Essays on Jean Piaget

Article Name 1: ‘The Clouds are alive because they fly in the air as if they were birds’: A re-analysis of what children say and mean in clinical interviews in the work of Jean Piaget.

Article Name 2: Educational Implication of Piaget and Vygotsky language learning theories in Pakistani context: A review.

Article Name 3: Piaget’s cognitive behaviourist account of conservation in mathematics

Article Name 4: Jean Piaget’s ideas about foundations of education

Article Name 5: Outcomes of nutrition knowledge and healthy food choices in 5 to 6 year old children who received nutrition intervention based on Piaget’s theory

Summary

Physical activity and play are topics which have been always stressed ...

Two pivotal approaches to cognitive development that challenged Piaget’s widely-known theory are Vygotsky’s sociocultural approach and the information-processing perspective. In spite of the distinction between psychogenesis and epistemogenesis, Lev Vygotsky’s and Jean Piaget’s views manage to complete each other and reach a similar conclusion—knowledge is formed within a certain social context and has a specific material (Tryphon, 1996).

Piaget proposes that, during the development of human thinking, we go through stable, predictably structured sequences of stages. The consistency and stability of these stages are undoubtedly questioned by today’s standards in psychological research (Baron 1995). For ...

Part I

The video Eating Snakes is a great example on how adults can categorize the kind of thinking that a child has in terms of their age, knowledge, judgment, and communication abilities. The child in the video is portraying a symbolic or dramatic play that transpires during the preoperational stage, considering Jean Piaget's three stages of cognitive play. In this stage, the child is not yet able to think realistically but he is able to converse by using the proper language. He is still in the phase of having perceptual imageries based on his own intuition like eating snakes, which is very unusual ...

Child Observation Project

In order to conduct my assigned child observation project, I chose a small child at the age of 9 years old. It is my neighbor’s youngest child, and she moved into the area about five years ago, from Spain. I picked her playtime to observe her behavior and reactions when she played with her mother at the premises of her own playroom. The mother is well educated, very fond of numeric problems and she has always favored educational games, which is why at the time of my observation they were performing “games” that had to do with measuring ...

Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erickson all held different yet highly influential views about human development. Malcolm Gladwell the author of “Outliers” embraced many of these theories to write his book about America’s educational system. By looking at concepts of child development he determined that America has it all wrong in regards to providing education that compliments developmental milestones.

Gladwell stated, "the biggest misconception about success is that we do it solely on our smarts, ambition, hustle and hard work." (Gladwell, 2008). He feels that family and cultural influences play a large role in how successful a person will become. ...

- How can Piaget's idea that children are naturally curious about their world and actively seek out information inform approaches to education?

This idea can be applied in education of children in the form of development of school curriculums and by teachers in the planning of classroom activities which ensure that this proposition by Piaget is applied fully by providing learning opportunities to children to experiment with physical objects. This will involve evaluating the stages of cognitive development and providing the appropriate physical objects to facilitate their learning. Since there is a possibility that children may misinterpret what they learn, this curiosity as applied in learning should be guided and care taken to ensure that the children only develop the proper conclusions ...

Cognitive theory is based on the grounds of the ideas that humans are able to feel a stimulus, perceive it and have the ability to reason and hence achieve a logical understanding of the environment around us. The learning encompasses through both learning and the genetic makeup (Plotnik, 2011). Cognitive development is a combination of the ways of information processing, ability to reason, intelligence ability and the ability to develop individuals’ memories’. The theory emphasizes on peoples’ beliefs, thought processes and actions making it an excellent predictor of the group and individual behaviors (Sweller, 2011). The cognitive theory focuses on what goes ...

Cognitive development is the growth and materialization of the ability of a child to be actively involved in thinking and reason independently. It also involves the emergence of the child’s ability to comprehend the events in the surrounding environment (John, 2008). It focuses on the ability to process information, learn a new language, problem solving ability, the process of mental development and the perception the child has towards the world. The study of the process of cognitive thinking has a myriad of applications in the engineering of education systems. Appreciating how a child’s brain works helps curriculum engineers to determine the ...

Introduction

Psychology is a vast field. There are many laws, principles, and theories that govern the train of thoughts of psychologists and mental health professionals working in the field. Basically, psychology is a branch of science that is concerned with the academic and applied discipline of studying behaviors and mental functions of animals, which in this case, would be humans. Psychology is not only concerned with studying the behaviors and mental functions of an individual because it may also aim to study the behaviors and mental functions of a group or population. The objective of this paper is to discuss psychology in general, ...

Introduction

Every child’s development process is unique and complex. Even though children normally develop through predictable levels and milestones, they may at times not proceed through these steps at the same pace. Usually, a child’s development process is largely influenced by his or her environmental factors and the experiences that they gather from it. Understanding the child development is vital because it allows us to appreciate the emotional, social, physical, cognitive and educational progress of the child at a particular level of their growth into adulthood. Various theories attempt to describe every aspect of child development and largely focuses on ...

Abstract

It was Jean Piaget who first suggested that children learn by schema, or “a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning' (Piaget.org, 2014). All human learning, according to Piaget, can be defined by these intellectual building blocks, or schema. Tantrums are behaviors that are learned by children, and as a result have to be governed by schema if Piaget’s theory on learning can be considered correct. The development of intentional or goal-setting behavior is correlated with the development of tantrum behavior in toddlers. - Purpose All children have “phases” ...

[Institution Title]

Background of the Study

A useful lesson to illustrate a major pedagogical theory in education involves a close reading lesson given in the ninth grade English class. Many high schools English teachers report that their students lack the skill of reading a passage, whether fiction or non-fiction, and successfully draw inferences and figurative meanings or even critically analyze the readings. These figurative meanings are crucial to understanding the rhetorical argument of the piece, making this a vital skill. Furthermore, writing is also as complex a learning activity as reading that fosters the act of critically arranging the words to make perfect sense.

Theoretical Framework

The proposed activity emanates ...

PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology 3a. This is a very wide research problem. An infant named MB was reviewed. The infant was two months of age and was in the stages of infancy. MB spent the majority of her time resting. In the time that MB was awake, there were several experiments that has d been conducted in order to examine her reflexes. MB demonstrated consistent signs of reflex activity with the exceptions of the tonic neck and stepping reflex. MB did not have the capacity of holding her head upright and did not demonstrate any signs of motor development initiations. MB’ ...

PART ONE: MY NIECE’S COGNITIVE GROWTH ON THE ACCOUNT OF PIAGET’S THEORY

Kate Rodgers was born December 31, 2000 to Bernard Rodgers and Nelly Rodgers in Beverley Hills. Kate’s parents described her as a jovial and playful infant. She was very active that she began playing the piano at the age of three. She was always the center of focus because of her activeness, maybe she was in the experimental stage that Piaget describes in his theory. The first stage, sensorimotor, takes center stage from birth to between eighteen and twenty-four months. In this stage, infants can only recognize what is in their immediate environment, particularly things immediately in front ...

Jean Piaget believed that the individual develops concepts about the world and modifies the environments to his needs. His cognitive theory considered development as a sequential process and learning as a minor, but integral part of development of an individual. Piaget’s theory has been influential in designing curriculum for the schools in America. This was because he emphasized the importance of active involvement of learners in the learning process. He believed that concepts can’t be taught verbally and the learning process of concepts can’t be accelerated, without the students’ proper cognitive development. The idea that children should ...

Introduction

Cognitive theory can be described as a multifaceted and complex proposition. According to this theory, human development is the result of an interlinking connection with their rearing background, environment, and individual thoughts and experiences. Jean Piaget is renowned as a great psychological theorist who propounded a well-accepted cognitive development theory.

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Development - Stages

Piaget proposed that there are four factors that play a major role in a child’s cognitive development. These four factors are maturation of DNA (genetic material), knowledge and awareness of the physical environment, recognition of the social atmosphere, and equilibration. Piaget’s cognitive theory also talks about four stages during which a child develops ...

There had been numerous cognitive development theories as much as there are theories pertaining to intelligence. This is done in an attempt to understand the complexity of how people learn across their lifespan. While many people might be unaware of how intricate the process of learning occurs without their conscious effort, it significantly affects everyone’s life. Despite the absence of formal education, people still manage to learn by virtue of the definition appropriated for learning by scholars, academicians and cognitive psychologists. For the purpose of understanding and uniformity, I searched for a standard definition of learning available through the ...

Constructivism is used in many disciplines and caution is necessary in using the term constructivism especially in the field of education. However, even in the limited area of education, constructivism has different meanings. Constructivism described the learning and teaching, and the curricula and assessment, respectively. In addition, it is used in the epistemological or philosophical meaning that described different things. In the historical view, it demonstrated the development of constructivism, its origin and current conditions. Particularly, it emphasized in the field of science and mathematics education and it influenced a larger scheme. In education, constructivism is a theory of knowledge ...

“Effective Pre K and Kindergarten teachers understand children’s cognitive development and promote cognitive skills.” In Jean Piaget’s theory of development, that stage that deals with pre-k and kindergarten is called the “Sensorimotor Stage.” This stage lasts from birth until two years of age. As a baby, children do not understand about the world. For example, when something is out of a child’s sight they assume it no longer exists. It takes a while for children to realize things and people have a life outside of the child’s vision. Also during this stage a child’s motor skills begin developing according ...

Introduction:

Moral Psychology is a relatively new branch of Psychology that studies moral identity development. A moral act is considered as behavior that has either a moral or immoral consequence (Teper, Inzlicht, & Page-Gould, 2011). A moral act is any act that requires purity, free will, honesty, liberty, and meaning while an immoral act is smeared with corruption and fraudulence of any sort. It is believed; moral act leads to positive consequences and immoral to negative consequences. Many major topics included in this vast field are moral character, moral judgment, moral development, moral reasoning, moral responsibility, moral action, altruism, moral luck, moral emotion ...

Introduction

Human beings go through a cognitive development process in their lifetime. Cognition is the “activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved” (Sigelman and Rider, 2012, p.210). There are different ways by which scientists explain the cognitive development processes. Jean Piaget and Lev Vgotsky are two leading theorists in the field of cognitive development. Their concepts and models are discussed in this essay, and the similarities and differences of their theories are highlighted in the following section.

Do social and environmental variables affect cognitive development?

A child’s cognitive development is influenced by both social and environmental variables. Jean Piaget’s ...

Piaget’s stages of children cognitive development is a foundation based on constructionist theories and therefore in the process of development of such artifacts, according to Piaget, the following stages are involved; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Age group is averaged and it depends on the environmental and environmental factors that a child is exposed to through his or her development. According to Piaget, a six year child is in the preoperational stage and must have passed through the sensorimotor stage. At this stage, children memory develop and they can differentiate issues that are happening, use language and believe ...

Introduction

Apart from the disagreements that exist between psychologists as regards to the nature that intelligence takes, psychologists always debate on various aspects that influence the intelligence of a person. As such, this debate always takes one direction in coming up with the arguments. The psychologists always argue on which aspect between the ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ has a bigger impact on a person’s intelligence. Although the psychologists agree that all the two aspects above contribute to the intelligence of an individual, they always differ when they try to discuss on how much these aspects contribute. This is a field that the psychologists and ...

A) Considering each stage of Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development, how might a child approach the game of Monopoly at each stage? Considering the level of development, what could they do and what could they not do? What would their behavior look like? Piaget was a social psychologist who separated the cognitive development of a child’s development into four markedly different stages based on the cognitive capacity growth of a child. Looking at his stages and the game of Monopoly we can approximate more of less how a childe at each given stage would play that game, taking into account what they ...

It is true that he development of a human being comes in stages, from the moment a baby is born and produces the first cry, the moment it tries to open its mouth and very many other developmental milestones that come before it becomes an adult. Piaget brings this whole process to focus and it turns out to be an insight of what should be expected at each and every stage. Considering this and what my classmate wrote I do also believe that the sensorimotor stage is very important in the development of a child but disagree that that egocentrism development in ...

This paper seeks to compare between the learning theories of Jean Piaget and Gagne with a view to determining their various contribution to nursing education and research. Jean Piaget propounded a cognitive perspective which was described as the basis of the constructivist theory. He developed a model of development of the child and also about child development. His theory centered on the fact that depending on the level of development of the child, the child creates cognitive structures or mental maps that allow them to comprehend their environment. If new information is presented to the child, the child determines if the ...

Longitudinal design can be used to test cognitive development in the Piagets theory. Longitudinal study involves somewhat similar to measures that are repeated in a study. In this case, variables are observed and the observations are recorded from time to time over a specific period of time Tryphon and Jacques, p.100). Longitudinal design can be used to study trends with regard to development across the life span in the same way development has been analysed in human development theory. Longitudinal design can be used in Piaget theory that addresses issues with regard to human development. Piaget’s theory has been divided ...

Psychology

Introduction Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is a famous scientist, his works have made ​​an important step in development of psychology. Piaget’s concept takes a significant place among the widespread psychological theories of learning and cognition. It highlights not only the wealth of experimental data and original ideas, but the latitude of theoretical system and its detailed elaboration. According to Langer and Killen, Piaget concurred in the search for general laws of developmental processes and structures. Author claims that Piaget formulated one of the evolutionary new theories of the origin, development and transformation of mentation (Langer & Killen, 2010, ...

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Introduction

The study of child development concerns several elements that enable a child to become less dependent on his parents and guardians as time progresses. Experts consider the process of growing up first in holding various discussions on child development. Several theories on child development attempt to explain several possible factors that influence a child to advance towards full autonomy. Without disputing one another, child development theories help provide insights to experts on explaining certain issues related to the development of a child, including elucidations on developmental shortcomings that carry on towards adulthood. This ...

Over the past thirty years, Higher Education in the United States has experienced a sequence of remarkable changes. Higher Education in the United States is facing key challenges because participation amongst non-traditional students has been widened by a rapid increase in numbers of students and student pressures. Today, educators, policy makers, and state legislators all share a much greater interest in finding ways to improve the reasoning of students. Moreover, they also share a great interest in making sure that our future generation makes informed decisions in their communities, personal lives, and in their workplace. The purpose of this essay this paper is ...

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Erik Erickson (1902-1994) were developmental psychologists who developed influential theories that have been used to understand children’s development through the life stages. Piaget used his biological background to develop a theory based on children’s biology and their adaptation to the environment (Feist & Feist 2009). Erickson used psychoanalysis to create an ego theory which was based on the earlier works of Sigmund Freud.

Both theories are similar in that they propose that individuals pass through fixed stages of development which occur at a specific age. In Piaget’s theory, there are 4 stages from birth to ...

Piaget’s Theory

The Piaget theory also referred as the development stage theory was the first cognitive theory. This theory was developed by Jean Piaget in 1920. The theory argues effectively learn when they do it at their own pace and capabilities. The theory also argues that children are self motivated and do not require help or rewards from adults to continue learning.

In referring to Cole (2005) the Piaget’s theory argues the child undergoes development in four major stages. The first stage is called the Sensorimotor Stage (birth and 2 years). Piaget believes that the child learns from the environment ...

Jean Piaget and Herbert Mead both came up with theories on child development. They are secondary agents of socialization in America today because their theories have played a big role in the way parents bring up their children in addition to coming up with educational content for children at various stages of development. The focal arguments in the theories are different with Piaget laying emphasis on the stages of cognition while Herbert Mead focused on the development of self awareness. The theorists ultimately agree that the socialization of a child becomes more developed as the child becomes less egocentric and more ...

When studying the theories of childhood, there are many different beliefs and opinions available, many different interpretations, and many varying points of view. How does one decide what is right and what is not so? How can one determine which is fact and what is false? How can one decide which theorist is the one which makes the most sense? Is one theorist necessarily right, or perhaps is a combination of two or more different theories perhaps more to one’s liking or beliefs? It really can be quite confusing and has proven to be so for many people over ...

Children’s Mental Development

Jean Piaget’s book talks about children’s cognitive development right from a very tender age. It offers great insight into how they perceive and analyze things. It becomes very clear from the book that children have a different way of thinking and understanding things compared to adults. According to Piaget, children at birth have a basic mental structure (1969). It is upon this structure that subsequent learning and acquisition of knowledge are based. This nullifies the previously held assumption that children are just less experienced and incompetent thinkers in comparison with adults.

The initial response by children to their environment is ...

Referring to Pellegrini and Hou (2011) Joshua and Joey are exhibiting normal play behavior. This is mainly because the article supports with evidence that children often use objects when playing. This according to the authors is referred to as noninstrumental play whereby children pretend with objects during play. In addition to this noninstrumental play will involve children using exaggerated sounds or movements while playing games. Both Joey and Joshua exhibit noninstrumental play since they use square blocks and pipe cleaners as bombs to kill the ‘Zombies’ They also use cones as guns and cannons. Citing Pellegrini and Hou (2011) ...

Introduction

The ways in which children develop cognitively have fascinated philosophers, researchers and theorists for centuries. However, in the twentieth century, several different schools of thought arose, each of which attempted to categorize the various phases of cognitive development between infancy and adolescence. Piaget, in his early observations, asserted that children, even at a very early age, were capable of creating their own ideas. Instead of merely receiving and assimilating information from adult figures, they could take the stimuli they received and build unique structures of knowledge. His work ended up as the foundation of the modern constructionist theories in education. ...

Summary: Piaget’s, Vygotsky’s, Erikson’s Theories of Social Development

Introduction McLeod (2007) observes that a number of learning theories have been advanced to describe the nature social development, key among them being postulated by Erikson, Piaget and Vygotsky. According to him, the foundations laid by these theoretical approaches to human development have been used in various sectors for purposes of conceptualizing and formulating general as well as particular universal patterns that help to improve our understanding of certain phenomena. Such occurrences are characterized by learning, intelligence development, and social interactions. As a result, a number of suggestions have been proposed based on their findings with the aim of defining the ...

Q1 Attachment Theories of Different Theorists

Bowlby described attachment from a psychoanalytic point of view where he proposed that attachment was instinctive. Hence, children from the time they were born they had the tendency to form a bond with one main care giver, usually the mother. The attachment happens in the first two years of a child’s life and it is reciprocal, where the mother also develops the attachment. If there is no attachment by age three, Bowlby posited that it would be difficult for it to happen. Secure attachment was also essential for future development of mental, social, and emotional development of a child. Interruption of the ...

When asked to draw the water level in a glass tipped at a 45-degree angle, young children typically draw the water level as parallel to the top and bottom of the glass, rather than parallel to the true horizontal. What are the possible implications?

Children often transfer the experiences they have to their production when drawing or representing items. For the most part, when a child looks at a glass, the level of the liquid is parallel to the top and bottom of the glass, and so that memory is what children will use when drawing that glass, even if asked to draw ...

Background information on Piaget

Piaget was a renowned scholar in the field of psychology, especially in the area of development among the children. His work and ideas on cognitive development has exhibited significant impacts in the fields of child psychology, education and in a wide array of different fields. (Mussen, 1983).

Born in 1896, the Swiss Biologist cum botanist developed an interest with nature at the tender age of seven. His interests and thereafter achievements in psychology and botany were inspired by his mother who was said to be energetic and intelligent and somewhat overanxious. At age ten, he was already putting his efforts into ...

Jean Piaget’s theory

The theory of cognitive development is very critical in understanding the behavior of human beings both psychologically and physiologically. Cognitive psychologists view development as consisting of reorganization and acquisition of cognitive structures through which human being process and store information (Ellery, 1925). Piaget asserts that there are various stages in the development of an individual. Children in these stages often have different physical, emotional, social, and psychological differences. In the case of a twelve year old, who weighs 180lbs and is 5’1 tall, his behaviors will differ with that of a grown up. Since Piaget’s theory talks about ...

Abstract

Human development is an area that has been one of the most discussed areas of study in the last one century. Cognitive development of a person from childhood days to adult years was studied extensively by a Swedish psychologist Jean Piaget. He is known as the father of cognitive development theories. His four stages of cognitive development, sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete, and formal, are still considered to be the foundation of the cognitive development process. Piaget’s theory does not touch upon why individuals develop at a different rate or why there are different developmental stages. Vygotsky, on the other hand, proposed a completely ...

Developmental theories are attempts by psychologists to understand how humans develop from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Most of the theories were advanced after extensive studies were conducted on the human development cycle. This was a clear contrast from what used to happen before these theories were advanced; children were considered as smaller adults and their development was never of great concern (Crain, 2010). The existence of several theories in this particular area of human psychology indicates that there are different approaches and accepted interpretations on the influences on a person’s development. The theories are however inter-related in a few aspects ...

BACKGROUND

This experiment attempts to explain Piaget’s theory of cognitive development through contesting his method .It is significant that we first comprehend Piaget’s cognitive development theory.

Piaget’s approach to child development gives a totally different explanation of child development. For instance Piaget’s believe that development is a structural, systematic process. According to him, it is not only the amount of knowledge that differentiates the young child from the older intellectual or cognitive development; it becomes more capable of carrying out actions upon its environment as the child’s intellect develops which ensures its survival. Piaget thinks that ...

Introduction

Understanding your child is one of the most important things that one should learn as a parent. It is extremely important in becoming effective in the nurturing of the child while growing up. With time, parents understand that every child has a unique trait that stays with them throughout the life. Study of these traits of the children, right from prenatal development through the adolescence is called child psychology. It deals with not just the physical growth of the children, but also their mental, social and emotional development. Over the recent times, child psychology has developed scientifically to encompass “cognitive development, ...

Introduction

With interest in the field of child development emerging in the early twentieth century, many theories have been formed in an effort to understand the physical, educational, social, emotional, and cognitive growth that children undergo from birth into early adulthood (Cherry, 2013). In particular, developmental theories are organized systems of “principles and explanations of certain aspects of child development” (Swim, 2008). In this regard, this paper discuses three of the major developmental theories, namely the behavioral theory, the cognitive theory, and the sociocultural theory.

Summaries of three Major Developmental Theories

Behavioral Theory The behavioral theory focuses on the behavior of people, which can ...

1. Various theories of child development are utilized to examine physical and other aspects of child growth and psychological development. Some major child development theories include maturational theory, Piaget’s cognitive theory and ecological theory, three of several theories that are used to explore child development and learning.

Maturational, or maturationist theory, advanced primarily by Arnold Gesell, is sometimes classified under the broader umbrella of biological theories. Maturational theory, one of the earliest theories that arose from the study of children and their development, is based on the biological maturation of children, or their physical and psychological changes. ...

Both Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories have a common field, the cognitive development in children. Cognitive development refers to the study of development in children in parts of language learning, speech, processing information plus other brain development aspects. It compares children’s cognitive psychology from the point of view of an adult. The two theories try to explain how children develop using cognitive development.

Comparing the two theories, their similarity only lies on the fact that they both explain that social interaction is the underlying factor in cognitive development in children, but then different methods and factors are ...

[Class Title]

Introduction Juvenile offenders are generally treated differently than adult offenders. When it comes to juvenile offenders, the state is often perceived to take the role of a parent wherein it seek to provide rehabilitation rather than punishment. Some people, however, argue that juveniles should be treated as adults and must be confined in adult prisons. There are those who support that separation of juveniles into juvenile facilities citing social and psychological theories those points out to the special needs of juveniles. This paper would like to examine the difference between juveniles and adults on the way they ...

Moral development over an individual’s lifespan remains a major topic of interest for psychologists. There are many theories that have been developed over time but one of the most well-known was developed by Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg expanded the work of Jean Piaget and modified it to explain moral reasoning and how it develops. While Piaget described a process of moral development that occurred in only two stages, Kohlberg’s theory grew to include six stages within three different levels. Kohlberg proposed three these six stages and three levels that moral reasoning was a process that continued through an individual’s life. ...

Introduction

Institutionalized care is often perceived as care outside the home. In developing as well as developed societies it could be formal or informal depending on the desires of parents along with prevailing psychosocial factors. It was my privilege to observe Institutionalized care at a renowned Infant Day Care are Center in my community. This facility housed 20-40 babies ranging from ages of three weeks to twelve months. The rooms were distinctly organized by grouping infants according to their ages. There were two classrooms. The first classroom accommodated infants from zero to six months and the other from six months ...

Discussion 1:

Can violence risk be assessed in the same manner for male perpetrators vs. female perpetrators of domestic violence? Can similar assessment instruments be used for male perpetrators and female perpetrators of domestic violence? Do you think that treatment approaches should be the same or different for male perpetrators vs. female perpetrators of domestic violence?

Violence risk assessment should be different between men and women for the obvious reason that men and women have different motivations and capability in committing violence. According to statistics, men are more aggressive and violent than women as evidenced by data ...

Chapter 1: Learning Objectives

- Define development, focusing on three elements of its scientific study. Development is the scientific study of people’s lifespan changes, that is, from conception (womb) to death (tomb). It focuses on the systematic changes that occur over time among all individuals, and which explain continuities and discontinuities in life. - List and describe the basic steps of the scientific method. - Posing of the problem is done based on prior research, theory or observation. - Formulating of a hypothesis refers to an educated prediction, which can be verified or tested. - Testing of the ...

Abstract

Research into how individuals learn and the different stages of learning has been the focus of studies by various scholars. Based on the research that has been conducted so far, there are several theories that have been advanced. Notable among these theories are the theories that have been advanced by Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. They both concur on the role of the surrounding environment on the learner but differ on the effect. In spite of the differences that are evident in their theories they have been instrumental in shaping the teaching styles that are applies all over the world. ...

The cognitive development theory looks at development as a series of progressive changes in which a person uses their own intellect to continuously progress through stages. The nature of these stages is that each of them is more complex than the other. Piaget and Vygotsky were very influential in the psychology field in relation to the cognitive development theory. This paper describes the importance of their theories of cognitive development and outlines their influence on the current teaching methods. Vygotsky and Piaget are regarded as constructivists. This was directed to the learners in the current schools that they need to ...

How the teachers’ professional skills relate to the NAEYC standards for Early Childhood Professional Preparation

- Promoting Child Development and Learning According to Piaget, child development and learning involves understanding how children’s mind work and develop towards the understanding of their world. As a result, teachers apply their professional skills such as creation of environments that are supportive, respectful, healthy and challenging for each learner to promote children growth and development. In addition, teachers use their skills to understand children needs and characteristics. - Building Family and Community Relationships - Observing, Documenting, and assessing to support young children and community Under this standard, apply their skill with a backing from the ...

Introduction

In some ways, we all develop in almost the same ways, yet in other ways, we all seem to develop rather uniquely. We all have a lifespan during which a pattern of changes occurs from birth until death. In the field of study known as lifespan development, these patterns of development that takes place during the whole lifespan of a human being are examined. Human development is what lifespan development emphasizes on. Most life development studies emphasize on comprehending how principles of development vary around the world, and how the process of development is influenced by cultural, ethnic, and racial factors. Moreover, ...

Learning - Methodology and Patterns

- INTRODUCTION The process of acquiring a second/foreign language has evolved and it is permanently changing, developing in order to facilitate as much as possible learners in their aim of learning a new language, but also teachers, in their task to teach a second/foreign language in an efficient manner. It is becoming increasingly significant for teachers to be up to date with any developments in the process of efficiently preparing the methodology of a second/foreign language course and they need to permanently maintain an open mind and a pro – active approach to the new teaching methods, testing them in the classroom setting. ...

1.0 Paediatric profile for Toddlerhood (age 1-3 years)

Toddlerhood is a stage between infancy and childhood during which the child learns how to walk, talk, solve problems and relate with other people. Toddlers desire to be independent hence they often explore and assert their independence by saying “no” often. Toddlers are often low on skill and high on self will. For this reason, the stage of toddlerhood is often referred to as “ the terrible twos.” The stage lasts between the ages of one and three with each stage marked by physical, social and emotional development. Theories have been developed by various scholars on the developmental changes ...