Essays on Perfusion

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Question 1: Pathophysiology of Mr. Jensen’s post-operative hypovolemia

Hypovolemia is a surgical condition that indicates the rapid fluid loss that may result in organ failures. The outcomes of the hypovolemia are mostly due to insufficient circulating volume or scarce perfusion. Often hypovolemia is secondary to hemorrhage the reason of which includes severe internal or external blood loss and GI, thoracic and abdominal bleeding maladies (Devitt, 2001). Hypovolemia involves significant fluid loss other than blood that can be further accompanied by refractory gastroenteritis and widespread burns. Hypovolemia may develop in post-surgical incidence, bone fracture, due to ...

Q1: Prioritizing patient care will help to complete nurse’s shift duties without any adverse patient complication. Prioritizing will help to plan out the day and in managing the cases in the most effective way (Alfaro-LeFevre 2014). The best path to plan care for the patient with different medical and surgical priorities is to set timed objectives and meet the discharge goals based on the urgency of the medical or surgical condition. The handover from the staff of the previous shift provided the information for 4 patients, of which Lucy’s condition is more of an emergency that will ...

Abdominal Pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common presenting complaint. It can be due to a range of conditions some of which are benign and self-limiting and others life-threatening medical/surgical emergencies (Cartwright and Knudson, 2008). This paper will address the issue of abdominal pain from a paramedicine perspective in reference to a 29 year old male patient who presents with this complaint. It will interrogate the provided information and identify other essential information that is needed, three differential diagnoses for the patient, and the pathophysiology of the most probable diagnosis. Lastly, the implications of the case on paramedicine practice will be ...

Patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and congestive heart failure have a high risk of developing impaired tissue perfusion and deep vein thrombosis. In this case, Mr. X, 71 years of age has a history of lower leg cellulitis and venous stasis ulcers in both extremities. Based on clinical and nursing diagnosis, Mr. X was known to have impaired tissue perfusion and the risk of developing deep vein thrombosis. Nursing diagnosis also revealed an altered body image due to psychosocial reasons and current health status (Mitchell C. 2016). Abnormal flow or maldistribution of blood circulation associated with selective vasoconstriction, ...

A Proper understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases and conditions is essential in their treatment as well as management. Every disease has a way of affecting the normal functioning of the body. Some disorders attack the whole body while others affect specific organs. Therefore, it is crucial to study the pathophysiology of diseases. It is also essential to understand the relationship between related diseases. This helps in understanding the interactions between the diseases. This paper is set to examine the pathophysiology of pneumonia, hypoxemia, as well as thyroid cancer. Additionally, the paper analyses the relationship between these diseases.

Pathophysiology of Pneumonia

Pneumonia ...

Introduction

This paper aims at evaluating concepts of alteration in homeostatic state, secondary to temporal variables. It analyses the case study of Brad, a 45-year old coal cutter who has held the job for 25 years. Brad is experiencing a chronic cough due to prolonged exposure to coal. Importantly, he has not been attending yearly checkups because he fears that his lung is “black.” The disease leads to fibrosis, reduced diffusing ability, and dilation of the small airways. In the final stage, the airways, alveoli, and pulmonary capillaries become damaged.

How the disease described in the case study creates incongruous between ventilation and perfusion

Chronic lung disease may induce mismatch in ventilation and perfusion ...

Describe the underlying pathology of COPD and the common pathological characteristics of the condition. Discuss the impact these pathological changes have on normal function, including how alveolar ventilation might be different in Mr Wenham compared to a normal individual. The hallmark pathological attributes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are one, poorly reversible airflow obstruction and two, a progressive atypical inflammatory response within the lungs. The abnormal inflammatory response denotes the responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems to long-standing exposure to noxious gases and particles especially cigarette smoke. Notably, all cigarette smokers have some degree of inflammation ...

Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Cardiac arrhythmias often require immediate medical care that may include resuscitation (Ray, 2004). The diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias can be challenging particularly in situations whereby the patient is asymptomatic and ECG findings are normal between symptomatic episodes (Cruickshank, 2008). Distinguishing between supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia is also a challenge (Australian Resuscitation Council, 2008). Cardiac arrhythmia should be suspected in patients with a history of syncope, near syncope, palpitations, and/or chest pain (Cruickshank, 2008). This paper will justify why monomophic ventricular tachycardia is the most likely diagnosis of a male patient who collapsed abruptly and has hypotension (BP 63/38), tachycardia ( ...

What is chronic heart failure?

It is a condition where the heart is unable to sufficiently pump oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body to meet the body’s metabolic needs.

Nursing Implications and indictors of chronic Heart Failure

When a patient presents signs and symptoms of chronic heart failure, a set of assessment and diagnostic test should be conducted to ascertain the presumed diagnosis. The most imperative patient assessment should be the evaluation of patient’s medical history. A nurse is always the first person to obtain the patient’s medical history. It is important to determine the patient’s risk profile, patient’s cardiac history and what were ...

What The Nootropics Are?

People all over the World are as concerned about their cognitive health and brain performance as they care about their physical well-being. In doing so, they sometimes address nootropics – a class of supplements known for their cognitive enhancing and memory boosting effects. The nootropics are sometimes referred as so-called “smart drugs”, but in fact, smart drugs are mostly prescribed medications with nootropic effects, used mostly to treat definite mental or cognitive disorders. They may enhance concentration and cognitive abilities in patients, but often have tremendousside effects and, when used improperly, can lead to tolerance or addiction. In their turn, nootrpics ...

Answers

- The differences between the cardiovascular diseases and the coronary heart diseases

The major differences between these two types of diseases relates to the vascular components of the cardiovascular system. This simply means that the cardiovascular diseases do not only involve the heart alone but also involves all the heart linked vessels. i.e all arteries, veins and lymphatics found to be associated with the heart and blood passes to and from the heart. However, the coronary heart diseases only relate to the vessels that are within the heart itself and supply the heart itself and also the muscles of ...

Question 1: Rationale and Comparative Advantages

The technology behind PET-MRI presents a major stride in terms of nuclear medicine. Since the inception of nuclear medicine as a discipline, the overall medical domain has received a huge boost in terms of precision in diagnosis and treatment (Boss at al., 2010). However, the PET-MRI is the most recent advancement in this field and is promising to impact on medicine in a very positive manner. The contemporary world is faced by a myriad of intricate health conditions that require an equally sophisticated approach. It is the technologies such as the PER-MRI that hold the key to the 21st century medicine. PET-MRI is a hybrid ...

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of injury to the lungs that impedes the supply and uptake of oxygen from the alveoli resulting in a state of severe hypoxemia, dyspnea, anxiety, and tachypnea. This review has established that genetics may be playing a role in increasing one’s susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS. Moreover, biomarkers would also play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. However, it still remains unclear on the type of genes and biomarkers that play a role in causing ARDS. It has also been established that young children (less than 2 years ...

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Introduction The National Stroke Association (2009) defines stroke as an ‘attack’ to the brain cells and tissues that often cuts off perfusion. Hemorrhagic strokes results when a blood vessel that supplies a certain area of the brain breaks or ruptures causing blood leakage into the brain tissue (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). Prevalence of stroke in the United States (US) is estimated at 800,000 per year and mortality rate is about 160,000 people per year (National Stroke Association, 2009). In Canada, stroke accounts for more than 14,000 deaths per year (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). However, ...

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a recommended treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD). In the United Kingdom, around 2.7 million people have been diagnosed with this condition (NHS, 2012). The aim of surgery is to relieve angina and shortness of breath by improving the flow of blood to the heart (Parry et al., 2010). These symptoms cause severe discomfort and distress as well as limit the amount and type of physical activity a patient may engage in. Surgery helps patients attain a higher quality of life referred to as satisfaction with life ...

Introduction

Human brain is a complex organ and so are its diseases. Over the years numerous techniques, devices and processes have been developed that can help us to correctly access and diagnose the problem areas and provide solutions to them (14). Computer controlled delivery of carbon dioxide is a method that is conducted with the help of a gas blender that works to supply and alter carbon dioxide to the brain creating tensions in the brain (10) (16).

Carbon dioxide challenge

Changes in the carbon dioxide tensions in the brain are capable of sufficiently affecting the Brain and its functioning (1) . Due to increased carbon dioxide ...

Pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type of cardiomyopathy in children and accounts for the most heart transplantations in pediatric patients. Despite the progressive nature of the disorder and high mortality and morbidity rates, few studies aimed to investigate the etiology and treatments of children affected by dilated cardiomyopathy. Treatments for children are mainly adopted from studies aimed at adults without testing their effectiveness in pediatrics. Several studies were undertaken in recent years to learn whether adult-oriented evidence-based treatments for dilated cardiomyopathy are applicable to children.

Background

Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children. The ...

Situation: Assessment of an Old Adult PatientMrs. Madeleine Corners, a 56-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with a clinical diagnosis of hyperglycemia (blood sugar 400), diabetes Type-II and vomiting. She was diagnosed with diabetes Type- II 5 years ago. She decided to seek medical assistance once she started experiencing nausea, extreme weakness and vomiting two weeks ago. The illness became severe when she started vomiting three times within an hour. The source of history of the client seems reliable.

Area: Petersburg (Grant Memorial) Birth date: June, 12, 1958. Birthplace: Virginia Age: 55 Sex: Female Background: ...

Doppler Principles in Echocardiography

What is Doppler ultrasound? Doppler ultrasound is a type of ultrasound that allows you to diagnose vessels. This method of analysis can obtain accurate information about the functioning of vascular, clinical picture, identify malfunctions (method based on analyzing the frequency changed due to the reflection of ultrasonic waves). Diagnosis is absolutely harmless to the patient - no discomfort or discomfort during the study does not test people. The survey is conducted on an outpatient basis and does not require special preparation of the patient, the use of additional equipment and contrast media.

An Invention of Doppler Effect

The Doppler effect is easy to observe ...

Thesis Proposal: 1st Draft

How Temperature Effects Platelet Function During Hypothermic and Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass ABSTRACT Background During the process of Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB), the physiology of platelet functions subjected to different temperature conditions largely determines whether a patient will experience increased or reduced postoperative bleeding. This research paper showed that platelets levels in normothermic patients are preserved better than in the hypothermic patients.

Methods

Meta-analysis test was applied in numerous peer-reviewed journals. Among the articles I reviewed, one hundred patients were randomized into the normothermic perfusion (35 to 37Cº, N=50) and the mild hypothermic CPB group (27-32Cº, N=50). They compared temperature ...

ORIGINAL

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remains the key technology for more complex cardiac operations. Despite tremendous progress since its introduction into clinical practice, CPB is still far from perfect and hence continuous efforts to study and improve hemocompatibilityof both conduct and components of CPB are crucial. The problem is cardiac surgery in conjunction with cardiopulmonary bypass in its current form restricts the patient to exit the hospital in 5-7 days. We know that conventional standard bypass triggers the release of inflammatory mediator which elongates patient’s length of stay. The Pinnacle System tricks red blood cells, platelets, proteins and inflammatory mediators ...

Abstract

Computed Tomography CT refers to an imaging procedure that has been popular over the last decade in the imaging of the human body. In coronary artery imaging, this procedure is called Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography (CTCA). This technique is used specifically in the imaging and assessment of the cardiac and coronary anatomy to determine if one has a coronary artery disease or to determine the extent to which the individual has been affected by the disease. This procedure is also used to evaluate the coronary arteries and their anatomy. There are also other methods or techniques that are used in ...

Congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure is by caused by amongst other reasons heart failure occurring due to either or both systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction. The use of the term “congestive heart failure” is used to imply that the patient in question is having some form of fluid overload. Congestive heart failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality accounting for a significant proportion of hospitalizations. Of further note is that its incidence increases with advancing age (Tansley, 2010, p.1396). Although the presenting signs and symptoms of CHF have remained the same over time, great advances have been made in terms of ...