Essays on Frederick

Fredrick Douglas (1817-1895)-the most famous African American of the 19th century- raises some relations in regard to education, freedom and oppression. He states that the “the only way to keep people enslaved is to prevent them from learning and acquiring knowledge” (Douglas). Seeing how hard Master Hugh and his wife tried hard to prevent Douglas from acquiring education, Douglas compels a reader to the question “Is education the ultimate key to ending oppression in the society?” Douglas makes insinuates that education and oppression are bitter rivals. He presents the change in character in his mistress Mrs. Hugh who ...

Introduction

Leadership is a necessity in any social setup and is more specialized when it comes to the medical setup. This is because it involves various parties, ranging from doctors, nurses, patients, staff and other people within the system. However, nursing leadership stands out as specialized because of the need to have a sense of direction. Leadership in nursing involves the issue of influencing and making people follow instruction as well as adhere to authority and set up social control systems. In this paper, there will be a detailed discussion about nursing leadership, personal perceptions on the values and beliefs ...

It is one of the ironies of history that the “old west” was actually the last area of the north American continent to be settled. By 1860, for example, San Francisco, California was a booming city of 56,802 persons making it the 15th largest city in the nation (San Francisco Population). Kansas City, meanwhile, had a population of 4,418 (U.S. Census Bureau). Denver, Colorado was already the “Queen City of the Plains” with a population of 4,749 (Population of Denver, CO). These three communities are important since Denver and Kansas City represent the western and eastern ...

Analysis of Sustainability of Tomorrowland Event

Analysis of Sustainability of Tomorrowland Event

Introduction and Context

The focus of this report is about sustainable event management. It aims to look at a major event and the sustainability policy of that event. The report briefly analyses the policy versus its actual implementation in real-life. The report reviews the earlier literature about sustainable event management. It examines the various theories related to corporate social responsibility and ISO 20121, which is the international standard for sustainable event management. The report then relates the findings at the present event to the sustainability theory. The report then presents the conclusions.

Tomorrowland is an electronic ...

Educational affiliation

Abstract Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics The paper analyses the role of the ethics and corporate state responsibility in the terms of the automotive industry. The study is to evaluate the role of the local ethics and the Corporate Social Responsibility in the process of the international development of the automotive industry. The key objectives are to evaluate the roles of these two concepts, find out the role of the customers’ awareness of the unethical behavior, and describe the patterns of change. The study validates why the car industry should focus on the ethical considerations and the CSR. This ...

Executive summary

This report is an analysis of the performance of Kodak over time since its inception. The report finds that the dismal performance of Kodak is largely as a result of the poor leadership elected to lead the company. The report traces the failures of the company to the hierarchical and toxic leadership styles that saw the company lag behind in joining the competitors in the migration to digital photography. The report concludes by highlighting the specific failures of leadership that cost the company a fortune had it transformed into digital promptly. The report recommends a series of actions to ...

John Locke wrote ‘The Letter Concerning Toleration’ among all people. At the time, there were diversities exhibited by people especially in matters regarding religions and faith. The letter called for toleration, bearing that Catholicism was taking root and becoming strong in Europe, especially in England. Due to the fact that there were many religions in the world, and all of them claimed to be the most powerful, and have a majority of followers, Locke saw that the only way to a peaceful coexistence would be through toleration of each other, regardless of which faith a person subscribed. Christianity was ...

[Class Title]

Introduction The Empire State Building is an engineering and architectural feat of its time. One of the most remarkable landmarks in New York City, the Empire State Building is the tallest building that was built in the 1930s and held that position for more than 40 years until it was surpassed by the World Trade Center building in 1972. The Empire State Building was constructed as the backdrop of the Great Depression that happened right after the stock market crash of 1929. But despite the economic challenges, the builders were able to finish the construction in a ...

CONTENTS 1. Part I - Occupational Health and Safety Law 3 1.1. The UK Approach to Regulating Occupational Health and Safety 4 1.1.1. The Role of Legislation (Civil, Criminal and Administrative), other sources of law and recommendations 4 1.1.2. The Role of Law Enforcement and Specialized Agency 6 1.1.3. The Role of Courts 7 1.2. Comparison between the UK and the Brazilian approaches to OSH regulation 8 2. Part II – Management and its Impact on OSH 8 2.1. Administrative approach to management 9 2.2. Scientific management 9 2.3. Behavioral approach to management 10 2.4. Co-operative social systems approach 11 ...

“Learning to Read” by Frederick Douglass

In “Learning to Read” Frederick Douglass wrote the story of his personal experience with one of the most prohibited and dangerous acts that a slave in the pre-Civil War South could do: learning to read. It is a narrative that is both shocking and revealing of insight into the times and place where it took place, the power of the institution and practice of slavery to dictate evil into the hearts of men and women, and of the dedication and strength of the personality of Frederick Douglass. A close reading demonstrates not only Douglass' narrative techniques, but his skills ...

American painter John Frederick Peto created mostly still-life painting. A distinctive feature of his paintings was similar theme of dilapidated, time worn nature of what is depicted on his paintings. The objects of his attention include old books, lamps, boards, tubes, photos, everything that bears a particularly visible impact of aging, the inevitable influence of time and use. In the XIX century, when the artist lived and created his paintings, such images were not popular among the general audience preferring to see on the canvases something luxurious and rich. Only after his death, huge interest arose to Peto`s ...

In the 20th century, Frederick Jackson Turner was an American Historian. He was an intelligent man who had studied at prestige colleges such as; Harvard and University of Wisconsin. His main focus in history was in regards to the Midwest. His historian research emphasized the focus on quantitative and interdisciplinary methods of study. His most well-known work was an essay that he had written about American History. The article was called, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”. Turner was also well-known for his theories of geographical sectionalism of American History. Turner’s essay, thesis on American History ...

When the Manifesto of the Communist Party was published by Karl Marx and Frederick

Engels in 1848, there were a number of important events occurring in Europe, and all over the rest of the world. The Industrial Revolution was the most important economic development of the 19th century, an ongoing transformation in how goods were produced and labor was accommodated that lasted for at least a century. The Manifesto of the Communist Party advocates for the proletariat (the working class), and key passages help understand the historical and cultural context of the time, shed light on the overall work and its importance, and are open to critique. “The Communist Manifesto” is a pioneering ...

There are many interesting personalities in the history of humankind. Some of them amaze more than the others. There are people who have a strong will to be free and live their life independent from the others. These people are known as leaders. They create their own lives the way they see it. Frederick Douglass and Harriet Beecher Stowe are two characters that amaze people till now with their abilities to be strong in any life situation. Frederick Douglass is an African American man who managed to become free by the means of his self power. He was not ...

A good number of individuals would love to spend some of the time in a casino during their vacation considering that there are great gambling destinations globally, even though not all of them offer an amazing experience. With the increased online activity, most people will resort to the internet in such of an awesome vacation destination that offers great gambling experience and Monaco always appears as one of such destination. Monaco is the second smallest and the most populous country globally with a population of about thirty thousand people in addition to being home to Monte Carlo, a prominent ...

7. Describe three different leadership styles and give examples of a situation in which each style could be most used effectively.

Autocratic Leadership- Leader makes decisions without consulting others. The manager takes the decision, announces it and then ‘sells’ it to his subordinates. Works best in situations like a new start-up where the employees are new and await directions. Participative or Democratic Leadership - Decision making is collectively shared between the managers and the employees. The manager presents a tentative decision which may be subject to change. The manager may present the problem, seek suggestions and then ask the ...

Classical Organization Theory

The classical organizational theory is identified as the oldest school of management pre-dated in the early twentieth century (Shafritz, Ott, and Jang, 2012). This theory is premised on efficiency of bureaucratic systems that operate in an organization. This school of management is based on ensuring maximum productivity of an organization’s systems. In this regard, this theory involves centralized decision-making, specialization of labor, and maximization of profit. For this reason, the theory encompasses a combination of three distinct concepts, bureaucratic, scientific, and administrative theories (Daft, Murphy, and Willmott, 2013). The classical organizational theory was advanced by the first scholars, ...

Essay Plan

Introduction/Thesis In 'Spiders in the Centre of Their Webs': The NSW Police and Bushranging in the 1860s, Susan West speaks of bushrangers that rose to prominence in late 19th century Australia. This paper will look at the rise of bushranging in Australia and discuss the culpability of Australian Law in regards to the rise of the bushrangers. The sources that will be utilized were chosen because they seemed to be upon initial inspection relevant to the thesis topic.

This paper uses a number of primary and secondary sources including books, online websites, and PDF’s. The purpose of all ...

Before the onset of the American civil war, the issue of slavery and racial treatment of African –Americans and other non-White or Native Americans was at its long time high. However, not many people during this time were aware of the plight of the African Black Americans during this time. It is due to this that Frederick Douglas wrote a narrative describing his experience as an American slave. The thesis of this paper is that Frederick Douglas’ narrative about slavery and the subsequent events that led to the American civil war represent important events in the American history. This ...

Introduction

Slavery and the slave trade are timeworn practices and institutions in all continents of the world. Slavery and slave trade involved the sale of land, animals, people, etc. different scholars have given various reasons for slave trade, including the need for labor in agriculture, political reasons, commerce, among others, They claim that these reasons may have led to the rise of slavery. There are two dimensions of slavery in pre-colonial Africa: Internal and external slave trade dimensions. The slave trade across the Sahara, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and the Arabian worlds was termed as the external ...

Abstract

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder in which the red blood cells, which function as the oxygen carriers throughout the body, develop in an abnormal manner. The red blood cells are normally disk-shaped and very flexible but in sickle cell patients the cells often become very rigid and crescent shaped. This abnormality in the shape and functionality of the red blood cells hinder the normal flow of blood in the body. The red blood cells are therefore rendered unable to move freely through the blood tissues and through organs that result in the failure of certain important organs ...

Abstract

All people watch media and nowadays people with nonconventional sexual orientation are shown more and more. In various communities of the world the attitude towards homosexuality is differently. Society can accept or not accept it, condemn or endorse. This research was done to obtain the information about the influence of gay, lesbian and bisexual people in the media on society and their thoughts and attitude towards sexual orientation. Research was done by direct observation and comparison. Homosexuality, bisexuality and heterosexuality are words that denote sexual orientation, that is, indicate to which sex a person experiences a sexual attraction. The ...

What is the Fourth of July to slaves?

Introduction “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” is a famous speech given by an African American slave fugitive at the time by the name Frederick Douglas, which was delivered on the Fifth of July, the day after the day of independence, in 1852. The speech highlighted the plight of the African Americans who were discriminated by the white population. The speech describes the Fourth of July as a paradox since the independence given to the African Americans was paradoxical. To the African American, the fourth of July was a day when the White continued to enjoy ...

Overview

Metamorphosis in Poetry and Speeches is a demonstration of how they evolve from one time to another. This paper will outline the same by using the works of three of the most inspirational African Americans. They include Douglas Fredrick’s 1852 speech, The Meaning of the Fourth of July; Malcolm X’s WeDidn’t Land on Plymouth Rock; and Tupac’s song (poem) “Keep Ya Head Up.” Since they occurred in different years, they help the development of this article in demonstrating the evolution of the metamorphosis in poetry and speech.

Douglas Fredrick’s The Meaning of the Fourth of July

Douglas speech was rhetoric, comprising a set of ...

Introduction

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas was written by Douglas, not only as a means to recount his story, but in order to raise awareness about the predicament of the people who suffered from slavery. It was his belief that through his works, people will have a better understanding of the slavery and the need for its complete abolition. Douglas thought that, being a former slave himself, he was in the best position to tell the truth about slavery. Accordingly, the author provided some arguments in his books, a) he argued that slaves must be allowed to ...

While America is still a relatively new country in comparison to many, it has a long and deep history. The question to look at is what exactly that history is. The aspects of American history that one learns or is taught are as diverse as those who inhabit the country. Considering that America has been called a melting pot, meaning it brings together many differing cultures, religions and races, there is a myriad of lenses which one can view this country. Often the history taught is white-washed, meaning it is through the perspective of the white man. This creates ...

Executive Summary

The purpose of this report is to analyse the dairy industry in China and provide recommendations on the creation of a joint venture between a foreign company and a local company in China. A market overview is done to establish the current market situation. The current market situation is analysed when overviewing the market. The writer looks at the production and consumption rate in the country. A literature review is used to analyse the production and consumption of dairy products in the country. Information from website and other secondary sources especially statistics from the dairy associations in country is ...

Introduction

Just like his grandfather who was the ninth president of the U.S, Benjamin Harrison followed the in the footsteps on how his grandfather governed the country during his tenure from 1889 to 1893 as the 23rd president of the America. His election gave a confirmation that the White House demands a great personal skill and political expertise (Moore & Hale 13). Not meeting these attributes would stimulate a short-lived reign. During Benjamin’s administration, there wasendorsement of the protective tariffs that resulted in the increase of the consumable goods and considerably triggered the country’s economic despairs. Benjamin’s bold ...

In the recent past, NASA has been doing excellent and outstanding things in the outer space. The media has hyped the show and depicted NASA as a genius (Frederick). Most people says the operations of NASA are exhilarating, but on my side, I am left flabbergasted! Could the skills used to put a man on the moon duplicated to improve the state of the life of humans? Can’t they decide to invent robots that will play an essential role to curb the rising insecurities? NASA commitments and objectives just boil my blood. Personally, I am not moved by ...

Traumatic experiences do not just go away. Frederick Douglass went through a variety of horrors to win his way free of enslavement and they colored him and his views for the rest of his life, some in overt ways and others in more subtle ways. Some do not appear in the course of the narrative; we never hear him say, for example, that he experienced night terrors or other symptoms associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and similar conditions from the time that he was “transformed into a brute” after being broken by Mr Covey, or what lingering prejudice or ...

As the United States ushered in the nineteenth century, its societies witnessed an unprecedented increase in reform movements that revolved around calls for change within its borders. Before then, protestors lasted as long as it took for them to tire of their efforts. In other words, there was no commitment to ensuring that the American populace changed its attitudes in life and for that reason, reformations were impossible to sustain in the eighteenth century. Now, in the nineteenth century, the situation changed as social protests prevailed and the people created formal organizations to communicate messages. One such endeavor was ...

Northanger Abbey does not seem to have as many dangerous relationships as Wuthering Heights. These could be because Austin does not seem to write her characters in same dark tone that Bronte does. Austin’s characters seem to better realize their own fallibilities. In Northanger Abbey the romantic relationships are between Catherine and Henry, Catherine and John, Isabella and James and Isabella and Frederick. While some of these relationships may be slightly troublesome none are near as toxic as the relationships in Wuthering Heights, especially the one between Catherine and Heathcliff. In Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland meets and takes ...

Racism and class struggles are common challenges that black face in the society. The history of the African-Americans in the United States has been built on the slave trade and the lack of rights for the black race trying to survive in a white dominated society. Although many civil rights groups in the past have fought for equality among the blacks and the whites, the blacks, such as the current President of the country, continue to fight against the racial discrimination in the society. Espada’s “Litany at the Tomb of Frederick Douglas” and Blake’s “The Little Black ...

Communication

Introduction3

The Functions and Tools of Corporate Communications.5 Regulation of Basic Communication Strategies.7 Internal Communications System8 References..10 There is no company that would be competitive and holding the leading positions in the market without a flexible dynamic system of communication links. In recent years, the term “communication of the company” was confirmed in professional language. It is used in different contexts, but in any case it is the modern and systematic approach to solving the traditional problems – advertising, design and marketing. Currently, there is no doubt that modern communication is a fundamentally new phenomenon that creates new values, changing ...

Morality vs. Ethics

Introduction Several morality and ethics scholars seem to score at the same goal, yet have differences in meaning. For instance, they have correspondences at some respects and defer in others (Bennett-Wimbush, Amstutz and Willoughby 2015, 134). Consequently, this investigation pursues various premises to determine the similarities and differences that exist in their functions to structure the society. In this datum, the advancement of this paper examines these areas using structural, functional and normative tenets of the two in the society and general human interactions. In recollection, it will fundamentally appear apparent from the analysis that the two work to ...

Casta painting is a genre of visual arts that was popular during the late 18th century in Spain and Mexico. The Spanish word casta roughly translates to the English word, ‘breed’; in other words, the genre of casta painting meant painting based on breed or one’s racial identity. (Frederick 496-499; Carrera 6). In order to understand the original meaning and tradition of the casta, it is important to trace back the roots why the culture of castas even existed in both Mexico and Spain. According to history, Spain was one of the countries in Europe that started the ...

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is a famous autobiography that was written by Fredrick Douglas himself. He was a slave who faced many challenges from his childhood to adulthood. Douglas raised many issues in this book, and all those ideas were intended to reach those who defended slavery. In his book, Douglas tried to explain the idea of humanhood as one of his points. He tried to show the thoughts, signs, and actions that make someone a human being. According to him, there is no true humanhood in an individual that supports slavery or an action that ...

In his narrative, Douglass recalls hearing his master state that he was seventeen in the year 1835. Consequently, that would make 1818 his approximate year of birth and Tuckahoe, Talbot County, in the State of Maryland his birthplace (Douglass 1). Subsequently, while informing readers that his mother’s name was Betsey Hailey, the man goes on to state his suspicions of having a white father. Apparently, while he never managed to discover whether rumors of his white master being his father were true, it remained evident that he was half Caucasian (Douglass 2). Now, the issue of Douglass’ parentage ...

Informative Speech

Specific Purpose: Informing the audience on why college education will go a long way in helping every individual in his or her social and work life. Thesis: The education attained at the college level extends beyond the walls of the classroom, as aside from monetary benefits, the attitudes and ideologies gained in campus are significant in life.

Introduction

Attention getter: Frederick Douglass, a self-emancipated slave from the antebellum period, published a Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass a mere seven years after running away from his master. In the text, Douglass depicted what the lives of persons of African ...

America in the 1920s: Radical Social Change as a Result of Technological Innovation

Important periods in American history are remembered with nostalgia and awe by the subsequent generations. The 1920s are mainly remembered in American culture for the changing attitudes of the youth, who embraced modern ideas and embraced the technological and ideological changes at the level of the society. Thus, America faced changes of an unprecedented scale in the 1920s (Palmer, 2006). The nation’s economic social and cultural identity underwent profound transformations during this time (Palmer, 2006). Americans enjoyed economic growth, political stability, and an unprecedented transformation due to the technological advancements. Novel technologies and inventions allowed people to spend ...

Flannery O'Connor is a master in the art of the short story. A Good Man is hard to find has become a classic and that controversial end scene which was depressing, cynical and hazing at the same time describes her work, unpredictable (O'Connor, and Frederick 31).

Biographical Information

She was born in the year 1925 on the twenty-fifth of March. She authored thirty two short stories and two novels. Apart from writing stories, she also wrote some commentaries and did some reviews. Thomas Aquinas and William Faulkner are some of the people she credits with inspiring her work. O’Conner used ...

Works Cited Entry for Short Story:

O'Connor, Flannery. A Good Man Is Hard to Find, and Other Stories. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1955. Print.

Three General Comments About the author

Flannery O Connor is considered of the 20th century greatest author of the short story. Due to her inspiration in the anthology of short stories, O’ Connor received sever awards; she had several book collections, which detailed her legacy as an author and a true inspirational figure to the society (Simpson 111).

Works Cited Entry for this Statement

Simpson, Melissa. Flannery O'connor: A Biography. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Greenwood, 2005. Print. Also, Flannery O Connor is the only great Christian author this nation has produced, and her stake ...

Before the American Civil War of between 1861 and 1865, black slavery in the United States thrived on the pillars of white supremacy. Otherwise dubbed the antebellum period, the years ranging from 1820 to 1860 witnessed a gradual yet steady increase in the country’s reliance on slave labor. As per the ideologies of white supremacy, the dominance of white people warranted the inferiority of colored individuals and as a result, everyone belonging to the former group could hold those of the latter faction in bondage. Accordingly, the cultural norms of the country during the given era encompassed the ...

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

It is common knowledge that every well-educated person should know, understand and appreciate music. However, no matter how well aware of various composers and genres people might be, many of us find it difficult to feel it. There are numerous examples of musicians who can technically perform a piece, but when you listen to them playing, you realize that you might as well listen to a robot. Only the emotion behind the melody gives music a truly human feel and makes it a universal human language that will be understood all over the world. Thus, it is extremely important ...

Communism The communist government is a political and socioeconomic entity that is founded on the principles of common ownership of production, and the non-existence of social classes. The ideologies behind the communist government are also based on the theories of Karl Marx, Frederick Engels and Vladimir Lenin. These theories have in common the debunking of the relationship between the capitalists and the laborers in a society, and thus the state should own all the means of production such that there ought to be an equitable distribution of the fruits of production among all the members of society. Thus the ...

(1). As set forth in the Constitution and through judicial interpretation of the Constitution, the Supreme Court plays a number of important and necessary political and legal roles. First, it is one of the three branches of the federal government. Accordingly, as provide for in the Constitution, it is an essential part of the system of checks and balances that guarantees that no one branch is able to become too powerful. In this role, the Supreme Court may check the power of the Congress or the president through the determination of whether their actions abide by the Constitution. A ...

[Institute]

Introduction

During the last few decades, the way of doing business has transformed drastically. Previously, the term management and administration were synonymous to each other. The basic notion of managing people revolved around the idea that employees should be controlled to achieve the business objective. Now, employees of the organization are considered the most valuable asset, and they are developed significantly (Morden, 2004). This paper presents the case of a highly experienced professional named Robert, who has worked for Recycled Furnishing for a multitude of years. During his association with the company, the organization saw great heights of success. ...

Discussion and Summary

The analysis of Process Capability of tablet compression process through the use of statistical control charts examines different parameters. Some of the parameters examined by the selected critical process step and quality control steps include; premix blending time, the drying time and method, oscillator screen size, comminutor screen size, loss of drying or granulation, final mix blending time and, final blend (Agalloco and Frederick 80). The analysis reported a consistent value of the premixing test. This indicated the level of efficiency of the process’s ability to maintain the components of premixing blending time within its performance limit. The ...

Theme: Abolition and Education

The view of the stories exemplifies the theme of abolition. In both the works, the determination of the protagonist is to see slavery abolished. The plots all drive through the murky quest for freedom that eventually lead to the abolition of the slavery and eventual freedom to all. The long-raging battling against slavery took a different turn when protagonists to the slavery turned vile and rebellious to the subdued way of life. Douglass’ characterization of the events of slavery takes the war an artistic level with assertions and imagination of rebellion against the slave masters (Newman 127-52). However, Douglass’ ...

Discussion and Summary

Process development report contains various information that is vital and should always be included in the process development group. Some of the most important information include; summary of the overall process development, drug substance CQAs, the history of the manufacturing process and manufacturing development studies. The information provided in the process development report should be able to highlight significant changes during the development process (Agalloco and Frederick 453). Additionally, the information should relate pertinent drug substance batches with the various stages of development of the control strategy and manufacturing process employed in making them. It is also imperative that ...

Discussion and Summary

The process of validating a newly developed HPLC-based analytical method intended to measure API and impurities in the drug samples employ a series of different tasks and experiments. The validation process of the new method would test the principles of operation of the chromatographic method. Some of the basic principles of operation of the method include retentions, resolution and sensitivity. The first experiment that would be conducted to evaluate and validate the newly developed HPLC-based analytical method would be based on the retention. The retention of a drug with a specific packaging substance and eluent can be demonstrated as ...

Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949)

Workers are not only motivated by money but social needs should be considered too.

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1917)

He says that employees are motivated by money, which is opposite what Elton Mayo forwarded. Workers do not enjoy working but they need to be forced or supervised.

Abraham Maslow(1908 – 1970)

He said psychological needs of the employees are important and should be fulfilled.

Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000)

He believed in two-factor theory of motivation. He argues that, there are factors, which motivate employees directly (motivators), and other de-motivates them not to work hard (Hygiene factors).

Theory of Scientific Management by Frederick Winslow Taylor is a motivational, which is important at work place. ...

As a modern day audience, for the most part, our reaction to a slave narrative is often one which fills us with remorse and regret. Frederick Douglass’ narrative concerning his quest for education and specifically, how to read and write, is an example of such an instance. As a white, middle-class person of the twenty-first century, it unsettles me and fills me with a deep-seated feeling of remorse for the actions of our ancestors. Upon settling with the Auld family, Douglass began to learn how to read and write with the assistance of his Mistress. However, upon finding out about these activities, ...