Essays on Working Memory

Abstract

Some theories focus on explaining developmental changes that happen to humans. The Social Cognitive Theory represents one of the many theories of psychology that explain human behavior. The theory was introduced by Miller and Dollard in 1941 and later advanced by Bandura and Walters in 1963. The main concepts of the theory are personal, behavioral, and environmental factors. Other concepts including self-control and efficacy, observational learning, and many others help in understanding the interaction between the environment, person, and behavior. On the other hand, the theory operates on five assumptions that relate the theory to learning, language self-control, and ...

In the article, “Principles of Information display for Visualization Practitioners” the author outlines the work on information display by Edward Tufte. It begins by defining the concept of visualizations excellence. According to Dr. Tufte, as the author quotes, visualizations excellence entails the complex ideas, which are communicated with precision, clarity, and efficiency. The author also quotes Dr. Tufte on the things that visualizations should do. Among them include showing the data and making large data sets coherent. The article also highlights some of the classic information designs along with general principles that Dr. Tufte has researched. Specifically, the article ...

Abstract

Chunking, the technique of grouping similar concepts together in order to aid memory, has long been associated with better working memory performance. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of chunking on the memorization of words. A total of 18 participants were given a list of 18 words to remember, with nine of these being informed about the technique of chunking before attempting the memory task. The results of an independent samples t-test show that chunking has a significant (p=0.05) effect on the word memorization skills of the participants (t=8.390). This supports previous research that suggests ...

The article “Is working memory Training Effective” is an in-depth piece about the essential elements of working memory with regard to whether or not it can be subject to training. The author asks some very intriguing questions on this matter and towards the conclusion makes a clear-cut judgment on the discrepancy between existing literature on this matter, and what has been empirically proven. In Essence, the working memory has to do with a high mental process of cognition. People are able to remember several moments, events, items and even people. However the working memory has to do with what ...

Insomnia

Introduction Insomnia is the condition in which sleep disorder takes place and reduces the tendency to fall sleep. It also effects the duration that an individual is required to stay asleep in order to stay healthy. This condition occurs due to the daytime sleepiness, anxiety and depressed mood. However, scholars have also argued that the frequency of inadequate lifestyle can be a cause of the increasing rate of insomnia. It is observed that the occurrence of insomnia can range from short-term, long-term and periodic basis, and can result in life threatening situations if it is left untreated (Bonnet & Arand, ...

Introduction

Memory is defined as the multitude of abilities and capacities which human beings depend on to perform various life functions. This implies that the concept of memory is important in people regarding the way they remember life experiences hence every challenge that presents itself in understanding the functioning of the brain needs to be researched, and credible findings generated to improve the performance of human memory. Many people still wonder about the operation of the human brain and memory regarding the various functions performed and the way it influences forgetfulness among individuals. While other researchers have viewed the human ...

[Date: mm/dd/yyyy]

Embodied cognition incorporates that the human cognition is comprised and shaped by various aspects of the body, which eventually indicates that it exceeds from the dependency on brain. In this manner, cognition is observed to be dependent on the experiences that an individual receives from numerous sensorimotor capabilities of the body. These capabilities are considered to be highly integrated in accordance with the psychological, biological and cultural setting of an individual (Wilson & Foglia 2011). Embodied cognition also accounts for the feedback mechanism that takes place between an individual and the world and hence, the prevalence of action ...

Psychology: Baddeley’s Working Memory

Introduction – Baddeley’s Working Memory Short term memory is an important aspect in human lives as it influences behavior and outcomes in daily lives in more ways than one – of which the role played in development of working memory is an important factor. Even though short term memory is considered to have significant differences from working memory, they are considered to be related by eminent psychologists. The most common factor behind this perspective is that both short term memory and working memory are involved in the storage of information temporarily in an individual. Working memory can be best described ...

Animal cognition is the mental capacity of animals as well as the study of animals’ mental capacity. The study of mental capacities of animals has stemmed from comparative psychology, which includes studying the conditioning of animals and their learning. Working memory is a major executive function that makes up the cognitive system and deals with information by providing transient holding, processing as well as manipulation. The study of working memory in animals has mainly focused on spatial memory with most of the studies trying to provide a clarification for spatial memory psychological basis together with the hippocampus role. Balda & ...

Research Report

Page No Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Findings5 How does bilingual education enhance memory... 5

How does bilingual education enhance mental flexibility 6

How does bilingual education increase employability .. 7

Conclusion 8

Recommendation 9

References. 10

Abstract Children tend to have improved working memories, enhanced cognition and increased literacy. They also enjoy greater employability, as dual language learners. As such, there is a very strong case for providing children with a bilingual education. Introduction The ability to speak two languages has certain advantages for both those seeking to further their education, and those seeking to further their career. However, very few schools, at this point, actively pursue the delivery of a ...

Abstract

The question of memory has been an interesting one in psychology for some time. Brown-Peterson hypothesized that distraction tasks have a role to play in how well our memory works, and that this can be measured by a simple task. This research uses a modified version of their experiment to assess their hypothesis. The task involves memorizing a three letter trigram and then taking part in a backwards counting task that was designed as a distractor. 112 participants took part in this experiment. They were asked to complete twenty control trials in which they had to continue counting backwards ...

Creative cognition involves the analysis and comprehension of the processes and mental representations within creative thought. Creativity refers to the ability to create original, useful and appropriate work. Creative thinking, however, never follows the same pattern. Psychologists have presented data to the effect that discoveries, inventions, and original ideas originate from insight, others, however, are of the view that discoveries originate from the cumulative application of expertise or prior knowledge (Smith et al., 1997). The two schools of thought have led to a contention among psychologists on whether creativity involves prior knowledge and expertise or simply, insight. The dominant ...

Play is an essential part of children’s life and curriculum and being able to play is considered as a symbol of children’s sound health and development. It is also known that playing enhances children’s creativity, social and emotional growth and keep them physically fit. If we look upon closely, playing is the fundamental means by which children explore and build their own understanding of the world (Hirsh-Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., Berk, L. E., & Singer, D. G., 2009). They start with a small game and when they start achieving success, they are excited to let the ...

I. The Mind and brain of Short-Term Memory This article discussed about major psychological concepts associated with short term memory and the manner by which the impact brain mechanisms. There was the inquiry about the characteristics of the memory system that permits humans to complete specific tasks. In this article, the focus is on three contexts underlying short-term memory and these are inline according to the premise concerning a) the structure of short-term memory, b) the processes that operate on the accumulated information, and c) the mechanisms of short-term memory that accounts about the process of forgetting. There are ...

Humans are good at multitasking because people in life generally have to do multiple things at the same time. Good organization is of the utmost importance and the brain adapts to this kind of situation. Humans multitask the majority of the time, but it can lead to stress which is why the key lies in the fact that they need to have a well-develop schedule and stick to it. However, unpredicted situation occur almost every day which is why people need to work on their multitasking skills. They are good at multitasking because of the fact that they need ...

Psychology

Shot-term memory has been the subject of several studies on cognitive functioning of the brain. Several approach and theoretical frameworks were employed in the process in order to determine the implications of different factors to STM. In this discussion, the context of STM was examined by reviewing relevant literatures encompassing the varying approach to STM study. STM problems were associated to childhood ADHD, while the other research focuses on the association of visual recall and order recall. These studies involves identifying the relationship between cognitive functioning and STM, which are critical areas in understanding human brain functioning and in ...

Q1 People, especially children, internalize what they see in the environment and imitate it. In this regard, a child will behave the way adults do in the environment. Moreover, one can learn by the process of association (classical conditioning) or adopts behaviors depending on reinforcement. Q2 The emotional learning system focuses on one’s understanding of the immediate experiences. In this regard, one chooses how to behave based on critical and constructive thinking. Events that may lead to emotional responses may include reaction to stressful environments or happiness. Q3 Emotion determines one’s way of reacting to events. It ...

INTRODUTION

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the metabolism of dopamine (DA) and amounts to approximately 60% or more of DA breakdown in the frontal cortex . The gene expressing the COMT enzyme could affect cognition and functioning of the brain via its action on dopaminergic function. A polymorphic variation occurs in the coding area of the COMT gene (a Guanine to Adenine replacement), changing the amino acid from valine (Val) to methionine (Met) at the codon position 158 (Val158Met) and consequently influencing the thermal tolerance and stability of the enzyme. Allelic discrepancies in enzyme ...

We could describe memory as the ability of our brain to not only store but also retrieve the information when needed. The memory could be explained under several different types, and there are also a few categories to the anomalies that could be associated with the human memory. One of the memory types is the Sensory memory which we are going to look into in detail in the following few paragraphs.

Sensory Memory

Any memory before being committed to our brain has to be first picked up by our senses which are our sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. The storage ...

Redundancy Principle

Ruth Clark is a science undergraduate who has also served as a former president of the International Society of Performance Improvement. She was also a member of the American Educational Research Association. She now works as a teacher, a speaker and a writer. She has dedicated her time to research in instructional technology and has written on effective e-learning, with the aim of developing it professionally. She came up with six principles of effective e-learning with regard to the use of the various multi-media in teaching and learning. These principles are redundancy, contiguity, modality, coherence, and personalization and multimedia ...

The institutional affiliation

Assignment 2 Statement 2 Analyze the relationship between Working Memory (WM), schematic encoding and cognitive load. Discuss why it is important for teachers to understand this relationship, and describe ways in which this relationship can affect the instructional design aspects of your teaching. Being a teacher is a unique occupation indeed, because almost everyone sooner or later goes to school or any other educational establishment. Nevertheless, there are not so many people who have experienced being a teacher and who have really comprehended all the aspects of teaching. Those elements of the educator’s work are building the foundation ...

This activity will explore the concept of intelligence and some of the methods of measuring intelligence.

Intelligence and Adaptability • What does it mean to say that intelligence is a social construct? Intelligence is a social construct because it was created by Western civilization as a means to measure how smart an individual is. It has been deemed a racist measurement tool for the way it has been used throughout history to report that Caucasians have a higher intelligence than other races. Basically the idea of intelligence is man-made, therefore a social construct. • What do two children from dramatically different cultures (a boy working on an arrow and a girl working on a computer) have in ...

The institutional affiliation

Ruth Clark’s E-Learning Multimedia Principle Ruth Clark is considered to be one of the most outstanding researchers in the e-learning field. In her book E-Learning and the Science of Instruction (2003) she offered and explained in great detail the fundamental principles which are based on the cognitive theory saying that material facilitates become more effective being directed by cognitive resources. The multimedia principle is essential for designing multimedia learning which encourages learners to be engaged in active studying by mentally representing the texts in words and in pictures, and by building connections between visual and verbal representations. The ...