Essays on Symptom

1.0 Introduction of the Book and Background Information
Essentially, USA has become an increasingly capitalistic nation that concentrates on individuality rather than a community-based orientation. This condition is embedded in almost all aspects of the Americans’ lives that include social, environmental, and political activities. The alarming self-centeredness has raised a lot of concern from scientists, socialists, psychologists, and scholars in general. As a result, it has been investigated and researched widely in order to come up with ways of combating and reducing its levels in the social realms. In this line of thought, Twenge and Campbell (2009) addressed self- ...

Care of People with Heart Failure

Introduction
The constantly increasing number of people suffering from heart failure and other chronic conditions is always raising concern about the quality of health services accorded to these people. Admittedly, improving health care has emerged as one of the urgent issues around the world with governments, health care administrators and physicians, just to mention but a few, letting their policy objective be appreciably influenced by the desire to improve health care delivery, particularly for chronic and long term illnesses. This paper aims at describing the best model for care for heart failure. The paper also describes how models of ...

Introduction

Nursing burnout has been a problem for hospitals and health institutes administrators for years. Addressing problems caused by nursing burnout plays can actually be alarming considering the fact that it can affect the credibility and reliability of the healthcare services available in the hospital as well as its capability to handle patients. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for researchers as well as the nurses themselves to know the causes, risk factors, and the effects of burnout to themselves and their patients. Nurses should always be on call and ready to deliver high quality nursing services and they surely ...

Introduction to the Review

Clinical Psychology is the diagnoses, assessment, prevention and treatments of psychological diseases. Individuals who specialize in this field are called psychotherapists and are involved in a number of jobs like psychotherapy of clients, functioning of public administration programs and carrying out research projects.
Lots of clinical psychologists have done extensive research on the diagnoses and treatments of hundreds of mental illnesses. Amongst them, the most prominent psychological disorder is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) on which a huge amount of research is done to find the most convenient and successful strategies to solve it. It is one of the anxiety ...

Oppositional Defiant Disorder is currently listed as a diagnosis for children or adolescents, with set symptom lists and diagnostic models for clinicians. However, this disease has undergone a wide array of changes to symptomology, diagnostic criteria, etiology, treatment, and theory. From the emergence of the disease in 1968 as a subtopic, through a specific diagnostic code and classification of its own, the evolution of this once-ignored disease has been rapid yet undertaken with a great deal of conscientious effort by those who develop the manuals and standards the entire mental health community follows.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a ...

Antisocial personality disorder and criminality

Societal expectations from rational humans are often viewed as demanding, but high tolerance is exercised on the situations that depict some form of deviations, which do not last for long. When the variance from the expected norm is extreme and last for relatively long, the affected individuals are said to be suffering from antisocial personality disorder. A psychiatric condition characterized by adamant behaviors, which tend to exploit, manipulate and violate the liberties of humans, animals and other societal elements, antisocial personality disorder is one of the factors that motivate the engagement of vices in the society. Persistent disregard to ...

Schizophrenia has many physical and mental symptoms. The symptoms of schizophrenia are similar to many other mental illnesses. It is not possible to pinpoint one particular diagnosis to detect schizophrenia. Schizophrenia symptoms can start any time, however, in men it generally starts during teen ages and in women the disease mostly starts during 20s or 30s. It is extremely unlikely to develop schizophrenia after the age of 45 or during childhood. There are many symptoms of schizophrenia which can broadly be classified into three categories - positive, negative and cognitive.

Positive Effects of Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms are those which reflect in excess or ...

Lesson 2.1

- What are the red flags of back pain that must be considered in the management of any patient?

The red flag symptom is pain. The details are antecedents of minor or major pain, MVA occurrence or heavy lifting (Bigos et al. 1994; Jackson & Browning, 2005; Chou et al., 2007; Leerar et al., 2007). The red flag symptom is chronological age. There is an augmented hazard of cancer resulting from aortic aneurysm (Bigos et al. 1994; Jackson & Browning, 2005; Chou et al., 2007; Leerar et al., 2007). The red flag is antecedents of cancer. There is the possibility of ...

September 11 attacks

September 11 attacks, also referred to as 9/11, is a series of commercial airplanes hijacking and suicide attack committed by 19 terrorists associated with the Islamic extremist group, Al-Qaeda against the United States (Pandya, 2013). The planes were carrying 11, 4000 gallons of jet fuel, which experts claim that the objective of the militants was to take control of the planes once they were airborne and turn them into weapons of mass destruction (Pandya, 2013). The attack targeting the U.S. was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks on the American soil in the history of the world. The attacks ...

Psychology

OUTLINE
- Introduction
- An overview of the main points involving Bipolar Disorder will be discussed
- Description of Bipolar Disorder
- Etiology or cause of the disorder
- DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5 symptom criteria of Bipolar Disorder
- Disorder Statistics
- Prevalence or the number of people who display Bipolar Disorder in the total population at any given time
- The number of cases or incidence of Bipolar Disorder appearing during a specific period
- Other relevant facts pertaining to Bipolar Disorder
- Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
- The type of therapeutic approach including cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal therapy, which ...

Introduction

This paper analyzes the findings and emerging hypothesis of five peer -reviewed articles. The articles address three main topics. These topics are negative affective responses, breakup of romantic relationships and self-esteem. It was established that depressive symptoms were the intersecting issue in all the articles reviewed. Interpersonal and academic factors were found to have links with depressive symptoms in college students. Besides, one study established people in an intimate relationship were less likely to develop depressive symptoms. Depression was a common problem for people who had experienced romantic relationship breakups. Again, self-esteem was found to be a predictor of ...

Schizophrenia is diagnosed using symptoms that are classified in the groups; positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and disorganized symptoms. The positive symptoms involve the symptoms that normal individuals do not experience but the schizophrenia people experience them. For example, schizophrenia persons tend to have delusions, visual, olfactory, speech, auditory, and gustatory hallucinations. These symptoms are regarded as a manifestation of psychosis (Kneisl C. and Trigoboff E., 2009).
The disorganized symptoms include disorganized thinking. The disorganized thinking is manifested in the speech of the person. The person does not make coherent speeches but jumps from one topic to another randomly, and ...

Arguably one among the rarest disorders, pyromania is complicated, both in diagnosis and treatment. Categorized under the impulsive control disorders, pyromania is complicated by the fact that it has quite a number of common characteristics with such ICDs as compulsive gambling, kleptomania, trichotillomania and a few others. The name pyromania is derived from two Greek words, pyr (meaning fire) and mania (meaning madness). While this disorder was the latest to join the list of known ICDs, it has for a long time been associated with social insanity. Before the disorder was scientifically identified, people considered all fires to be ...

Military veterans have post-traumatic stress disorder which affects their lives, mentally and even physically. These conditions are treatable and their lives can run smoothly and normally. The rationale of this paper shall be to examine how PTSD conditions affect the military veteran and evaluate brain and physical effects associated and establish ways of treating these conditions.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to some psychological consequences due to exposure to or having being confronted with experiences that were stressful which to the person was highly traumatic. The experience involves threatened or actual death, threat to psychological and or physical integrity. ...

The movie “ Flowers for Algernon” was released in February 2000. The movie is based on a short written by Charlie Gordon who acts as the main character. Charlie is 32 years old who has an IQ of 68.
In the movie, Charlie who is the main character and the main narrator is the subject of the movie through his mental retardation and the urge to improve his mental status. He attends special classes that are aimed at improving his reading and writing skills to make him smarter. To help him achieve this feat, teacher Alice Kinnian offers her night ...

Counseling is a tool for development and enhancement of life. In a counseling process, a skillful counselor is able to help patients who want to develop themselves and make changes in their lives. Counseling with children is a beneficial concept in the field of counseling as it helps in the development process of a child becoming an adult. This ranges from a young kid, through adolescence, youth, and finally becoming an adult. It is necessary to apply exceptional care in child counseling as the patient may seem undemanding, but have complex issues. The nature of handling and acquiring information ...

Introduction

Cancer is a huge problem of all mankind. We know that this is the second disease after cardiovascular diseases in terms of mortality. Currently, a lot of research is conducted to understand the reasons for which there is a cancer, find a cure and to develop methods of prevention. Nevertheless, the problem of cancer has been and remains a priority for the medical community. In developed countries, there is a tendency to reduce the increase in the incidence and mortality from cancer. The main increase in deaths from the disease occurs in developing countries.
There are more than 100 ...

Logical form

Langer looks at logical form as the obscurity of two or more things, majorly a work of art to the object it symbolizes. The logical form would be the extent of resemblance or similarity of the artistic aspect to the object.

Langer supported the thought that music should be expressed as “a formulation and representation of mental tensions, emotions, moods and resolutions.” Where to her, form meant permanent, as would a “permanent building or vase or picture or transient.” She looks at logical form as the exemplification of similar relational structure. This is can ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Midlife, or the age between 35 and 55, can be a complicated time for a woman. As a female enters these years, sometimes it can be difficult to navigate the waters because the things that once made her happy are no longer available, or as satisfying. This can be confusing. Other things that she never enjoyed before may be cast in a new light, and be even more enjoyable than the female ever thought possible. There may be complicated feelings about life satisfaction, which can lead to new discoveries or depression. The female may attempt sexual exploration as her ...

At one point of time, former President of America, Ronald Reagan was said to have a photographic memory. His expertise at memorization proved to be an asset when he was an actor and when he auditioned for becoming a sports announcer. However, when the ex-US president marched into his 70s, things were no more the same (Lowman, 2011).
In 1993 it was observed that Reagan forgot many things, including the names of his aides, Cabinet officers and dignitaries. And during a regular annual health check-up at the Mayo Clinic in 1994, he was diagnosed with the dreaded Alzheimer’s ...

Abstract 1

Introduction 2
Discussion 4

Intervention Programs 5
Precaution Adoption Process Model 6
The Transtheoretical Model 6
Conclusion 7

Work Cited 9

Abstract
Children mostly learn through vision and hence the vision is imperative for proper development during infancy. Loss of vision has an extensive impact on a child’s development and could lead to delayed walking. One of the conditions that result in loss of vision if not attended to in the early stages is retinoblastoma. This is referred to an intraocular cancer of the eye that majorly affects children before the age of five. It is one of the greatest disease ...

Since I was a kid, it has been hard for me to fit in to social groups. Until today, I find it hard to find even a single person who connects with me, or understands me, except my psychiatrist. Although I said that I don’t socialize because people don’t usually understand me, my psychiatrist says that I have a schizotypal personality disorder, and it explains why I don’t usually fit in or socialize (Butcher, Hooley and Mineka, 336). Also, it explains my – like some people call it – weird behaviors. Since, I don’t usually socialize, I’ ...

The main objectives of the study are to determine the difference in concussion symptoms, symptoms resolution time and return to play time of male and female athletes in high schools. This study was deemed significant due to the increase in the number of female students who are taking part in sports. The techniques used involve the collection of data using Reporting Information Online and analyzing the data statistically. The aims of this work are achieved since it was found out that male athletes showed cognitive symptoms while female athletes showed neurobehavioral symptoms.
In this journal the researcher appears objective ...

Article 1: Patterns of Anxiety in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilatory Support

This research study was done by Chlan and Savik, (2011) in an attempt to explore on the anxiety patterns in the ICU patients using mechanical ventilation support. The research employed descriptive statistics for ordinal and interval data that were presented as medians with ranges and provided the skewed data distributions. The categorical data was analyzed and presented as frequencies. The initial analysis graphed the anxiety trajectories for every participant to discern the pattern changes. The mixed model effects were then employed in the analysis since they accommodate non-homogeneous and correlated residuals that were expected in the repeated measures. The ...

Abstract

Fibromyalgia is an illness or disorder that affects about 2-5 % of the world’s population and that that is characterized by musculoskeletal pain and general muscle stiffness. One of the suggested methods of treating this disorder is massage therapy. This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review on the use of massage therapy as an effective intervention technique of Fibromyalgia. The paper will commence with a brief introduction that explains the basics of the disorder. This will then be followed by a comprehensive literature review of various article publications that have touched on the subject. The review will ...

Hospice is a multidisciplinary approach to family-centered and holistic care for persons nearing the end of life. As such, patients receiving this type of care have terminal illness and are certified to have a life expectancy of six months or less (Crozier & Hancock, 2012). The focus of hospice care is to enhance the patient’s quality of life through symptom management and comfort measures. The patient, caregiver, and family also benefit from psychological and spiritual care, education, coaching, and grief support (Batchelor, 2012). Because of their life stage, pediatric patients have hospice needs unique from adults. Thus, pediatric hospice ...

Pancreatic Cancer

PANCREATIC CANCER
History of Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer of the Pancreas is a malignant neoplasm coming from transformed cells occurring in tissues that form the pancreas. In the United States, this cancer is the fourth most general cause of cancer-related fatalities in the United States. There are several types of pancreatic cancer and the most well-known type is the adenocarcinoma. The person who discovered this condition is still unknown. However, physicians from the ancient Greece, Egypt, and China accepted this condition and recognized as a condition with unacceptable effect. Moreover, these people from ancient times may seem to be unaware ...

Childhood abuse can occur as sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, but all forms of abuse can potentially cause anxiety, social function impairment, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although female children frequently experience more sexual abuse than male children, a meta-analysis on research papers in 22 countries found that the average prevalence of male sexual abuse is 7.9 percent (as cited in Hopton & Huta, 2012). Between 5 and 10 percent of children experience severe physical abuse, and 50 percent of them experience corporal punishment (Margolin & Vickerman, 2011). However, instances of childhood abuse are rarely reported, so only rough estimates are ...

Health care management is considered as a vital component in clinical settings. With the growing needs and demands of patients, appropriate strategies need implementation by the health care professionals. Patients who present severe life threatening conditions appear in need of great support. Here, the ultimate goal is to promote an improved patient outcome and quality of life (QOL). This task could rely on the skill and professional expertise of caregivers especially, nurses. Nurses have great potential in caring patients. They could incorporate special patient tailored strategies to improve outcomes. This description focuses on ‘nursing interventions to promote patient outcomes’.
...

Developmental Emergence of Alcohol Use Disorder Symptoms and Their Potential as Early Indicators for Progression to Alcohol Dependence in a High Risk Sample : A Longitudinal Study From Childhood to Early Adulthood: An Article Review

The Problem(s)
What is the likelihood of specific Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) symptom appearance once drinking has begun among young people of specific gender, parental alcohol dependence, early onset of drinking, and level of delinquent behavior at onset (Buu et. Al. 2012)?
What is the usefulness which symptom came first as an indicator of likelihood for eventual move into diagnosis of AUD ( ...

Business report

Introduction
Recently, there have been some complaints raised by the government in regard to our operations. The report seeks to explain the nature of the problem that is being experienced in the company and its symptoms. It shall also critically and comprehensively analyze the problem to come up with effective methods of unraveling the problem and a broader implication of the problem on our management functions and practices. I will culminate the report by coming up with relevant recommendations that if applied will solve the problem that has already manifested itself, any other problem within and without the organization ...

The advent of the Internet age has changed the face of social activism forever. No longer is social activism marked by marches or rallies; today, information is shared in the form of images or video, spread virally from one form of social media to the next. Such was the case with “Kony 2012” the video created to shed light on the actions of Joseph Kony. “Kony 2012” became a viral video, spreading across the United States and around the world faster than Invisible Children, the charity that created the film, could ever have imagined.
The “Kony 2012” film was ...

Introduction

The global burden of psychiatric disorders is high and the etiology of these diseases varies between and within individuals. Current studies are focusing on genetic factors associated with each class of disorders. Other studies take a psychological approach to the management of psychiatric disorders.

Article Summaries

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders affecting up to 13.3% of the population in the U.S. Anxiety disorders have been associated with decreased productivity, increased morbidity and mortality rates, and increased growth of alcohol and drug abuse (Bystritsky et al., 2013).  Studies have found an extensive presence of comorbidities in patients presenting with ...

Massage Therapy as a Rising Form of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Society’s increase in awareness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) techniques can be very visible nowadays. This reflects the growing awareness of people regarding practices related to CAM and also an increased emphasis on promoting health and wellness instead of medically fixing the body when it is already burdened by disease and other ailments. Complementary and alternative medicine is a broad term that encompasses all non-Western medical practices that aim to promote health such as massage, yoga, acupuncture, aromatherapy and other related practices. One of the most popular CAM techniques is massage.

Massage History and Important Principles

Massage has a long standing tradition ...

Article Review

IBS or commonly referred to as irritable bowel syndrome affects around 20% of the population. The symptoms of this disease are abdominal and intestinal irritants that result from undigested carbohydrates, fats, excess production of bile and inflammation. This alters the mucosal cavity permeability that results in inflammation causing irritation and pain in the intestines. The transit of feces from one part of the intestines to the other is altered making it difficult to maintain a regular discharge routine. The article tries to identify the diagnosis process of the disease, the mechanisms that cause the syndrome, consequences and signs and ...

An Effective Alternative for Treating Lower Back Pain

Wayne State University Health Clinic
5200 Anthony Wayne DriveSuite 115Detroit, MI 48202

Heliotrope Enterprises

Executive Summary
Lower back pain is a common symptom prompting clinic visits in the University. The standard treatment is pain-relieving medications and rest from exertion but current trends in health care point to the increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the treatment of lower back pain. The use of CAM is motivated by patients’ desire to avoid the side effects of frequent pain medication use. However, many CAM modalities only result in short-term pain relief which decreases patient satisfaction with these treatments.
The Bowen ...

An Investigation of the Problems Encountered by Child Protection Services Agencies

Introduction

Child abuse and neglect is one of the prevalent problems that the children of our society suffer today, with about 2,400 children being victimized on a daily basis (Whitaker, Reich & Reid, et al., 2004). They experience physical and emotional abuse from both their families and the other people around them – neighbors, friends, or even strangers. With the growing number of incidents of child abuse and neglect, it becomes ever more important to determine ways to ...

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (as cited in Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008), there were 905,000 children who were victimized by child abuse and neglect in 2006. Aside from the physical injuries, which may or may not be readily visible, the abuse and neglect can have lifetime consequences for children, their families, and the society. In particular, the consequences of child abuse and neglect can be classified as societal, behavioral, psychological, and physical, although in reality, it would be impossible to separate them completely from each other (Child Welfare Information Gateway, ...

Child Abuse and Neglect: Literature Review

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (as cited in Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008), there were 905,000 children who were victimized by child abuse and neglect in 2006. Aside from the physical injuries, which may or may not be readily visible, the abuse and neglect can have lifetime consequences for children, their families, and the society. In particular, the consequences of child abuse and neglect can be classified as societal, behavioral, psychological, and physical, although in reality, it would be impossible to separate them completely from each other ( ...

Introduction

Innovation of computers has made the work of man easier and has also changed the way man does his things currently. However, despite the fact that computers are said to be effective and efficient in data storage, computer viruses can turn that idea into a nightmare all of a sudden. A computer virus is described as set of instructions in a computer that may attach and reproduce it’s self in other codes which are executable. A computer virus is normally said to be manmade and can stand on its own without the support of other programs. A computer ...

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral, childhood, disorder (Griggs & Mikami, 2011). The disorder is easily diagnosed when the child is still small, but it last even when the child matures to adulthood. Children with this disorder cannot pay attention. They also do not control impulsive behavior and can be overactive. ADHD occurs in tandem with other disorders such as OPPOSITION DEFIANT DISORDER (ODD), Learning Disorder, and Conduct Disorder. These associated disorders are referred to as co morbidities of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Advokat (2010) notes that more than half of the children who suffer from ADHD ...

Worried-well patients

Introduction
‘Worried-well’ patients are those are anxious about their physical wellbeing and would be in health centers seeking medical advices or treatments for ailments that cannot be diagnosed. These patients are said to be suffering from hypochondriasis, which is described as a psychological condition of excessive worry about having a serious illness (Reilly & Markenson, 2011). The unbearable condition is attributed by an incorrect acuity of the human body’s condition despite the deficiency of a genuine medical condition. Worried-well patients can thus be categorized as hypochondriacs. They are distressed about any somatic signs they detect no matter their minority. ...

Abstract

The American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) is the single most trusted organization in the US for quality nursing practices. It is the most prestigious nurse credentialing organization in the world and is a subsidiary of the American Nurses Association (Nursecredentialing.org N.D). ANCC has developed the Magnet Recognition Program which recognizes health care organizations exercising quality patient care and excellence in nursing. The Magnet Program is also responsible for giving awards to medical institutions that provides innovations in the nursing practice. This program is highly trusted by US consumers and experts that it is the only program used by the US News & World Report in their competency indicator. The assessment ranked 5,000 hospitals in America and listed the best medical centers for 16 specialties. ...

Introduction

Nutrition or nourishment is regarded as the provision of body cells with materials vital to support life. The food one eats tends to have an effect on their health, and research shows that majority of health problems and ailments can be averted by eating a healthy diet (Scarlet 23). Supplements and vitamins, nutritional diet and mild exercise have shown that they can go a long way in preventing cancer, heart disease, obesity, and make an individual look and feel great On the other hand; medication is regarded as a substance or drug that is used as a medicine (Shils, ...

Introduction

The film, The Graduate, is Mike Nichol’s 1967 comedy-drama adaptation of Charles Webb’s novel of the same title. The story follows Benjamin Braddock, a 21 years old recent college graduate who has no well-defined aims in life. In his idleness, Benjamin gets seduced by an older woman, the family friend Mrs. Robinson. But things get even more heated when he falls in love with Mrs. Robinson’s daughter Elaine.
It explores, among others, the theme of family and becomes a good portrayal of just how delicate the family can be, how the dynamics of factors, often subtle ...

Foundation Course – Researching Psychology

Abstract Page
The research being conducted has practical, theoretical and scientific value in the research field. Lacanian discourse analysis helps identify the treatment in psychoanalysis, can be applied to studying mental and social characteristics of a language spoken by various minorities.
An interviewer and an interviewee took part in a research; the conversation was written down and attached to the paper on the consent of the interviewee. The theory of Lacanian Discursive Analysis has been applied to the paper in order to identify the symbolic and the imaginary unconscious reflected in the language spoken.
In the first section of ...

The Pertinent Positives and Negatives on Examination related to his Presenting Problem

A pertinent positive is a symptom or sign that contributes to the identification of a patient’s medical problem. Pertinent negative refers to the absence of a symptom that can help in substantiating the medical condition from which a patient could be suffering. Pertinent positives and negatives are usually captured during the physical examination and after taking the medical history of a patient. The pertinent positives and negatives contribute towards the differential diagnosis of a patient.
In the case study given, the pertinent positives include; Dyspnea, hematemesis, dark stool, epigastric pains, dyspepsia, duodenal ulcer, moderate epigastric tendering, and stool ...

Crohn's Disease (CD): A Historical Background

Crohn’s disease is a persistent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may impact any part of the gastrointestinal path, however, normally impacts the ileum (Yamada, 2009). It usually occurs to individuals of age 21 or under (Wilson et al., 2010). The CD may affect the quality of life (Baumgart & Sandborn, 2007; Morrison et al., 2009). It may need surgery (Pihl-Lesnovska et al., 2010).
There is a steady global rise in the occurrence of Crohn’s Disease and it represents an increased hospitalization (Gibson, 2009; Morrison et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2010). In 2009, the CD cases in Australia ...

Abstract

System archetypes can be described as the behavioral patterns of the system. There is always a similar structure for systems expressed by circles of causality. To enable efficiency in changing the system, one should be able to identify the systems archetype and finds its leverage. A system can be drawn as a diagram set up with circles of casualty. These circles include actions, feedbacks and delays. In a system, every action has a reaction that is referred to as feedbacks; reinforcing feedback and balancing feedback. These feedbacks do not always happen immediately since the process might have delays. Reinforcing ...

ABSTRACT

Muscular dystrophy disorders are hereditary neuromuscular disorders in which the skeletal muscles deteriorate progressively due to loss of the functional protein dystrophin encoded by the DMD gene. There are many types of muscular dystrophy and they are classified based on the genetic mechanisms involved. Muscular dystrophy symptoms are usually caused by mutations in the link between cytoskeletal and basal lamina proteins since dystrophin is a sarcolemmal membrane protein (Meregalli M, 2013). Loss of ambulation is also an important clinical milestone in the clinical diagnosis of muscular dystrophy. Respiratory muscles, particularly the intercostal and diaphragm muscles are also affected by ...

Introduction

Sexual assault of women is a pervasive crime that exerts significant influence both on the lives of women, who become victims of gender-based violence, and the communities, where these women live (Klump, 2006, p.67). Sexual assault against women is epidemic to American culture (Miller, Markman and Handley, 2007, p.129). A woman can face a sexual assault both in childhood and adulthood. Different kinds of both physical and mental diseases tend to be prevalent in women, who have experienced sexual assault or another kind of gender-based violence in childhood or adulthood. The women also tend to report specific emotional conditions, ...

Research Article Structure

The key sections typically used in research articles include (1) the introduction/background, (2) literature review, (3) methods, (4) results, (5) discussion, and (6) the conclusion. The introduction and literature review are sometimes not distinguished as separate sections. The choice of sections will also depend on the research topic and aims, and each section can introduce more subsection, but all research articles need to discuss the study aims and their hypotheses in the first section of the article. For example, a study on exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by Hembree et al. (2003) presents previous research on exposure ...

Introduction

It is important to take the patient history. Nurses should take this history during assessment. When this is done, the patient’s problems are easily captured for the purpose of treatment. This has been made by nurses routinely. Roles of nurses are expanding with the new technology. They take information from patients, type it and make changes where necessary. Information from patients is private and confidential. Taking information from patients requires a practitioner or a specialist, nurse. In addition, taking the history is a fraction of assessment made to the patient. There is a need to use other information ...

When palliative care was first introduced in healthcare, the focus of care delivery was exclusively on cancer patients and their families, but it eventually expanded to other types of terminal illness (Zimmermann et al., 2008). At the moment, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) defines palliative care as a multidisciplinary approach to healthcare for patients that are diagnosed with life-threatening conditions. A different definition describes palliative care as an intervention aiming to mitigate suffering instead of curing an illness (Becker, 2008). All definitions agree that the purpose of palliative care is to provide relief from pain, enhance the quality ...

Introduction

Primal fear is an investigative movie, which tries to unravel the murder of a famous Bishop in Chicago. A young altar boy (Aaron) has been arrested for his murder. Aaron looks like an innocent kid, who stutters, and he is represented by Vail, who is a famous attorney. Vail believes that Aaron is innocent. In the middle of the trial, Vail finds out that Aaron has a disorder. With the disorder Aaron acts differently, he is a foul mouthed, violent, and obnoxious. Vail finds a sex tape that shows Aaron, another altar boy and a girl having sex, and ...

Sigmund Freud, commonly known as the father of psychoanalysis, was one of the most famous thinkers of the Twentieth Century. The importance he gave to those maladies that modern medicine could not cure embarked him on a path that allowed him to propose a new way of dealing with human suffering. While many people have criticized his theories, almost to the point where nobody actually practices psychoanalysis the way Freud intended, his thought remains a milestone in psychological studies and Western civilization in general. Due to these deformations, only texts by Freud will be used, with the purpose of ...

Introduction

Alternative or Manipulative therapy has been used since 400 BC. Modern medicine that using surgery and drug therapy have many disadvantages. These include Post-surgery pain, side-effects and high costs. Over the decades, alternative therapy has been a useful for treating osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal disorders. Of the different alternative interventions for musculoskeletal disorders, osteopathy and chiropractic systems have been widely used around the globe. Since traditional allopathic medications had many drawbacks, physicians recommend patients to undergo alternative or manipulative therapy.

The Decline of Allopathic Medicine

Allopathic medicine was the only intervention for the treatment of ‘bone setting’ in the early 19th century. No alternative ...

Learning disabilities, sometimes also known as disorders, pertain to different forms of learning problems that can be detected as early as childhood. It is not an issue on the intellectual capacity of a child or the motivation to learn because some children with learning disorders are as smart as any other regular kid. What makes a child with learning disabilities unlike any other children is that the child’s brain is wired differently. Learning disorders affects the way children receive, process, and use information and involves problems with reading, writing, speaking, listening, and answering math problems.
Understanding that a ...

The Psychodynamic Perspective

The primary focus of this approach in the treatment of patients is to reveal the subconscious and unconscious elements of the client’s or patient’s psych in an effort to treat the patient. The approach heavily relies on the interrelationship between the patient and the therapist. The approach involves several steps in a continuum where the peripheries are the interpretive pole and the supportive pole. From the onset, the therapist takes the patient through seven stages namely; Interpretation, Confrontation, Clarification, Encouragement to elaborate, Empathetic validation, Advice and Praise and finally to Affirmation that is anchored of the supportive ...

Abstract

In the stories of young people with schizophrenia, relevant themes exist which connect their seemingly disparate lives. Many would say that schizophrenia is a condition with symptoms such as paranoia and existential crisis. However, no two schizophrenic cases are alike and each person is affected very differently as they may experience negative and, or positive symptoms. Some people hear voices telling them to kill themselves or harm others, while others claim they can communicate with God, animals, or natural forces such as the sun. The latter examples, although hard to believe, must be viewed as positive symptoms. In order ...