Essays on Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy in Treating Human Cancer

The immune system of our body is a complex network of tissues, cells, and organs that act mutually to protect our body from unknown foreign trespassers. It recognizes the harmful particles entering the body and facilitates the destruction of those particles in order to shield the body system from any ailment. Due to any complexity or disturbance often the immune system targets the wrong particle considering it as a dangerous particle and this anomaly of the immune system may result in various autoimmune diseases like arthritis, allergies, malignancies, and AIDS (Understanding the ...

Juvaris BioTherapeutics   

Today in the world we have many new forms of diseases. Cancer is the most dangerous and insidious scourge. To treat cancer we should spend plenty of time and money and there is a great field of work. Juvaris BioTherapeutics, Inc. is a company, located in Pleasanton, California, which develops novel, adjuvanted vaccines and immunotherapeutics to treat infectious disease and cancer and helps both human and animals. Company was registered in 2001 with total amount of employees approximately 50 persons. It provides JVRS-100, a cationic lipid-DNA complex and adjuvant that improves the efficiency of present vaccines, as well as ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

Brief information, risk factors and symptoms

Colon cancer, that is also known as colorectal, is a type of cancer that starts from rectum or colon. As any other type of cancer, colon cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growing cells of the body. This type of cancer usually starts with a polyp – a kind of growth on the inner lining of the rectum or colon. However, it is important to know that not all polyps change into cancer, though some of them might do it after several years. The chances that a polyp will become cancer after some, depends on the type of polyps. There are ...

Immunotherapy has been seen to be an alternative for treating cancer since most cancers are immunogenic. The primary cells involved in the examination of the immune cancer are the T cells. They have the ability to identify the numerical and disparity in the quality that are existing on the antigens of cells that have undergone transformation. There is the cancer or testis (CT) type of tumor antigens that are the highest targets for therapy due to the special features they have. One of these characteristics is the ability to be considered as the neoantigens and their capability to extract ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is a genetic disorder so common that it has claimed the lives of many women all over the world with statistics showing that it’s concentrated on the age of 45 - 55 years. Breast cancer, along with the other category of this disease is the product of the occurrence of a metastasized tumor. Neoplasm forms when genes are expressed abnormally such that the natural outcome of somatic cells is associated. Mutation, deletion and amplification of genes that control cellular growth and differentiation also cause the formation of a neoplasm. Thus, it is very critical to understand the genetic components ...

Melanomas are tumors that arise from the melanocytes or the pigment cells (Mihajlovic et al. 739). A common form of melanoma is the primary mucosal melanoma that is found in the mucosal lining of the urogenital tract, respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract (Mihajlovic et al. 739). Primary malignant vaginal melanoma is one such type of mucosal malignant melanoma that is very rare (Lin et al. 376) and very aggressive in nature (Androutsopoulos et al. 1). The first case of primary malignant vaginal melanoma was reported in 1887 and modern literature has noted about 500 cases, globally (Chen et ...

Crohn's Disease (CD): A Historical Background

Crohn’s disease is a persistent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may impact any part of the gastrointestinal path, however, normally impacts the ileum (Yamada, 2009). It usually occurs to individuals of age 21 or under (Wilson et al., 2010). The CD may affect the quality of life (Baumgart & Sandborn, 2007; Morrison et al., 2009). It may need surgery (Pihl-Lesnovska et al., 2010). There is a steady global rise in the occurrence of Crohn’s Disease and it represents an increased hospitalization (Gibson, 2009; Morrison et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2010). In 2009, the CD cases in Australia were ...

Biology

Introduction Lung cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Natural killer cells play a critical role in immunotherapy for cancer patients. The natural killer or NK cells play a crucial role in cancer patients and developing an understanding of the mechanisms through which their activity is inhibited or enhanced in the case of cancer patients, shall contribute a great deal in finding the most suitable and effective treatment of cancer patients and also enhance their life. The present research paper is restricted to the study of cell mechanisms involving NK cells and their inhibitor and activators in the case of patients ...

Largely, due to its regulatory framework, cottage-industry structure and dysfunctional compensation, the healthcare sector has dejectedly underinvested in ICT. Without these essential tools and technologies, many healthcare providers do not have the capacity to transform the expanding stream of therapeutic and diagnostic advances in medical science into affordable and high quality healthcare especially in the care of the chronically ill. Technologies that enable predictable effective therapy and precise diagnosis are those that have the capacity and full potential to transform healthcare through disruption. Christensen argues that there are two key technological enablers of disruptive innovation in healthcare. One ...

Targeted therapies that include small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have considerably altered the cancer treatment over the past several years. These drugs are currently a part of therapy for several widespread malignancies, including colorectal, breast, pancreatic, and lung cancers, as well as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The action mechanisms, as well as toxicities of targeted therapies, are different from the action mechanisms of traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Targeted therapies are usually better endured than traditional chemotherapy, although they are linked to a number of unfavorable effects, like cardiac dysfunction, acneiform rash, proteinuria, thrombosis, and hypertension. Small molecule inhibitors are acted ...

Immunotherapy of Malignant Melanoma Using Dendritic Cells Vaccines

Abstract 5 research papers on dendritic cell (DC) vaccines for malignant melanoma (MM) were studied. Study designs, patient-specific vaccine preparation, pulsing of DCs and survival rates from different types of DC vaccines were analyzed. Patients with stages III and IV MM were included for trials in all the researches. DCs were pulsed with TRIMEL, tumor lysate, melanoma associated antigens: gp100, MART-1 and tyrosinase. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was studied to determine effect of the antigen. A positive reaction was considered to be appearance of eythema at the injection site. Pulsed DCs were selected by cloning and selection. ELISPOT ...

Introduction

The urinary bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine for a temporary period until it is passed during urination. Bladder cancer is a common cancer affecting the urinary system; and bladder is the most commonly affected cancer site in the urinary system. Most of the bladder cancers originate at the urothelium, which is a layer of mucosa lining the bladder (cancer.net). It is very common in the regions of the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common carcinoma. Approximately, 2% of bladder cancers are adenocarcinomas and 0.3% to0.7% are small cell carcinomas(Medscape).

Epidemiology

In ...

Introduction

The urinary bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine for a temporary period until it is passed during urination. Bladder cancer is a common cancer affecting the urinary system; and bladder is the most commonly affected cancer site in the urinary system. Most of the bladder cancers originate at the urothelium, which is a layer of mucosa lining the bladder (cancer.net). It is very common in the regions of the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common carcinoma. Approximately, 2% of bladder cancers are adenocarcinomas and 0.3% to 0.7% are small cell carcinomas (Medscape).

Epidemiology

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Introduction

Immunotherapy is a process through which diseases related to or rather affecting the immune system are treated by simply ensuring the capabilities of the immune system are improved.

Such is possible through various ways but the most common method of enhancing the immune system and ensuring its effective is through vaccination. This can also be made possible by eliminating or alternatively controlling some immune responses as evident when dealing with allergy issues. According to Edwin Smith Papyrus, treatment of most complex diseases was effected through surgery as it was considered the most effective method of treatment. This was mostly as ...