley’s Working Memory Short term memory is an important aspect in human lives as it influences behavior and outcomes in daily lives in more ways than one – of which the role played in development of working memory is an important factor. Even though short term memory is considered to have significant differences from working memory, they are considered to be related by eminent psychologists. The most common factor behind this perspective is that both short term memory and working memory are involved in the storage of information temporarily in an individual. Working memory can be best described ...

Time management is a significant strategy while studying for a test. It is important to plan the study schedule a week before the test so as to enhance the analysis of how many things you have studied during the semester (Hardcastle, 2016). For one to excel in a test, it is important to organize the class notes in an orderly manner and make a summary of the day’s lesson on a daily basis. In case you didn’t understand anything, consult your teacher for clarification. The student should study every day so as to enhance the transference of ...

Final Project: Part II MSE Report

Appearance Elaine Roffman, the interviewee on whom the mental status examination was performed, was well-dressed for the interview. The clothes and the shoes she wore were appropriate for activities that required a public appearance. A visual examination of her person did not indicate any extraordinary physical characteristics. Elaine looked the age of 87 years that she stated when the video was taken. There was a good rapport between the interviewer and the interviewee. It was evident that the interviewee was comfortable as evidenced by the regular and appropriate eye contact. Her relations with the interviewer was well as evidenced ...

There is an increased prevalence of dementia and Type 2 diabetes. One of the major reasons for such trend is the fact that both disorders are interrelated with such physical process as aging, while there is a global increase of the life durability. In the case of gaining both conditions by one individual, such patient represents the complex needs, which need to be addressed by the professionals in healthcare as well as family members. It was indicated by the scholars that those individuals, who suffer from diabetes, represent the higher probability of developing different forms of dementia (in comparison ...

1) listening to a lecture in class, taking notes, and reviewing the notes later you study for an exam; When a person is listening to a lecture in class, all of the information is going to enter into our ears so that it can be registered into our sensory memory. Then we are going to write down this information so that the can be bought into our short-term memory. Once all of this is done, it is important that we use the information in the exam. Therefore, you need to review all of your notes and try to memorize ...

I. The Mind and brain of Short-Term Memory This article discussed about major psychological concepts associated with short term memory and the manner by which the impact brain mechanisms. There was the inquiry about the characteristics of the memory system that permits humans to complete specific tasks. In this article, the focus is on three contexts underlying short-term memory and these are inline according to the premise concerning a) the structure of short-term memory, b) the processes that operate on the accumulated information, and c) the mechanisms of short-term memory that accounts about the process of forgetting. There are ...

Abstract

Profound education is the basis for the successful career development and personal growth of any individual. Many scholars are trying to give an answer to the question of what makes the learning process more effective. Different aspects of learning theory provide answers to some of these questions. Theories of learning can be grouped into following three categories: behaviorist learning theories, cognitivist learning theories, and constructivist learning theories. Many researchers pay much attention to the process of scaffolding that is actively discussed as a significant element of learning process. The researcher Albert Bandura has devoted a number of his scientific ...

Psychology

Shot-term memory has been the subject of several studies on cognitive functioning of the brain. Several approach and theoretical frameworks were employed in the process in order to determine the implications of different factors to STM. In this discussion, the context of STM was examined by reviewing relevant literatures encompassing the varying approach to STM study. STM problems were associated to childhood ADHD, while the other research focuses on the association of visual recall and order recall. These studies involves identifying the relationship between cognitive functioning and STM, which are critical areas in understanding human brain functioning and in ...

Abstract

My motor skills developed on time, although my motor coordination is still not very good. My physical development is in line with normal course of development of a person. I have sustained healthy weight throughout my childhood and adolescence, and my height and weight started growing rapidly during puberty that started at the age of 11. My height and weight during puberty were different from my peers, which made me feel self-conscious and lowered my self-esteem. Puberty was also marked with emotional and behavioral changes that affect many adolescents. I have completed Piaget’s stages of development on time ...

Memory is a fascinating aspect of psychology that has attracted the interest of scientists for several decades. One of the most-studied aspect of memory is short-term recall. For example, short-term recall could involve a sequence of digits, letters, or words that require a listener to both memorize for a short period of time. Two well-studied aspects of short-term memory recall are digit span and chunking. Defined simply, digit span is the number of digits in a sequence of numbers or letters that a listener can immediately recall in the correct sequence, or order, without making a mistake. When given ...

We could describe memory as the ability of our brain to not only store but also retrieve the information when needed. The memory could be explained under several different types, and there are also a few categories to the anomalies that could be associated with the human memory. One of the memory types is the Sensory memory which we are going to look into in detail in the following few paragraphs.

Sensory Memory

Any memory before being committed to our brain has to be first picked up by our senses which are our sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. The storage ...

Introduction

Medical marijuana legalization has taken shape of a movement in the United States of America as people continue to debate the pros and cons of legalization in the news media. Since the year 1973, 12 American states have made changes to their laws to reduce penalties for possession of marijuana (Austin, 2016). This is because there are certain pros associated with the legalization of marijuana, but the cons should not be completely avoided that come along with it. Legalization of marijuana would certainly be a success for the on-going Decriminalization Movement and will provide several economic and health pros ...

Introduction

Define memory, and describe how it is measured? Memory refers to the ability of human beings to recall or remember the experiences and information. Memory results after learning have taken place. Memory may be in the form of skills or facts. The neurons can describe memory. Memory can be measured through the recall method where the materials learned after some time is reproduced. The repetition of learning materials is used to assess the retention ability or memory. The recognition method is also used to measure memory because it is very sensitive in the detection of retention capacity. The ...

There are various development processes that a child goes through as he grows up. Through this development process, the children develop a form of communication as well as a language that they can best communicate in. this essay looks at various aspects of child development, and it is expected to shed more light on the development issues.

1. According to Plowden Report (1967, p. 2), language is the media through which people or other living beings use to relay information from one point to another. It is a way through which people pass on their ideas to others in a manner which is acceptable ...

Abstract

The research was conducted to address a conflicting situation that seeks to find out between male and female who are more intelligent? The research was not that broad but pursued to deal with school going teenagers and check on their recall capabilities, basing on their gender. The research has been conducted several times before with different researchers yielding different results. By doing the research, we used direct observation from the available specimens. Observations were made on the answers given by the respondent in the interviews that were conducted by the research team. Through the research, several results were obtained. Among ...

Human computer interface has continued to advance with the advancement in technology. The design of graphical user interface has continued to advance to accommodate the natural feedback from the user. These advancements have made it easy for the user to communicate to the computer and the computer to communicate to the user. Advancement in human computer interface such as the use of touch-screen and motion detectors have made for the user to work more quickly while reducing user stress.

Haptic feedback

Haptic refers to nonverbal communication, which involves the sense of touch. This requires that the system sends feedback to the ...

The Human-Computer Interface:

Human Computer Interface (HCI), is the study of how humans interact with computers, and it uses productivity, entertainment and safety to ensure the fulfillment of human-computer activities. HCI focuses more on finding methods and techniques that support the ways people interact with computer systems, and is categorized into two broad spheres of study i.e. usability and user experience. Usability focuses on the product being functionally helpful and easy to use while user experience focuses more on interactions such as enjoyment, engagement, and aesthetic pleasure while using the computer system.

Haptic Feedback: Uses and importance:

This is an interfacing technology that uses sense of touch ...

Questions and answers

- Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis involves formation of lesions in the central nervous system, destruction of myelin sheaths and inflammation. These features get to interact in a complex manner and finally lead to breaking down of the nerve tissue causing the signs and symptoms characteristic of multiple sclerosis. The white matter is the part of the nervous system mostly affected. The tissues affected include the brainstem, the optic nerve, the basal ganglia, and the spinal cord. The white matter carries signals between the grey matter and the other body parts. Lesions in the optic nerve causes vision changes, ataxia ...

Citation 7: Sternberg Search

Citation 7 - Sternberg Search 2. Goal of article: State the research questions and/or hypotheses being investigated (What are they trying to do?) (Four sentences to one paragraph) The major purpose of the study is to determine how symbolic information gets retrieved from recent memory. The researcher is particularly interested in determining whether the number of elements presented to the subjects affects response latency. However, the researcher is not interested in the sequence of the stimulus, rather the identity of the symbols shown. 3. List three (3) cognitive psychology terms important for the topic of the ...

Abstract

Breakfast is often recommended as an integral part of a healthy diet. In most cases, breakfast healthiness accrues from micronutrient intakes. Because of breakfast supremacy in the regular lives, most researches have been conducted to explore the relevance of breakfast and cognitive ability on young children. In this research proposal, I document a planned proposal that seeks to explore the connection between breakfast and children’s cognitive ability. I intend to make use of already performed experiments to make case of the relevant of a good breakfast for steadfast academic performance.

Literature Review for Breakfast and Performance

Education is an important factor in the development of a society. Evidently, ...

Memory covers three fundamental aspects through which information is processed. These aspects are; encoding, storage and retrieval (Gray 12). Memory, therefore, refers to the means by which various structures and processes are involved in the encoding, storage and retrieval of information. According to psychologists, memory can be classified under three principal categories; sensory memory, long term memory and short term memory.

Sensory Memory

In most instances, information is stored for a few seconds after it has been perceived. For example; it is possible to remember how an item looked like even after viewing it for just a millisecond. Sensory memory is involved in ...

Impact of using lowly-differentiated Stimuli on the Working Memory

Abstract Sternberg Paradigm has been used as a measure in short term memory studies since the model was developed in 1966. Several subsequent studies have, however, not being successful in duplicating the exact results achieved by Sternberg. The reason for this has been identified as the other researchers’ use of faster stimulus presentation rates. The results from these subsequent studies indicate the impact of the presentation rate on the recall capability of the working memory. It is essential to highlight that all these studies used highly differentiated stimuli. This study will, however, analyze the impact of using lowly differentiated ...

- List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been recognized for its contribution in developing scientific study in psychology. Its contribution is significant in linking cognitive changes with the aggregate neural and visceral changes in the body with the resulting emergence of the psychophysiological development approach in the study of psychology. However, the theory is also criticized owing to its lack of scientific approach to its theory development involving the issues on using small samples for its tests and the absence of using statistical figure analysis in ...

Memento is a 2000 psychological thriller film directed by renowned Hollywood director Christopher Nolan. Also produced by Nolan, the movie is actually adapted from a short story titled “Memento Mori” written by Jonathan Nolan, his younger sibling. The lead character named Leonard is played by Guy Pearce. He stars as a man suffering form short term memory loss and who is on a mission to avenge the rape and death of his wife. Apart from moving into vengeance direction, the movie tries to create a picture on some of the factors that push people to do certain acts. Leonard memory loss came ...

Introduction

While there may be certain disparities in human memory, studies have shown that human memory has a fairly similar character and undergoes the same process. Memory can be described as the process through which information is usually encoded, stored and retrieved. This process can be said to take place in steps each of which fall in any of the three categories of encoding storage or retrieval. According to research the process of memory mainly involves three areas of the human brain namely: hippocampus, amygdale and thalamus.

Steps in human memory

Sensing Like all other stimuli information is always sensed and transferred to the ...

Introduction

There are various situations and events in life which people are able to recall in a particular time while there are other cases when people will completely forget particular events no matter how important they could have been. For instance, in an attempt to test the memory of different types of people, they may be asked to list the names of the kids who they studied in preschool and most people will have difficulties remembering all of them. This means that the ability of a person to store and retrieve information is influenced by short and long memory as described in ...

In the 19th century William James suggested differentiating two types of memory, primary and secondary memory. Memory is not a system of one psychical function. In contemporary psychology there are usually three types of memory꞉ sensory, short term and long term memory. This paper will reflect on the last two types of memory Short term memory holds information for a short period of time, up to 30 seconds. This type of memory has limited capacity and scientist usually use the rule of 7±2, which means that short term memory can receive from 5 to 9 units of information. In ...

For a long time, humans have attempted to grasp the working of human memory system without much success. While memory is a crucial aspect of human life, it is one of the most elusive and mysterious human attributes. Conventionally, human memory is like filing a cabinet full of folders. Each folder has a title and contains distinct information from other folders. Others relate human memory to a super-fast computer with a vast capacity and tremendous speed. Still, these explanations go only an inch deep to explain the workings of human memory. Scholars agree that human memory is far more complex than meet the eye. This ...

Introduction

This study was conducted by Frenkel S. and B. Bourdin. They carried out this research to assess the various memory sytems (short term) from a developmental view of patients of Down’s syndrome (DS). The study compared the patients’ performance to those of normal individuals of similar mental age. Down’s syndrome is the most common cause of Intellectual Disability (ID). Down’s syndrome, also named Trisomy 21, is a genetic condition which is caused by the partial or full presence of an additional 21st chromosome (Frenkel and Bourdin, 2009). The extra chromosomal material delays the development of a child physically and ...

Jean Piaget’s theory

The theory of cognitive development is very critical in understanding the behavior of human beings both psychologically and physiologically. Cognitive psychologists view development as consisting of reorganization and acquisition of cognitive structures through which human being process and store information (Ellery, 1925). Piaget asserts that there are various stages in the development of an individual. Children in these stages often have different physical, emotional, social, and psychological differences. In the case of a twelve year old, who weighs 180lbs and is 5’1 tall, his behaviors will differ with that of a grown up. Since Piaget’s theory talks about ...

Human Memory

There are three stores which make up the human memory: the sensory register, short term memory and long term memory. Information is divided up between these three in terms of how much information they can store, how long they can store it for and what ‘format’ they store it in. The first store is the sensory register which can hold information for up to one second and usually handles visual information sent from the eye. This sort of information tends to be un-processed in the sense that the visual information stays as a visual etc. It has a big storage ...