Essays on Human Intelligence

Have Suicide Attacks Helped or Hindered Terrorist Groups’ Goals?

Terrorism that uses suicide as a means of attacking individuals and places is on the rise across the globe with the reasons for the increase in such instances having no clear explanations. However, existing reports that are based on psychological dynamics have gotten contradicted by the widening gap of socioeconomic backgrounds of terrorists who commit such suicide attacks. According to Pape (2003), it is evident that the aim of suicide bombings is to make countries that are liberal and modern in nature to give into demands of terrorist groups existing within their respective borders. Additionally, it is common belief ...

<Institution> The development of human intelligence is a complex process, and many factors are involved in it. The following are some of the important concepts and theories that are helpful in understanding more about human intelligence.

Concrete-Operational Period and Formal-Operational Period

Concrete operations stage is the third stage of cognitive development that was formulated by Jean Piaget. Children ages 7 to 11 years go through this stage, which is further divided into two sub-stages: the concrete-operational period and the formal-operational period. During concrete-operational period, a child develops the ability to apply logical thinking about an object as long as it can be manipulated (“ ...

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Intelligence in computing is defined as the computational ability of machines to achieve desired objectives. Artificial Intelligence is the “scientific understanding of mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines” ("AI Overview", n.d.). The concept of artificial intelligence systems is formed around information processing systems that perceive, learn, and think about what they want and how they feel. A.I. is the science and engineering involved in the design of intelligent machines including computer programs that try to learn and understand human intelligence. However, AIs do not necessarily simulate human intelligence but instead apply mechanisms that solve ...

Abstract

In the recent times, scientists in the discipline of artificial intelligence are confused which approach closely imitates the structure of a human brain. The best two approaches are bottom-up, or the top-down, and they comprise of both their advantages and disadvantages. The top-down approach has the capability to perform high-level tasks since it is programmed (Russell et.al 27). On the contrary, the bottom-up approach is capable of modeling the lower-level human functions such as motor control, image recognition, and learning capabilities. Each method operates perfectly where the other method is imperfect. Therefore, to establish the advantages and disadvantages of ...

Block 1

The ability of a rat to learn is the most amazing one in this study carried out by Willard Stanton Small. Being the first to build a maze to for rats, Small used the maze to study the behavior of rats. He took the rats and placed them in a maze where they lived (Pineno 2010). At the center of the maze, he placed food. He then observed the ability of the rats to remember the corridors in the maze that normally give them a pathway to access the food in the middle of the maze. Small indexed and ...

Some researchers argue that the innovation in science has a direct relationship with the advancement in morality. This argument, therefore, shows the link that exists between science and moral aspects. These researchers address various reasons as to why they support the fact that moral values and scientific advancements have a relationship. Conversely, some scientists criticize the fact that morality has an influence on scientific research. Accordingly, these researchers also criticize the way in which scientific facts relate to moral values. This paper discusses the morals value associated with science showing both the agreements and disagreements presented by two different ...

In the 1976 publication of Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon present the physical symbol system as a means of perfecting artificial intelligence and bringing it as close to human intelligence as possible. According to the authors, because physical symbol systems “are capable of intelligent action,” then all general intelligent action[s] that humans are capable of must engage a physical symbol system (Newell and Simon 118). Subsequently, just as biologists understand the cell as the basic unit in living organisms, symbols make up the “roots of intelligent action” (Newell and Simon 119). For ...

Chapter reviews

Chapter reviews

Chapter 7 Summary: Cognition

Readers can also learn the weaknesses of Piaget’s theory through its critics who look at it as a theory that under-estimates the development of children which can be beyond the factors examined by him. The chapter reading also shows that other modern constructivist theories look at the causes to different cognitive skills. The sociocultural perspective by Vygotsky's looks at the social and cultural influences as the main causes of cognitive development in children. On the other hand, Fischer's dynamic skills framework looks at skill levels as the main course for development (Sigelman, & Rider, 2014).

Important topic: Aging and cognitive skills

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Abstract

The invention and the continuous research on intelligent machines have greatly impacted on the way man carries out his day to day activities. This research paper examines the topic “Artificial Intelligence” in its broader perspective. It gives the definitions and brief background information on the topic of study and then extends to detailed examination of the topic as given in various literature materials. Artificial Intelligence is considered as a great step in technological innovations and this paper analyses its importance and the areas where it finds applications. A conclusion of this work affirms that, indeed Artificial Intelligence has greatly enhanced ...