Essays on Insulin Resistance

The team of specialists provided a research on the role of Gleevec in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This study was published in the journal Diabetes in 2016 and presents a new intervention for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults and children. The main problem is that obesity is widespread nowadays, it results in diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. The key idea is that Gleevec can be a novel therapeutic agent for use in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes only if its potential adverse effects will be removed (Choi 2016). However, ...

Yoga, A holistic approach to chronic health condition: A review of literature

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of leading causes of mortality and morbidity around the globe with its clinical presence affecting the economics of most developed nations. Hypertension, chronic low back pain, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and depression are all lifestyle related health conditions which can be easily prevented. Based on current evidence, chronic psychological stress is associated with glucose intolerance, hypertension, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidaemia which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Bali. 2013). Based on recent evaluation on complimentary and alternate treatments that are associated with the psychosocial factors of chronic disease such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. ...

Type 2 diabetes is featured by the conflation of insulin resistance and inappropriate insulin secretion. The levels of free fatty acids increase the plasma contribution to the insulin resistance which, in turn, decreases the transportation of glucose to the muscle cells and enhances the breakdown of the fat. The pathophysiology of the disease is debated on account of the role of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell functioning. Additionally, the specific roles played by these factors are still unclear. Nonetheless, there is considerable agreement that both these factors are crucial to explaining the disease's pathophysiology. Diabetes Type II typically exists when ...

Diabetes in its generality is a condition that is associated with elevated blood sugar levels. When these elevations persist, the patient may experience cases of disturbance of other body systems and leading to poor functionality and ultimately a chronic condition that affects their quality of life. Type-2 diabetes (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes whose impact on the health of populations has significantly been documented (Murrock, Taylor & Marino, 2013). Apparently, among the documented aspects of health disparities, T2DM is noted as one of the biggest health challenges for African Americans. The prevalence is even higher among women ...

Abstract

This study focuses on the issue of diabetes among the people of Asian origin. It begins by describing diabetes as a recent pandemic that has imposed a significant burden on diabetic patients and healthcare providers. Diabetes is primarily a metabolic disorder that elevates the level of blood sugar and, hence, causes various complications, including death. The disease is common in Asian communities due to genetic factors, diet, and lifestyle trends. Thus, there is a need for skilled medical professionals, such as nurses, to increase diabetes awareness, encourage the adoption of preventive measures, and promote diabetes care among Asians. As ...

Response Critique

Obesity and overweight remain some of the most common chronic diseases not only in Australia but also in the whole world. According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2015, Key facts, para. 1), 600 million people aged 18 years and older were obese in 2014 in the whole world. I agree with you that the prevalence of obesity and overweight continues to increase globally. Indeed, it is reported that it has doubled since 1980 (WHO, 2015, Key facts, para. 1). I also agree with you that the prevalence of obesity and overweight in Australia is high. According to Australian Bureau ...

The goal of every nurse practitioner is to work with the patients in achieving healing and good health. In this process, the nurse makes a number of decisions. For these decisions to be successful in providing the expected outcome, nurses are expected to base their decisions on well validated scientific evidences. This is called evidence based practice. It is important to know where one is getting with once decisions and this is the fundamental for evidence based practice. This will ensure that the clinical practice is based on the foundation of strong scientific knowledge. Likewise, diabetes specific evidence based ...

The patient presented in this case suffers from metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of health problems that is associated with the presence of obesity and tissues resistance to insulin. The metabolic syndrome is a condition that causes a myriad of problems in the body such that the body becomes incapable of maintaining the circulation of the useful energy molecules such as glucose and lipids in the right quantities in the bloodstream (Huang, 2009). Other associated disorders of metabolic syndrome include high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. The lipid problem is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides and ...

When a person wants to lose weight, he just wants to get rid of excess fat. However, in the reality it often turns out that the majority of modern diets and training methods cannot burn fat. The result is that people together with fat lose muscle mass.

The Role of the Thyroid Gland

Low thyroid hormone level often causes a general slowing of the metabolic rate, including the inhibition of processes of fuel utilization by muscles, lack of power, increased sensitivity to cold and catarrhal diseases. Today low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets have high popularity. People suffering from insulin resistance may gain an advantage from them by ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

Test

Question 1

Body weight Family history Inactivity Race The AIC test should be done using a method that is certified by National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program. Question 2 The standard diagnostic criteria for T2DM are the following: AIC≥6.5 FPG≥126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L) Two hour PG≥200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L) Presence of classic symptoms of hyperglycemia of hyperglycemic crisis (a random plasma glucose ≥200mg/dL or 11.1 mmol/L) Adane’s medical record contains AIC=6.9 and random plasma glucose: 171mg/dL.

Question 3

The mechanism of insulin resistance includes the defects of primary target cells, genetic defects of primary target cells, accelerated insulin degradation, autoantibodies to insulin, a ...

Introduction

The consumption of fat, one of the main macronutrients, has long been popularly associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, this generally accepted premise fails to discriminate among the several types of fat: saturated fats, trans- fats, monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats. Thus, this statement comprises all fats regardless of the essential differences in structure among them, but is it accurate that all categories of fat in the diet carry the same health risk? This paper aims to answer this question.

Summary

The first type of fat to be analyzed in this paper is trans-fat, also known as trans-fatty acids ( ...

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is distinguished by insulin resistance and a relative disorder in insulin secretion. The production and development of the disease is not completely understood and we find genetic factors as well as environmental factors affecting the insulin release. The disease is increasingly common and basically caused due to obesity and sedentary lifestyle. The chronic metabolic disorder affects both the insulin secretion and insulin action. It is the suppressed hepatic glucose production as well as lower insulin-mediated glucose uptake by the muscles that contribute equally to postprandial hyperglycemia.

The dominance of risk factors

Nearly 400 million people worldwide are affected by diabetes and ...

Asthma

Aetiology - A combination of factors, primarily environmental and genetic factors, are believed to cause asthma - Allergens, which are airborne, cause the disease; they include pollen, mold and animal dander among others - Irritants such as smoke and dust also cause the disease - Tough stress and depression - Physical activities and particular medications can induce asthma - People with a genetic predisposition to utilize Tp helper cell can contract the disease

Pathogenesis

- Fundamentally, asthma comes in as immunological - Several factors obstruct the airway, injury of the epithelium, bronchospasm, edema, a higher ...

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes comes about due to the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin. Insulin is very vital in the body since it is involved in regulation of blood glucose and conversion of glucose into energy. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are required to have a daily intake of insulin and regular monitoring of blood glucose levels (Atkinson, Eisenbarth, & Michels, 2014).

Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes comes about due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells. A number of risk factors contribute towards destruction of beta cells. Autoimmune response especially towards beta cells is one of the risk factors towards destruction of ...

Introduction

This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management and complications associated with diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes, a disorder that affects more than 385 million people worldwide (idf.org). The long term prognosis and impact on the quality of life are also discussed. Diabetes is defined by the American diabetes association as a group of disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from deficiency in the activity of insulin or reduced insulin secretion, or both. There are three main types of diabetes namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has no cure. It is a lifelong ...

Background

Type II diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder found in adults that involves high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) due to insulin resistance as well as an insufficient amount of insulin. Type II diabetes differs from Type I diabetes, which is characterized by a complete lack of insulin. Symptoms of Type II diabetes include thirst, frequent urination and hunger. Long term complications include heart disease, strokes, vision problems and kidney failure. Today, there are close to 300 million people in the world who have been diagnosed with type II diabetes, an increase of 10 fold over the past 30 years. This increase in ...

(Author)

Abstract

Diabetes is a disease in which glucose levels are elevated to a huge amount in the body. More than 25 million people having 20 years of age and more than 20 years in the U.S. are found to have diabetes that is three times more than the number of patients in 1980. Scientists have found that diabetes can result in increased chances of developing colonic cancer equally in men and women (Sun & Kashyap, 2011). Different mechanisms such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, central adiposity, increased growth factors, hyperglycemia, and several luminal factors have been proposed that are involved in the development ...

Introduction

- Definition of type two diabetes is one where the body does not produce enough insulin that would otherwise be important in the normal functioning - It is a chronic or a lifetime condition which has no cure, but can be controlled - Ninety percent of the population of diabetic people suffer from type two - There are approximately three hundred and eighty-two million patients of diabetes

Body

- Sedentary lifestyle NIL type two diabetes - It also fits the definition and the meaning of the term an emerging disease - There is a likelihood of the society ...

Infertility

Introduction Infertility is the lack of ability to conceive and have offspring. In essence, infertility is categorized into two groups. These classifications are primary and secondary infertility. First, primary infertility is the situation in which couples have not become pregnant despite having unprotected sex. On the other hand, secondary infertility refers to a situation whereby couples who have been pregnancy once, are unable to conceive again. Infertility can be attributed to a single cause in male, female or a combination of factors that prevent pregnancy.

The major symptom of infertility is the inability of the couple to get pregnant (Seli, 2011). ...

Diabetes Facts

What is diabetes? It is a chronic condition, characterized by excessive amounts of blood sugar or glucose. Its full name is diabetes mellitus, although for the remainder of this paper the commonly used name diabetes will be used. When there is too much glucose in the blood – a condition known as hyperglycemia – glucose finds its way into the urine, which gave rise to the term “sweet urine.” (Stöppler and Shiel (Ed.), 2012). Glucose – in addition to being a simple sugar contained in various foods – is also a nutrient essential to the normal functioning of cells in the body. Carbohydrates in food ...

Type 2 diabetes is increasingly becoming prevalent form of a disorder among children. This is largely driven by lifestyle factors that could lead to increased body weight, just like in the case of adults. Genetic and family factors, environmental factors like maternal gestational diabetes and intrauterine retardation in growth and lack of physical activities during adolescents and childhood have resulted in an increase, in the levels of insulin resistance that are considered crucial in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes among the young. Type 2 diabetes is linked to microvascular diseases with an indication of greater nephropathy risks as opposed ...

Abstract

Type II diabetes is associated with abnormally high blood glucose levels. This results when the pancreas cannot cope with the high demand for insulin required to cater for the condition of insulin resistance. Research indicates that there are different explanations for type II diabetes and that various social determinants exist. In Canada, the effort for implementing interventions and strategies for the management of the disease is evident in policies. This paper provides a close examination of type II diabetes in terms of the social demands that shape its incidence, policies and social determinants that are associated with the disease.

Introduction

Type ...

Meal Planning for Type II Diabetes Mellitus

As the Diabetes Education Centre dietitian, you must provide SG with dietary guidance. - Based on the information presented develop a nutrition diagnosis for SG. Write this as a PES statement. - Patient’s uncontrolled glucose and hyperglycemia is related to type 2 diabetes as evidenced by high fat and carbohydrates intake and abnormal laboratory results of Hb-A1C. - At the risk of cardiovascular and hypertension related to excessive consumption of saturated fat and trans-fatty acid food and pre-packaged products as evidenced by high lipid profile including high total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride level in laboratory results and ...

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a recommended treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD). In the United Kingdom, around 2.7 million people have been diagnosed with this condition (NHS, 2012). The aim of surgery is to relieve angina and shortness of breath by improving the flow of blood to the heart (Parry et al., 2010). These symptoms cause severe discomfort and distress as well as limit the amount and type of physical activity a patient may engage in. Surgery helps patients attain a higher quality of life referred to as satisfaction with life ...

Abstract

Obesity is a heritable and genetically influenced disorder. Recent studies have proved that obesity is a biochemically driven neurological disorder. Obesity has a complex and heterogeneous genetic and phenotypic manifestation. Familial obesity is monogenic and common obesity is polygenic. Leptin and its receptor (LEPR), the α-melanocortin-stimulating hormone receptor (MC4R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and prohormone subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) are some of the single genes involved in monogenic obesity. Glutamate Decarboxylase 2 gene (GAD2) gene is thought to be part of a polygene system resulting in common obesity. GAD2 coding sequence is present on chromosome 10p locus and encodes for a protein GAD65. This protein catalyzes ...

The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is the most common test used for assessing of the body’s ability to breakdown glucose/ carbohydrate. The test evaluates the level of the clearance of glucose from the blood through measuring blood glucose from samples taken at intervals of 30 minutes against the initial glucose following an oral intake of a glucose solution (about 1.75g/kg body weight) after fasting for 8-12 hours. Impaired glucose metabolism, which is a sign of underlying disease states such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, gestational diabetes etc., is indicated by elevated glucose levels (>140 mg/dl) after 2 ...

Fast food has become a part of modern day lifestyle. In a study published in the April 2004 issue of the “Journal of the American College of Nutrition”, one in four adults reported eating fast food . And eating fast food can have negative health consequences. A number of studies have linked eating fast-food to health related problems, such as obesity, poor nutrition, diabetes, heart diseases and stroke. Therefore, it is wise to restrict the consumption of fast-food. Those going to fast food chains would rarely order a well-balanced meal, which is full of fiber and nutrition . In fact those going to ...

The hypothesis for the research study was “The connection of p53 activity and p53 Ser18 phosphorylation to metabolic regulation supports a model whereby the mechanism of ATM-mediated physiological regulation of insulin sensitivity may involve p53 activity and ATM-mediated p53 phosphorylation” (Heather, Armata, Golebiowski, Young, Jin Ko, Jason, Kim, and Sluss 3). To test the above hypothesis the metabolic control in mice was compared in presence and absence of a germ line mutation in p53 phosphorylation site Ser18. These p53 mice shows defects in p53-mediated apoptosis and gene expression (Heather 10), but unlike p53-null mice, p53 mice cultivate tumors lone at ...

a) Background and Significance Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by two main features: high blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) and insulin resistance. The disorder was formerly referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of type 2diabetes is progressive, characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity, deteriorating cell function, and decreased incretion function (Phielix and Mensink, 2008; Misra, 2008). In human studies, people with type 2 diabetes have a decreased PGC-1α expression compared to healthy subjects (Wagner et al., 2008; Cantó and Auwerx, 2009; Kang, 2012). The skeletal muscles of people with type 2 diabetes and those of their ...

Abstract

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can be defined as a kind of diabetes observed in pregnancy. It can be described as intolerance to glucose or elevated glucose level initiated or recognized in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Gestational diabetes affects almost 5-7% of all pregnancies in the US annually.

Gestational diabetes: pathophysiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, interventions, prognosis, and a nursing approach

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can be defined as intolerance to glucose or elevated glucose level initiated or recognized in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Gestational diabetes affects almost 5-7% of all pregnancies in the US annually. This implies that approximately 200000 women in the US have to deal ...

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders that is clarified by hyperglycemia. There are many forms of this disease and the reason for hyperglycemia may be either reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization by the tissues, and increased glucose production. Diabetes causes many secondary physiological changes in the body leading to diverse affects on different organ systems; as well as being a burden to the patient and the healthcare system as a whole. Diabetes Mellitus is the leading cause of end stage renal disease as well as the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation and adult blindness. In the future it ...

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is the metabolic diseases that result from an increased level of blood sugar. It is divided into three main categories, Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, and the gestational diabetes. The treatment aims at effectively controlling the level of glucose, as well as lipid content in blood. The treatment may be in the form of a drug, pancreas replacement, herbal drug or dietary therapy. The most effective way of managing diabetes is through dietary therapy, as well as lifestyle management. The use of dietary therapy in the management of diabetes is a safe and a very effective means of improving ...

Abstract:

Diabetes is a significant problem in health care. The problem is growing significantly as worldwide populations are getting older and more obese due to a variety of reasons. The paper reviews current pathophysiological and treatment literature regarding the treatment of diabetes. It focuses primarily on gut hormones and the physiological effects they produce in the disease as well as on surgical methods of diabetes resolution that has varied pathophysiological bases. Novel ways of treatments do not always have fully elucidated rationales for how they work, as bariatric surgeries may have multiple effects on the pathophysiology of the disease and this must ...

Arguably, diabetes has become one of the prominent conditions in the world today. Scholars assert that the lifestyle that people live nowadays could be a risk factor towards diabetes. As a matter of fact, diabetes is a condition where individuals are not in a position to produce sufficient insulin that is required by the body system. In some occasion, the cells of the human body do not respond well to the production of insulin. Insulin is very important in the human body because it moves simple sugar (glucose) from the blood into body cells. Debates today is known to be a lifelong condition (Allman ...

When someone is obese, it means that he or she has accumulated so much fat in the body that it negatively affects their health. A Body Mass Index of between 25 and 29.9 is considered over weight. If the BMI is 30 and above, then the person is obese. Childhood obesity occurs when the weight of a child is above normal for his or her age and height. This exposes them to health problems such as diabetes, high levels of cholesterol and high blood pressure. Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Australia and globally. It has increased at ...

Overconsumption of Sucrose and Fructose may contribute to certain types of Cancer 1. Introduction Though it is hard to establish, the link between cancer and glucose does exist. This is especially disturbing given the fact that the link between diabetes and glucose has been of particular interest to the science community for the past three decades. The bottom line is that most of the problematic cum chronic illnesses in the world today are to a large extent lifestyle diseases. In fact, research has advanced to the extent that the link between strains of diabetes and those of cancer ...

Manifestations and Outcomes Type 2 Diabetes: Gene-Environment Interactions, Manifestations and Outcomes

Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic form of diabetes, so various environmental and genetic factors have been linked to its onset, further complications, and clinical outcomes. Scientific research estimates that the heritability of type 2 diabetes is 40 percent if one parent has type 2 diabetes and 70 percent if both parents have type 2 diabetes (as cited in Lin & Sun, 2010). The exact modes of inheritance in type 2 diabetes are currently unknown. Research shows that several ethnic groups have high prevalence of diabetes developed through ...

Abstract

Depression refers to a mental condition that is characterized by several symptoms that include but are not limited to: lethargy, isolation, prolonged periods of sadness, sudden emotional outburst such as crying for no particular reason, bouts of rage, self destructive tendencies such as cutting or biting, anxiety, paranoia, loss of appetite or unusual increase in appetite characterized by binge eating, insomnia and hostility. Recent estimates indicate that 1 out of every 10 individuals in the United States in termed as clinically depressed. The study also found that those likely to e depressed are: persons without any source of income, those ...

Introduction

Glucose- a monosaccharide- is one of the simplest sugars utilized as a primary source of energyat the cellular level. Glucose is essential because some vital organs such as the brain and the red blood cells wholly rely on it as an energy source.

With reference to glucose metabolism, the glycolytic pathway(figure 1) offers the fastest means to energy production. Hence in case of energy deficit the body will break down any available glucose prior to utilizing other sources of energy such as amino acids, pyruvate and glycerol. Glucose is usually preserved in the body as glycogen (polysaccharide) especially in the ...