Essays on Bandura

Introduction

“Ethical Leadership is defined as "the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement and decision-making" [and] the evidence suggests that ethical leader behavior can have important positive effects on both individual and organizational effectiveness”

Background

Ethical leaders encourage their followers to model their behaviours by communicating their standards and use rewards as well as discipline to promote suitable and unsuitable behaviours. Brown et al. (2005), who first quoted the above definition for ethical leadership, had implied implicitly that, the leader’s intent is never ...

Abstract

Some theories focus on explaining developmental changes that happen to humans. The Social Cognitive Theory represents one of the many theories of psychology that explain human behavior. The theory was introduced by Miller and Dollard in 1941 and later advanced by Bandura and Walters in 1963. The main concepts of the theory are personal, behavioral, and environmental factors. Other concepts including self-control and efficacy, observational learning, and many others help in understanding the interaction between the environment, person, and behavior. On the other hand, the theory operates on five assumptions that relate the theory to learning, language self-control, and ...

Introduction

The desire to conform to the norms is what makes the foundation of a civilized society. Social order, for instance, is a desired attribute that is founded on established written and unwritten rules that are being observed by most people within a society. Deviation from these established rules is considered as undesirable and people who deviate are considered as having abnormal qualities or malfunctioning (Merton, 2002, p. 672). There are instances, however, wherein some people are observed to deviate from the standard pattern of human behavior. This deviation has captured the interest of many social scientists and have been ...

Introduction

In practice, Early Childhood Education is considered as one of the best environments for preschool age children based on a multitude of learning opportunities that it provides (Clark & Moss, 2005). This kind of early childhood education helps the children to foster in their language development, physical development and social ability in every dimension (Fasold, 1990). It is important that childhood teachers examine the trends in the today's society that influence the way the children play. Children's play behaviours will always be different depending on various contextual facts. For example, changes in the way technology get driven including children playing ...

Behaviorism is also referred to as the learning theory, which is defined as, a psychology approach focused on emphasizing the use of scientific and objective methods of investigation. Behaviorism has a long history focused on proving people are conditioned to act, based on the behaviors they observe. This paper will discuss Bandura’s Bobo Doll study, explain how it differs from traditional behaviorism, and explain how observing adults reflect aggressive behaviors while hitting the doll, and how this will influence the actions of children. Bandura discovered the children would mimic, or repeat the behaviors they observed. On one hand, ...

Overview

Media violence is considered complex. Therefore, its meaning is explained in different ways according to how one views the whole perception. According to David & Hertz, (2007) one of the simple definitions of media violence is the exposure of fights, murder, and forms of injustices through the televisions to the public. When defining media violence, one should keep in mind the ideas like; the aims of media violence that are; do they point at passion or retaliation? The being consequences: whether financial benefits or death and finally, the techniques in media violence like handful fights or shootouts. When watching the ...

Erik Erikson’s theory of identity crisis emphasizes on cultural and social roles in the identity of the ego (Engler, 23). According to him, it is possible for people to continue developing in their adulthood. The stages that develop in adulthood are Intimacy and Isolation, Generativity and Stagnation, and Ego Integrity and Despair. In the Intimacy and Isolation stage, young adults are likely to try and build their self-esteem. However, both Erikson and Piaget admit that in adulthood behavior is determined by the person nurture and nature. Therefore, in adulthood, people build on to what they already have from ...

A man's identity is an outcome of the interaction between sociological, psychological, historical, and biological impacts. It springs from the person's endeavors to keep up a feeling of congruity as well as personal uniqueness in the midst of shifting developmental tasks and unexpected events in life and acquire a sense of oneness with the group. Another approach to hypothesize identity is by depicting the characteristics of people who have obtained a strong sense of individual identity. The interest of developmental psychology in the development of identity arises from the seminal work of Erikson titled Identity: Youth and Crisis. In ...

There are three pertinent theorists throughout history that have come to shape our cultures and lives in a myriad of ways. The first theorist would be Erik Erikson, who constructed a theory in 1959 based on eight psychosocial stages of development. These stages encompassed “trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity” (McLeod 1). In relation to adulthood, his theory’s description of love, care, and wisdom best exemplify that level of maturity. Based upon his theory of these stages, effective completion of the individual states can conclude in a person developing a strong and healthy personality ...

Smoking, drinking, overeating and accumulating stressors are behaviors that become pronounced in adulthood though they trace their origins to a much younger age probably around the teenage years. These behaviors do not just crop up out of the blues. They start and develop over a period. The various theories and theorists in this context are keen on pointing out the psychosocial nature of an individual. They show how the actions and expectations of a person conflict with those of society and how that could therefore lead to various behaviors in adulthood. The theories in contexts have their different ways ...

Counseling involves giving the professional talk to an individual to help in a particular life aspect either by advising or recommending from experience. There are several challenges that individuals encounter in life ranging from professional aspects, social to religious issues and therefore need to share thoughts with an expert or someone who can walk them through the challenges. Considering people are of different personalities and temperaments, an approach that was successful in a counseling session with someone possibly with the same problem may not work out with a current client with regards to professional counselors. There are therefore several ...

Introduction

Child abuse and maltreatment is a broad term that refers to different types of abuses that children may experience in their environment. Abuses and maltreatment may come in the form of neglect, exposure to violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse. Children are the most vulnerable segment of society when it comes to abuse and neglect. Being unable to protect and care for themselves, some children are subjected to abuses and maltreatment, most often, by family members themselves. The perpetrators of abuse and maltreatment of children may also vary. Aside from parents and siblings, children can also be ...

There are many ways of understanding the reasons for one’s motivations. Throughout the centuries, philosophers have attempted to explain this through different ways. Even though through reflection one can attempt to reach some degree of freedom by using one’s pre-frontal cortex, these internal impulses are still there. Two of the most important of these theories are the will and Sigmund Freud’s drives. I have seen the importance of self-regulation throughout my life, and how important rationality may be in stopping the influence of that which one takes for granted as motivation.

Key Points in Bandura's Article

Albert Bandura was one of ...

Introduction

A very controversial issue among video game players is how playing violent video games contribute to aggressive behavior and problems in school for the youths. Video games provide a unique way for adolescents to entertain themselves. Non-violent games are found to be cognitively stimulating and help in increasing and improving learning, problem solving skills, and perceptual motor skills. These games allow the youth to become part of the story behind the online games they play as they embody the attributes of characters they choose. Unlike the old video games, contemporary video games are more refined and sophisticated that it ...

One of the most easily observable psychological phenomenon is human motivation. It is that desire to move from one point in life to another, especially through various accomplishments that tend to satisfy unmet human needs. Whenever one need is satisfied, we tend to want to achieve the next, often bigger one. For instance, when individuals finish school and are job hunting, all they are looking for is to satisfy their basic needs - food, clothing and shelter. After satisfying the basics, one does not stop there. An individual who was previously keen on acquiring basic needs starts looking for ...

Models of abnormality are frameworks that assist in explaining the behavioral, cognitive, biological and psychodynamics of individuals (Sue, Sue & Sue). Additionally, the models help to explain why illnesses occur and the treatments associated with these illnesses. Each model presents a different approach to resolving the psychological illness that an individual may be going through. For the purposes of this paper, the behavioral and cognitive models will be discussed, compared and contrasted.

Behavioral Model

The behavioral model in psychology is typically expressed as an alternative to the conventional medical frameworks that are used to explain individual behaviors. The therapies that are governed ...

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine whether gender differences in aggression exist among kindergarten children. Two hypotheses guided this study: (a) There is no significant relationship between males and females on aggression (b) There is no significant relationship between children’s physical aggression and relational aggression. The observational research design was used to address these hypotheses. A purposive sample of 50 children (30 boys and 20 girls) were recruited for the study and data gathered by observation. From the analysis of data, statistically significant relationship between physical aggression and relational aggression in children was found. Moreover, results ...

Abstract

Profound education is the basis for the successful career development and personal growth of any individual. Many scholars are trying to give an answer to the question of what makes the learning process more effective. Different aspects of learning theory provide answers to some of these questions. Theories of learning can be grouped into following three categories: behaviorist learning theories, cognitivist learning theories, and constructivist learning theories. Many researchers pay much attention to the process of scaffolding that is actively discussed as a significant element of learning process. The researcher Albert Bandura has devoted a number of his scientific ...

My informal learning experience is connected with the death of close relatives form cancer. Given the rise of cancer and the deteriorating environment, the use of carcinogens in the food industry, fear of cancer cannot be considered unreasonable. In my case it went beyond common sense and became a phobia. My cancerophobia is very closely linked with the fear of death. Everyone knows that according to the statistics, cancer takes the third place among the causes of death (after injuries and cardiovascular diseases). So my informal learning experience is a manifestation of psychogenic reaction to the death of loved ...

Identifying the causes of aggression and pointing out ways to reduce or eliminate them can help to reduce aggression in both people and society. Understanding the importance of addressing aggressive behavior is important in limiting unwanted outcomes such as harassment, violence, and death. There are five major categories of aggression that should be assessed. These include gun legislation, reduction of media violence, understanding the social context of terrorism, reduction of self-harm, and values and regulations for activities such as bullying. Through analysis of these factors, a more informed perspective on how to reduce aggressive behaviors can be achieved. In ...

Theorist: Albert Bandura Observational Learning Theory

Introduction A Theorist Life, Family, Education, and Work He was born on December 4, 1945, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and the youngest and the only boy among the six siblings with a father (a trans-Canada railroad worker) from Poland and a mother (a town’s general store worker) from Ukraine. Albert Bandura has learned three foreign languages, Russian, Polish, and German with the help of his father. The family had no formal education, but they have shown a high importance and value on educational attainment. The entire family had worked hard together, celebrated a happy life, and created a ...

Albert Bandura was a prominent researcher who advanced a key behavioral theory that he later referred to as social cognitive theory, or SCT. The cornerstone of SCT is that people learn via observation (Denler et al., 2014, p. 1). Moreover, Bandura states that people’s personalities are not only molded or shaped by their environment, but people also affect their environment (Denler et al., 2014, p. 1). Thus, Bandura takes classical conditioning and operant conditioning one step further by asserting that there is a multi-faceted interaction between a person, their environment, and subsequent behaviors (Denler et al., 2014, p. ...

The aim of this paper is to discuss the original research, which the authors conduced and described in a psychology journal. The article, which has been chosen for this purpose, was published in the Volume #3 of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 1969 ((Bandura, Blanchard, & Ritter, 1969). 1. Nature of the study. The modification of human behavior has been of a great scientific interest through years. Constant growth of new treatment approaches has stimulated the authors of the discussed research to assess the differential efficacy of several new treatment approaches for inducing various kinds of changes in ...

Psychology

In a study published in the Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, researchers worked on the importance of the prior knowledge before facing the present situations or conditions (Bransford, and Marcia K Johnson 717). Research shows that subjects usually develop semantic thoughts joining the present information and prior knowledge. Therefore, researchers studied the role of prior knowledge and its importance in comprehending the present information. They were trying to show that prior knowledge is not only involved in comprehension but is also necessary for the meaningful information. They also studied the effect of prior knowledge on subjects by ...

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

The prime rationale behind the psychological studies has been about the causes and effect of human behavior. This led to the development of the social cognitive theory. Albert Bandura is the founder of this theory which analyzes the relationship between the behavioral, personal, and the environmental factors that affect the psychology of individuals. This theory by analyzes the relationship between the behavioral, personal, and the environmental factors and is actually a conceptual extension of the Rotter’s theory of observational learning which establishes the relation between cognitive intake of environmental factors and the corresponding development of this intake into ...

Abstract

The work is devoted to the gender role development. The purpose of paper was to study theories associated with gender stereotypes, introduce practical surveys and prove that the childhood is influenced by gender stereotypes. It considers Albert Bandura's Gender Role development theory, gender stereotypes, gender identity, gender-typed behaviors and provides real-life examples. The paper reveals that gender stereotypes are popular in modern society despite the fact they were absent earlier. The first idea is that children experience prejudices about "male" and "female" behavior since early childhood. Then, Albert Bandura suggests that people behave in a certain way because they ...

In his theory of moral disengagement, Albert Bandura (1986) suggests that most people develop a mechanism of self-sanction in order to prevent them from conducting immoral actions that could adversely affect a person’s self-worth and cause a person’s self-perception become negative (p. 161). However, since moral standards are not constantly active, but are actually activated in specific situations, such as during decision-making, even a person, who holds firm moral beliefs, can turn to mechanisms of moral disengagement, when “conducive social conditions”, rather than “monstrous people,” are required (“How people do bad things,” 1991, p. 1). According to ...

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The video entitled “Self Efficacy: Its Role and Sources” is very helpful in understanding the important role of self-efficacy in people’s lives. Because it is delivered using an animated character, it becomes more fun to watch. In addition, it is concise and direct to the point, making sure that the audience clearly understands what the concept of self-efficacy is all about. Personally, this relates to the reason why I gained weight, an issue that affects my current health status. By being heavier than my normal weight, I begin to feel tired more easily and my self-esteem ...

Spring, 2016

I was raised in the conservative Christian family in the atmosphere of strict rules and respect toward elder people, especially toward parents. My mother is a nurse and my father is a pharmacist. I also have one younger and one elder brother. My parents raised me and my brothers using authoritative parental style. They were highly controlling and demanding and disciplined us for minor misconducts. However, I`m very glad that my parents were so strict, demanding and controlling they made me a good and respectful person. The theory of Skinner can be applied to how my parents raised ...

Effects of Fictional Violence On Aggressive Behavior

Introduction Media violence has been a topic of controversy because many researchers propose that violent media will encourage people to act aggressively and violently as a result of learning that behavior from watching others. Many of the earlier studies focus on short- term effects of watching violent media and measuring the effects by observing the outcome of aggressive behavior. One of the earliest studies to bring up the topic of the influence of viewing aggressive models on aggressive behavior was that of Albert Bandura in the 1960s. According to Bandura’s study, when children were presented with an aggressive ...

Effectiveness of health promotion methods designed to change lifestyle behavior and improve health and wellbeing in patients with mental health problems

INTRODUCTION

Health promotion is an art of medical science dealing with the study of biological, environmental, psychological, physical and mental research. To reduce premature death, giving the patients information on how to control and change their physiological activities such as the use of safety belts in cars and avoidance of substance abuse such as excessive alcohol. It is managed by a government agency such as Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Health promotion plays a significant role in individuals ...