Essays on Tomography

The concept of "social brain" is one of the challenging and advanced concepts of the modern neuropsychology. In addition, the "social brain", as a concept, forms a completely new approach to the study of social psychology and brain pathologies. Research and development of this concept contributes to the discovery of the social and psychological development of a person. The thematic justification of this study is important because it allows tracing the relationship between the social cognition and social behavior of a person, which is basic in the context of psychology, sociology, and neuropsychology. The development and use of the " ...

Abstract

Healthcare providers and physical therapist involved in the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders, the inclusion of an imaging modality would enhance and improve medical diagnosis of such conditions. Based on current evidence, the implementation of physical therapy is highly recommend before the inclusion of an imaging modality. In such cases, physical therapist would require a robust, comprehensive, and feasible diagnostic imaging modality. In the US, there is an increase in demand for physical therapist which enables them to practice in over 45 states. The privilege of imaging referral or inclusion of imaging modalities as an adjunct to screening ...

Introduction

The learning of a phenomenon requires the exploration of a variety of sources of information. The human personnel can be a source of specific information on certain aspect. For instance, interviewing a professional can help gather information on certain key aspects of the profession or a subject matter related to the profession. The interest in this paper is in the guidelines for the screening of colorectal cancer as a policy issue. To complement the secondary sources of information, this paper benefits from information gathered from an interview performed on the sixth day of July, 2016. The interviewee was Alison ...

Radiology, without which it is impossible to imagine modern medicine, was born with the discovery of the penetrating radiation made by German physicist Roentgen. This industry has largely contributed to the development of medical diagnostics. As any other industry, its development was revolutionary and has been infuenced by modern technologies. Today, X-ray diagnostics gets a new development. Using age-old experience of traditional radiographic techniques and armed with new digital technologies, X-ray diagnostics is still a leader in diagnostic medicine. In 1894 German physicist Roentgen (1845 - 1923) launched an experimental study of electrical discharges in the glass vacuum tubes. ...

Thesis

Improved Detection and Characterization of Obscured Central Gland Tumors of the Prostate:

requirementsRequirements for the degree of

2016

©2016 by All rights reserved Approved by First Reader Boris Nicolas Bloch, M.D.

Associate Professor of Radiology and

Director of Bioimaging Science Second Reader Kevin Thomas, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Bioimaging and Health Emergency

DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my patient spouse Landry, my wonderful children Charlie and Phoenix, and my dog Armani. (Delete this page if you don't need it. Be sure to delete all the text on the page, and the page break after it, not the section break before it. To see the section and page breaks, ...

Introduction

This paper addresses the major steps that Caring Angle Hospital can implement to realize its goals. Also, it recommends one strategy that the heath care provider can adopt to obtain a large market share. Finally, it examines value-added services will strengthen its value proposition.

Major steps for Caring Angle Hospital

Improve the quality of care Improving the quality of care is important since it will prevent patients from hopping from hospital to another. Caring Angle Hospital can employ various strategies to enhance the quality of their services. The hospital administration should consider managing the process of care rather than focusing on controlling on the physicians. ...

The manifestation of cancer begins when the cells in the body multiply out of control. There are various kinds of cancer with each type starting with the out-of control rapid growth of cells. In most cases, the rapid multiplication of the abnormal cells leads to the growth of tumors. Tumors can either be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are neither cancerous nor life threatening due to the fact that they do not move to other body parts. Malignant tumors cause cancer and are capable of spreading to other body parts close to the tumor. Malignant tumors are capable of ...

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Abstract Radiology is among the rapidly advancing specialties of the medical profession. It is both a diagnostic as well as an interventional specialty having direct links to medical experts from different parts of a hospital. Diagnostic radiologists use their knowledge and expertise in the diagnosis of a disorder, whereas interventional radiologists deal with the treatment of the disorder. Radiology department deals with different patients having diseases such as cancer and heart related problems. Patients having kidney problems, liver problems, back pain, fibroids in the uterus, and blockages in the veins and arteries may also visit interventional ...

Healthy behaviors play a key role in daily life. Yet, certain unhygienic practices tend to interfere with the health and induce a risk to the overall life. These practices could be high-fat diet, alcohol, and smoking. There is a need to know much about these. In such context, the present description deals with a topic “ What will kill you first, a smoking, a high-fat diet or alcohol?”.

Health -related risk factors:

A risk factor is any quality, trademark or presentation of a person that improves the probability of building up an ailment or damage. A few illustrations of the more vital danger elements ...

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Osteosarcoma, also known as osteogenic sarcoma, is a bone tumor commonly found in the childhood and adolescence. It has been commonly reported in patients in the age range of 15 to 19 years. Incidence of the disease is almost similar for both males and females. This disease develops in bone-generating mesenchymal cells (Huether & McCance, 2013).

Causes of Osteosarcoma

Rapid local growth can result in osteosarcoma and can increase the chances of mutation. Ionizing radiation, even in low doses, can become the cause of rapid local growth. It has been reported that even therapeutic radiations for other forms of cancer ...

Upper respiratory disease is a term that encompasses acute infections ranging from the benign common cold to life-threatening conditions (e.g., epiglottitis). Cases of upper respiratory disease are easy to recognize because the patients will complain about the following symptoms (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016):

Runny nose (always)

Sore throat (always) Coughing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Sneezing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Other symptoms depend on the patient’s age, medical history, and the pathogen causing the infection, so it is important to conduct a thorough assessment which consists of the following steps:

Interview the patient.

Perform ...

Introduction

Pulmonary edema (PE) is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the parenchyma and air spaces of the lungs. Most often PE is associated with respiratory failure and impaired gas exchange. Globally, PE is known to be characterized by two major factors, the first is associated with the injury of the lung parenchyma which is termed as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The second is associated with the failure of the left ventricle of the heart to release blood from the pulmonary circulation within the system and is termed as cardiogenic pulmonary edema (Glaus, Schellenberg , and Lang. 2010). The major cause ...

A medical specialty in which imaging is used for diagnosing and treating the diseases which are seen inside the body is called radiology. A variety of imaging techniques are used by radiologists these days like magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, X-ray, computed tomography etc. for diagnosis and treating the diseases. The X-rays are transmitted through the patient's body which produces the radiographs. The Dental radiography is popularly known as X-rays. Radiography is used by dentist mainly for finding dental structures that are hidden, cavities, loss of bones and benign masses.

Importance of the Radiographs in the Dental Field

Various types of X-rays are used by ...

Abstract

Prostate cancer is characterized by carcinoma of a gland in the male reproductive system and it typically develops in men over the age of 65. There is an assortment of treatment options in managing prostate cancer including: chemotherapy, hormone rehabilitation, surgical removal, brachytherapy, and external beam radiation therapy (Clinical Journal of Nursing). In external beam radiation therapy, it is essential for urologist to obtain consistency in the position of the prostate from the planning period before treatment to the initiation of radiotherapy to attain superior results. This study examines the efficiency of bladder filling and rectum emptying protocols and ...

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Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT scintigraphy) utilizes nuclear medicine along with gamma rays to get three-dimensional images (NLM, n.d.) of an internal part of the body such as heart with an objective of diagnosing a problem.

SPECT

In SPECT, a gamma-emitting radioisotope is administered into the bloodstream of a patient with the help of injection (Boyd, 2014; Hademenos, 1998). The radioisotope is, usually, a simple soluble ion as, for example, isotope of gallium(III) (Sharma, Prior, Belinsky, Kruh, & Piwnica-Worms, 2005; Wadas, Wong, Weisman, & Anderson, 2010). Most often, a marker radioisotope is also bound to a particular ligand ...

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Acute ischemic stroke refers to the death of brain tissue caused by interruption of the blood flow to brain. This interruption is caused by occlusion of a cervical or cerebral artery, or cerebral vein (Uchino, Pary, & Grotta, 2011). It is among the leading causes of death in the world. According to the estimates of American Heart Association, nearly one stroke occurs in every 40 seconds in the U.S., approximating 795,000 cases of stroke per year (American Heart Association Stroke, 2015). Assessment and management of acute ischemic stroke patients need to be done as soon as ...

[Institution Title]

Introduction

Quality control program for computed tomography (CT) scan is defined as a process or system that is designed to ensure that the performance of the scanner is still within the set standard (Seeram, 2015, p.432). This is accomplished using quality control tests. The result of a specific QC test for a given CT scanner is compared with other brands of CT scanners in the market. The purpose of quality control testing for CT scans is to ensure that every image produced by the machine is of good quality—clear, and readable, while still ensuring the lowest dose ...

Alzheimer Disease

Nowadays the humanity suffers a wide range of different diseases. Very often from news we hear about the epidemic of that or another illness which slowly kill the mankind. One of the diseases, a modern black death for aged people, is Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer disease may be characterized by affecting human’s brain, the section responsible for memory, thinking and language, and this way it influences the performance of the simplest daily activity of a person. It is well known that mostly aged people suffer from this illness. Those, who are over 60 years old are in risk of ...

Introduction

The only proven strategy to fight any form of cancer is early detection based on evidence and researchers. Based on current evidence, low-dose computed tomography (CT) is highly recommended for patients with high risk for lung cancer. Many researchers state the potential advantages of CT screening in such patients over conventional screening methods. The American Cancer Society and American Lung Cancer Association, early detection and CT screening is one of the best and only proven methods to fight lung cancer across all age groups. In the US, Lung Cancer is the lead cause of cancer-associated death with an alarming ...

Abstract

The field of medicine has gone through an immense transformation over the past years to the betterment of the field. In the past couple decades, there have been significant improvements in the patients imaging. There have been some imaging modalities that have been practiced in the medical sectors to help provide the body structures where standard prescriptive methods have proved ineffective. In the recent years, magnetic resonance imaging has been one of the fundamental modalities used in the imaging in the clinical medicine. There are several benefits and structural advantage that it exhibits over other imaging modalities. Among the ...

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

The symptoms appearing as a result of Multiple sclerosis are believed to be a result of blockage in the conduction as a result of defects in the synaptic junctions of the nerves, the defects could be demyelination and inflammation of the nerves (Smith and MacDonald, 1999). There is focal demyelination of the nerves, where the myelin sheath is damages but the axonal continuity remains undisturbed. The difference between Wallerian degeneration and Multiple sclerosis lies in the fact that in the former one there is degeneration of the axon also. Other features that can be observed in case of multiple ...

ICE Catheterization Lab Observations

Nurses assist the physician during catheterization procedures. There specific roles are; patient care and medication, administering conscious sedation, patient procedure monitoring and most importantly providing an emergency medication. From the start to the end of operations, the nurse has to be there. Moreover, nurses should interview the patient before any operation is started. Questions about allergies, heart diseases and previous illness are part of the assessment nurses should conduct. This assessment is necessary to know the health status of the patient. It is important to do patient assessment frequently to establish the medication effectiveness.

Catheterization requires the following ...

Abstract

This article contains a literature review pertaining to panoramic radiographs and their use as investigative tools in orthodontic diagnoses and treatment planning. The objective was to evaluate the clinical necessity of panoramic radiograph in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning if it is to be applied as a pre-treatment. Five pieces of literature were selected after applying key words to internet search engines. Two pieces of literature projected procedure errors, which ought to be addressed in facilitating the process and enhancing accurate diagnoses. In the first study a sample of 1287 ...

Background and Historical Development Of Cancer

Cancer is normally defined as an automated, abnormal growth of human body cells that result into neoformations. (ASC, 2012, p. 1) History of oncology traces its roots back to ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. Methods to treat tumors were partially described in an old manuscripts and treatises. Now these methods seem primitive, but aspiration to treat this disease deserves admiration. Doctors of antiquity applied the methods of cauterization, cutting-off tumors, amputation of extremities, also infusions and herbal broths.

Referring to DeVita and Chu (2008) history of oncology got the certain development after the microscope invention and experiments on animals. ...

Selection from an 8 year-period of pulmonary valve replacement and cross sectional follow up of a commercially available biological valve, assessed with established and a new method

What This Thesis Is About

Pulmonary valve replacement is a procedure necessary in many congenital heart defects and in-valve degeneration cases. Surgical results are excellent, but the longevity of artificial valves is very limited. Our goal was to give a retrospective overview of methods and results from the year 2000 until 2008 at Rikshospital, as well as the prospective five year follow-up of a biological valve made from bovine pericardium. Follow up included clinical examination with ECG, echocardiography, spirometry, treadmill testing, echocardiography ...

Introduction

Hospitals are homes to different patients who require different attention. This means that there must be people who are qualified for different roles in the medical field. In this connection, hospitals are not required as a block where all patients are handled in the same room. Instead, departments should be formed where each of them operates in support of the other to ensure patients are handled and treated accordingly. This has resulted to existence of various experts for specific duties in the hospital. Among the most common departments in hospitals are Dermatology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Pulmonary, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, ...

Structural imaging of the living human brain represents certain measurement techniques that can display anatomical information of the brain. These measurements techniques include X-ray, Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT). computed Tomography scanning builds up a picture of the brain based on the differential absorptions of X-rays (Laureys & Tononi, 2011). It takes advantage of the fact that X-rays reflect the relative density of the tissue through which they pass (Laureys & Tononi, 2011). It uses computational techniques to provide visual images of the living human brain through passing of the X-rays at different angles. The major ...

Biopsychology – Is a new study that has been developing over the past 50 years. It is close to the fundamental science psychology, but biopsychology directly studies how can we increase the speed of studying by means of stimulating brain nerves. The ones who study this course take a close look at how the behavior of an individual changes due to specific areas of brain being damaged as well as the influence of alcohol and drugs on brain.

Different methods for research are implemented. For example special methods to visualize the living brain: Contrast X-rays, MRI, Magnetoencephalography, Positron Emission Tomography, Computerized ...

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by distortion of reality, disturbances of thought and language, and withdrawal from social contact. It can also result in cognitive disturbances. Cerebellar dysfunction, movement problems, and postural control are also among important problems of schizophrenia. Various factors are involved in the development of schizophrenia. In these factors, hereditary characteristics, environment, and brain structure and function are found to have an important role. Medical imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help in studying the disease. This paper deals with some important aspects of ...

Positron Emission Tomography (PET), in recent years, has experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics. The development and availability of radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the major driving forces for the expansion of PET (Fani et al, 2008, pg. 1). Currently, DOTA peptides such as DOTATOC, DOTATATE and DOTA-NOC among others are being promoted for routine clinical use in nuclear medicine. The increase in the knowledge of purification and the concentration of the eluate and the complex ligand chemistry has led to the (68) Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals with a ...

This paper seeks to establish the use of technology in the investigation of cognitive processes. Cognitive processes are the mental functions of intuition, sensing, feeling and thinking. These functions divide along the lines of; processes of perception and processes of judgment. Sensory and intuitive processes help the brain in perceiving the environment and collecting information. Thinking and feeling processes apply in making appropriate decisions as may be required of the situation. Owing to the immense value of cognitive Processes to humanity, it is important that they are apparent. The use of technology has changed the manner in which ...

Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

This is a case study of Joseph. Joseph is a twenty five year old American male. There are more than 25 million people who are affected by schizophrenia. There is suspicion and uncertainty with regards to the causal attributes of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that has multiple manifestations. It is hard enough to try to understand the cognitive processes of as healthful person, let alone understand the cognitive processes someone who is manifesting symptoms of schizophrenia. Imagine looking at a person who is sitting on a park bench pretending to argue with someone while sitting on the park bench by themselves. The ...

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Introduction

Radiographic treatments are based on the novel concepts of three-dimensional anatomy along with cross-sectional anatomy. The advancement in the art of computer science proposes the enhanced knowledge about the human body organized in a stronger and conceptual way. This is a computer’s era where dealing with plain text has become outdated. Knowledge engineering facilitates the designing and creation of symbolic information in a much more steady and supple manner. Computer graphics crafts the realistic interactive three-dimensional (3D) models of human anatomy and physiology. CT and MR provided information ...

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by an abnormal formation of the atrial septum. Genetic and hemodynamic mechanisms are considered responsible for the onset of the disorder. For example, the increased blood flow from inferior vena cava during fetal development causes the septum primum valve to become deficient, but the perturbation of the transcription factors regulating the atrial septal development, such as Shh, Gata4, Tbx5, and Nkx2-5 (Kendall, Karamichalis, Karamlou, Teitel, & Cohen, 2014). ASD is the second most common congenital cardiac anomaly, and it is estimated that approximately 568 cases of ASD occur during childbirth (Kendall ...

Implications of inadequate patient histories on the radiological examinations

Implications of inadequate patient histories on the radiological examinations

Introduction

Radiology is a medical specialty that uses imaging techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Commonly used radiological techniques include X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A number of factors influence the diagnosis made by radiological techniques. Some of these factors include type of the disease, type of the technique used, parameters of the instrument used, interpersonal differences between the radiologists and clinical history of the patient. The availability or non-availability of the clinical history affects the diagnosis of radiological ...

[Class Name]

Since the beginning of science, humans have always marveled around the human body. They have especially been interested in the human body and how it works. One such marvel is that of the autopsy. Post-mortem bodies have been examined and discovered ever since the Egyptian period when mummification practices led to organs being removed and studied. Since then autopsies have been performed as a means of diagnosing and determining causes of death. They have also been used as court evidence, as autopsies are performed to determine cause of death and other ailments that may have occurred. Recently, a method ...

Ball State University: Nursing 101

(Interventional) Radiology

Introduction

The application of principles of physics has led to technical advancements and the development of new techniques in the field of radiology. This has been a major factor which has revolutionized the diagnosis as well as a therapeutic approach in clinical medicine. Various improvements in medical imaging techniques involving the transition from analogue to digital imaging and continued developments in communication technology have together improved the processing capabilities of computers and generated a quantum leap in the area of micro instruments and molecular biology .Various enhancements in the field of radiology have led to immense benefits such as higher quality ...

Introduction

The urinary system is the filter mechanism used for flushing out toxic wastes and excess water out of the human body. Consisting of the two kidneys, the bladder, ureters and the urethra, the urinary system helps not only in discharging wastes from the body but also helps in regulating blood pressure and blood volume. The kidneys are two bean shaped organs positioned near the middle of the back on both sides of the spinal column. The kidneys produce urine by processing around 200 quarts of blood every day, and the amount of urine varies among individuals depending on the ...

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Introduction The National Stroke Association (2009) defines stroke as an ‘attack’ to the brain cells and tissues that often cuts off perfusion. Hemorrhagic strokes results when a blood vessel that supplies a certain area of the brain breaks or ruptures causing blood leakage into the brain tissue (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). Prevalence of stroke in the United States (US) is estimated at 800,000 per year and mortality rate is about 160,000 people per year (National Stroke Association, 2009). In Canada, stroke accounts for more than 14,000 deaths per year (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). However, ...

Introduction about the Radioisotopes

In this paper, a trainee is going to learn about the operation and handling of radioisotopes. Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine using the radiation to analyze the function of the organs. This information is used by the physicians to have an accurate diagnosis. The radioisotopes are used to determine the affected organs in our body. The problems, like, thyroid, organs, bones, and many other organs can be easily imaged using this device. Over 10, 000 hospitals are currently using the radioisotopes in the medical field. The radioisotopes are the common isotopes used for diagnosis in technetium – 99. In the ...

Introduction

A comparative literature review was conducted as the first phase of our research projected and it main goals focused on the effects of terrorism in developing countries. The study area of literature review was carried out in Portland. The main aim was to determine the outcomes that the communities and effect of terrorism in one’s country. The study reveals that fire service agencies in the United States are facing new and more difficulties challenges in regulating. According to the review it is noted that terrorism creates fear and causes instability hence negative impact on the economy of Portland ( ...

2. Neurodegenerative disease resulting in mental and intellectual decline (alz.org). 3. Most common cause of dementia and progressively worsens leading to patient’s death. 4. Symptoms a. Memory loss (alz.org). b. Inability to solve daily tasks and problems c.Confusion about place and time d. Depression and social withdrawal - Causes of AD - i. Presence of Amyloid peptide oligomers and neurofibrillary tangles that result in damage and death of neurons.(Gravitz, 2011) ii. Inherent Genetic predisposition. (APOE) allele 4, GSK3 and TREM2 are part of gene clusters associated with AD ( ...

Introduction

Most childhood deaths and disabilities are associated with trauma. According to Kossmann & Raghupathi (2012), the United States (U.S.) records about 3000 infant deaths, 50,000 hospitalizations and approximately 700,000 emergency department visits each year. Minor head injuries, also referred to concussion is the trauma-induced alteration of brain functions that might or might not cause loss of consciousness in the affected person. Infants have higher chances of suffering from minor head injuries because they involve in various sporting activities that subject their heads to various types of forces. Head traumas occur mostly among children between the ages of 0 ...

Introduction

The complex mysteries of the brain have been the subject of constant debate, intrigue and controversy for many years. Over the last few decades, the mysteries on the working of the brain have started to be more clearly understood. Neuropsychology is at the forefront of making this possible through technological advancements in imaging. Neuropsychology is the study of how the brain and its complex components impact on behavior (Hartlage, Lawrence and Long 3). Neuropsychology also comprises of studying how behavior is affected by brain function. In this science, the function of the brain is evaluated through objective testing of ...

Introduction

There are many techniques that are being used today to examine the functionality of the human brain. Most of the current technologies emerged in early 1990s. Some of the technologies that are used for brain imaging include; computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), event-related potentials (ERPs) and magnetoncephalography (MEG). This paper will look at the history of these techniques used for brain imaging(Katz & Alexander 1994). 1895 – 1900 Early uses of brain imaging The process of imaging human dieses started in 1895 following the discovery of Wilhelm Roentagen. He was a physicist that ...

4.1 Main research questions and sub research questions used Main question: How can the current medical treatments data synchronization be optimized in relation to the hospital billing system for a more efficient and accurate billing system?

Sub question 1: Which medical billing systems is state-of-the-art in medical treatment data synchronization at this moment? (Literature)

Sub question 2: How could the current data processing and billing system be described? (Analysis) Sub question 3: What are the requirements for an efficient, effective and accurate billing system? (Redesign) Literature Review Introduction Recent literature shows that the development in technology brings numerous things that individuals have not had in many years, especially in the healthcare. The basis ...

Introduction

Emergence of image guidance technology Today’s computer-aided healthcare technology relies on much modality medical image and multimedia information. An image-guided radiation therapy was introduced due to the ever-increasing challenges originating from fast growth of the information technology sector and the global expansion of healthcare needs. Image guided technologies aid in the effective management of patients in the areas of detection, diagnosis and intervention. The image guidance technologies is a process that uses frequent imaging during a radiation therapy in order to improve accuracy and precision in delivering of treatment (Peters & Cleary 2008). Before the introduction of image guidance technology, ...

Nuclear medicine is the use of radioactive isotopes to diagnose and treat patients. It is considered a functional measurement method, as the imaging is based on cellular function and physiology, rather than structure, like an X-ray (Prvulovich & Bomanji, 1998). The kind of radiation that is measured in nuclear medicine is gamma rays. Patients are prepared for a nuclear medicine procedure by having an amount of tracer isotope administered that is just enough to obtain the sought for information before its decay. The World Nuclear Association reports that in the United States each year there are about 18 million nuclear medicine procedures ...

Breast cancer is harmful to women and men, can lead to the loss of a breast or can be fatal. Breast cancer refers to a type of cancer that originates from the tissues of the breast especially the inner lining of the milk duct or lobules that are involved in the supply of milk to the ducts (Sariego). Breast cancer just like the other cancers takes place through an interaction between environmental factors and the host who is genetically susceptible. Normal cells usually become cancerous after losing their ability to stop the division process. Breast cancer is divided into two main ...

MRI is an imaging system that is applied in radiology in visualizing the interior composition of the human anatomy in fine details. The MRI process in medical practice uses the properties of magnetic resonance in creating images of the nuclei of the body cells and as a result it creates a detailed image of the body structure as compared to the X-rays. The MRI technique has had a rapid development within the field of medicine since the introduction of the early MRI equipment in medical care at the start of the 1980s. Consequently, by the year 2002, it is estimated that more ...

Introduction

Fourier analysis is a field of mathematics that studies how general functions can be approximated or represented by the addition of simple trigonometric functions. Fourier analysis is named after a man who proved that representing a mathematical function in the form of a sum of a trigonometric function simplifies the inquiry into heat propagation. Joseph Fourier envisioned the Fourier series, a concept from which Fourier analysis grew. Presently, vast spectrums of mathematics involve Fourier analysis as a subject. The subject spans through the field of engineering and sciences. In these two fields, Fourier analysis involves the process through which a function is decomposed into simpler functions. The ...

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a method of medical imaging that works by detecting gamma rays produced by the interaction of electrons with positrons after a tracer radionuclide is injected into the body. The tracer radionucleotide used is dependent on the part of the body that is being investigated, in some cases it is modified glucose, in others, it is a receptor ligand. Common uses of PET scans are cardiac studies that measure the oxygenation of the tissues of the heart and the function of the heart muscle, to detect skeletal trauma and bone cancers, kidney imaging to study the renal function ...

Abstract

Depressive Disorders is an umbrella title for a varied range of disorders that include, major depressive disorder, Bipolar disorder I and II, and dysthymia. Bipolar Disorder is a debilitating condition that has a lifetime prevelance of 1-1.6%. It accounted for a $15.5 billion dollar loss in productivity during the 1990’s in the United States (Soreff 2013). This paper hopes to expand your knowledge on the key characteristics of depressive disorders with a specific emphasis on bipolar disorder. Depression and mania have been written about many times throughout the course of mans history on earth. King Saul was thought to suffer from depression, ...

- Toxicology With the help of an electron microscope, it becomes possible to carry out a detailed study of the toxic lesions in order to understand the toxicological events. - Electron Tomography and Sub-cellular Structure Electron tomography is a technique which is used to visualize and investigate the three-dimensional structural information about the sub-cellular macromolecular specimens. It is a three-dimensional electron microscopy technique used for sub-cellular imaging.

Principles of Function

- Electrostatic Interactions In an electron microscope, electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses are used to selectively control and focus the electron beam to generate images. In atoms, with the increase in atomic ...

The technique of low coherence reflectometry has been extended to tomographic imaging in the systems of the biological. The light from the coherence property which is reflected from the retina provides the required information from the reflective boundaries of the delay on the time-of-flight. This delayed information helps in determining the longitudinal site location of the reflection. This is achieved by the use of OCT system’s scans providing the location of the reflected site map in a two-dimension. It uses a mode that operates in the analogous which is then converted to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging . The resolution of the ...

Technological advancements in various fields have been consistently apparent in today’s society. Communications, travel, production, and other industries make use of technologically advanced equipment and gadgets every day. Wherever we look, we can see the profound effects of technology and how it changes people’s everyday lives. It is indeed astounding to see the products of technology that people fifty or a hundred years ago thought was impossible. Any technological innovation is a product of a human need that needs to be addressed. Through this constant discovery and conscious effort to answer these human needs, we get to see many ...

Light and heat are the common types of radiation that human beings know. This is because the two can be seen and felt. However, there are other kinds of radiation that cannot be detected by human beings. In many cases, human beings constantly receive this invisible radiation either from the ground, air or sky. They can as well be found in processed drinks and foods. Ionizing radiation can be used in many fields; including hospitals where doctors use X rays in the diagnoses of injuries and other disease; industrial unit where they are used in checking repairs in components ...

Neurotechnology is the science that combines advancements in medicine, gadgets and treatment to alleviate suffering in patients by learning how the brain interacts with the rest of the body. This technology also includes methodologies that are put in place to improve the functioning of the brain, consequently permitting researchers to study the brain. Neurotechnology has left an indelible mark in today’s society, but even with these advancements, some conditions have been found to affect an individual adversely even without their realization . Modernity in the science of the brain has made it possible to visualize various aspects of the ...

INTRODUCTION

Arteriovenous vascular malformation is a collection of poorly formed and abnormal arteries and veins. Though the cause is unknown, they are thought to occur due to developmental anomalies of blood vessels in utero. Compared to other blood vessels, they have an increased tendency to bleed which could be deleterious to the brain and the individual involved. Since they are poorly formed, they are not as strong as the normal vessels, hence their propensity to bleed easily.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

The prevalence and incidence is not really known, the only available data are from autopsy reports which suggests around 4% incidence in the population. Autopsy ...

Diagnostic tests and complementary/alternative medicines for coronary artery disease

The diagnosis of CAD is based on the presenting manifestations, medical history, and a battery of tests. These tests are usually conducted in a systematic manner beginning with the least expensive and non-invasive ones to the more expensive and invasive ones. If the findings of one level of tests are inconclusive or abnormal, the tests in the next level of diagnostic tests are conducted. The tests utilized in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease include blood tests, stress testing, non-invasive and invasive imaging techniques. Non-invasive imaging techniques include electrocardiography, echocardiography, nuclear imaging, positron emission tomography, electronic beam computed tomography, and magnetic ...