Essays on Extinction

Introduction

Language endangerment refers to the level of risk involved in making a language become suppressed and eventually fall out of use. It may not be possible for regional language speakers to forecast the extinction of their languages. This persuasive essay aims to convince the low variety language speakers in China that they can overcome the dominance of popular languages like the Mandarin and English.
Mandarin is widely used in the Chinese education system which makes it the official language. On the other hand, English is commonly used all over the world hence posing a threat to regional languages in

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Classical Conditioning

According to Basford and Slevin (2003), classical conditioning relates to the normal-unlearned stimulus-response, which is normally experienced during reflex actions. The result is that a subject exposed to the neutral stimuli will respond in a similar manner as when exposed to the unconditioned stimuli. Examples include having lunch at noon and taking a bath in the morning. Extinction of classical conditioning occurs when the pairing between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is stopped.

Components of Classical Conditioning

- Neutral stimulus; this refers to a stimulus, which does not generate any response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus: this refers to a stimulus, which can

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Cougars are beautiful, elusive wild cats. They are known by several names including, Painter, Florida Panther and Mountain Lion among others. In Latin America, the Puma concolor is commonly called Puma. Just as their habitats vary among wide ranges, so does the color of their coats. Depending on their environment, their coats may be brown, sandy tan, light silver or gray. Their offspring are born with spots that diminish into a shiny coat when they become adults. No matter how dark or light the cougar is in color, it can surely hide in the background within its habitat. Although

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Palm oil trees originated in West Africa and were brought into South East Asia in the twentieth century . Around 250, 000 tonnes of palm oil were then exported annually from South East Asia and the number has now increased to 60,000,000 tonnes. At the very beginning, palm oil was used in candles and as a lubricant for machinery. After the discovery of hydrogenation process in Europe, the demand for palm oil increased and after the World War II, it was utilized in many western food products. Palm oil is the most commonly used oil in the world.

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Since the ancient history, people have been wearing clothes made from leather and animal fur. One cannot imagine a cave man without a small piece of leather hanging around his waist. Then, it was the only material that they could use for making clothes. However, since the modern ages, leather and fur coats have become the synonyms for wealth and the branding mark for many fashion designers. On the other hand, the planet is facing with the extinction of animal species that are killed only for its fur or skin. Leather and fur coats should be outlawed so that

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About five years ago, I had an unpleasant experience while driving with my friends. We got in a car and drove all over the city. At one point, while I was sitting in the back seat, a friend who was driving caused an accident. Fortunately, nobody was injured. However, I got very scared and couldn’t calm down for a while. Soon after that a friend offered to drive me home and I had to sit in the back. When I entered the car, I felt enormous fear. This can be explained by classical conditioning. In fact, this is

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Animal testing is one of much debated issues in modern times. Millions of animals are used every year for the purpose of animal testing across the world. Animals go through a process that causes enormous pain and sufferings during animal testing. A number of issues are related to animal testing and one of them is the extinction of animals. A number of animals are on the verge of extinction and this issue has been raised by various animal lovers and animal rights organizations. This paper presents a succinct analysis of the animal testing along with discussing how animal testing

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Extinction is the phenomenon when a behavior, that was previously observed, disappears from a person when it is not reinforced (Miltenberger, 2012). When extinction is performed constantly over a long period of time, the undesired behavior gradually disappears, in the longer run. However, in the short term, the subject of extinction is likely demonstrates extinction burst. This burst more frequently occurs when the extinction has just started. The burst is commonly a phenomenal increase in the observed undesired behavior. This increase is temporary and does not last for a long time. Extinction is observed in both conditions: operant and

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Essay 1

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MOSQUITOES COULD BE A VITAL WEAPON AGAINST MALARIA: ECOLOGICAL THINK PERSPECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
The ecological system continues to experience a number of transformations in so far as environmental wellbeing is concerned. The text can be analyzed and evaluated from the ecological think perspective in so far as nonhuman charisma characterization is concerned. Species can be modified into different forms to the extent that they are able to conform to the modes so desired. Different ecosystems have different species, some of which are very harmful to the existence of other species. Mosquitoes are by far some of the most

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- (6 pt.) Describe the effects harvest, disturbance, and nutrient enrichment by humans have had on other wild populations. Be sure to explain how these activities act as selective agents and what the most-fit phenotype will be under these circumstances.
Human activities have emerged to be the most precarious and dreadful to the wild population. Notably, human interfere with biodiversity and wild population in a number of ways. Overharvesting includes activities such as target haunting, gathering or fishing for a particular species. Overharvesting has been associated with extinction of some species of organisms. For example, advancement in technology after the

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Definition of the concept

Differential reinforcement, also known discrimination training, is the ability to expose a particular behavior in response to a specific stimulus situation and extinguish the very behavior in a different stimulus situation. The cue that generates the reinforcement is known as the differential stimulus or the discriminative stimulus; SD. A different cue would create extinction by not inducing the same behavior. The stimulus that does not result into reinforcement is denoted as s-delta. In essence, discriminative reinforcement is the training of the mind to distinguish and respond differently to various stimuli.

Example of the concept

Ken is a 4-year old boy. At night whenever

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- Define the concept: 97 words
The concept of extinction basically means the withholding of rein forcers in a systemic way that has in the past have helped in maintaining behaviour. It is a general misconception that extinction is similar to ignoring and elimination whereas in reality this is not the truth. If the frequency of reinforcement for behaviour is high, then it is more likely that the behaviour of that specific person will extinguish at a much faster pace. In such cases, as the deprivation level for the reinforcement is poor or nil altogether, extinction of behaviour occurs

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When used in behavioral psychology, the term reinforcement means a consequence which strengthens an organism’s behavior in future whenever the specific behavior is preceded by an antecedent stimulus. This can be observed as an increase in the frequency of the behavior or also as an increase in the duration in which the behavior is exhibited by the organism. Punishment on the other hand is used in psychology to mean the imposition, authoritatively, of something that is unpleasant or undesirable upon an individual or even upon a group of people as a protest against the behavior that has been

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Science has advanced so much that scientists are now bring extinct animals back to life- they call it de-extinction . De-extinction is done by two methods- cloning and selective breeding. Cloning is a process in which the DNA of an organism that is desired to be cloned is taken out and infused in the cell of another existing organism belonging to the same class. When fertilization takes place in the existing organism, it is able to produce an off-spring that looks exactly like the organism which was desired to be cloned. Selective breeding is the method in which DNA from

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Sharks are a type of fish that are known to live in salty water, except for the bull and the rivers sharks which can live in both salty and fresh waters. They are large animals at the top of the food chain, which means that they have limited predators feeding on them. They come in various species and are a sister group to the rays. Although sharks are not very harmless to human beings (research shows that only 12 people are killed by sharks every year, while human beings kill a worrying 100 million sharks annually), the marine animals

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Neanderthals are the members of the genus Homo and are known extinct relatives of Homo sapiens. A large amount of fossils and other archives have been collected that has substantiated the presence of these mysterious beings. The first skeletal fossils of Neanderthals were discovered in Germany in 1856, in the Neander Valley, where a group of quarrymen found 16 bone pieces including a skull, which they thought to be a bear. The bones were analyzed to determine that the fossils belonged to ancient relatives of humans. It has been close to 150 years since the accidental discovery of Neanderthals,

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Environmental Studies

The need for a precise forecasting of the impacts of climate change on the future distribution of the Earth's principle biome is increasing. In this paper, forecasting methods covered include: the niche-theory models which categorize species by habitat (particularly environmental conditions where species may persist or perish). The general circulation models and the species-area curve models which consider large groups of species or all species.
The existing climate models based on approximations of increasing carbon dioxide and, to some extent, by lessening sulfate aerosols, forecast that temperatures will rise by 2.5-10.4oF (1.4-5.8oC) between the year1990 and 2100. Greater warming

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Introduction

For more than 150 million years, dinosaurs roamed across the earth. However, most dinosaurs became extinct suddenly within a short time. The last of the dinosaurs are estimated to have died about 65 million years ago. The cause of their extinction continues to be a mystery, with a number of factors such as diseases, climate change, geologic events and changing plant communities being thought to have played a part in the demise of dinosaurs. Of late, theories of dinosaur extinction have been the subject of much controversy and debate. The explanation that seems to have the support of many

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Abstract

The K–Pg mass extinction took place at the end of Cretaceous Era and the onset of the Paleogene System. At the end of the Cretaceous, just before the K–Pg event, between 40% and 75% of marine life forms and terrestrial species disappear from fossilized records. Included in K-Pg mass extinction were well-known groups as flightless dinosaurs, related reptile species and many species of marine plankton.

Introduction

The K-Pg (Cretaceous–Paleogene) mass extinction, also termed as the K-T (Cretaceous–Tertiary) extinction, is documented as a mass extinction of nearly three-quarters of fauna and flora on Earth, which includes all

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Behavior is termed as the way and means of getting something or rather avoid something. It is important to note that the behavior is earned and is an action that is both observable and measurable. It is observable in the aspect of what is seen or heard. For instance, if a subject is speaking, yelling, writing or even dancing. The behavior is more about how a certain feeling is expressed for instance by making faces, yelling, or even portraying various body postures. Behaviors can also be measured in that it can be defined and described. For instance, in this

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Science is a body of knowledge produced by scientists with emphasis on observation, explanation and prediction of real world occurrences. Since the classical antiquity, empirical investigations of the natural world were used to advance, develop and prove ideas by the likes of Aristotle. Scientific methods were employed during the middle ages by scientists such as Roger Bacon and Ibn al-Haytham to originate and determine scientific ideas. Modern science can be traced back to the 16th and 17th centuries resulting from the scientific revolution, has established science as a source for the growth of knowledge. This knowledge is developed from

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Extinction of species is a natural process that has occurred since the beginning of life on earth. Organisms most suited to the current environmental conditions survive and reproduce whereas those less poorly suited either do not survive or contribute little or nothing to the genetic capital of the next generation. This process is known as natural selection or survival of the fittest. Anthropogenic influences on this process, especially in the last century has effected this process through habitat or ecosystem conversion and the input of pollution in the air, water and soil (text book, year).
For example, the input

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Biodiversity is the range variation among microorganisms, animals and plants. Biodiversity enhances the quality way of living that is not easy to quantify. The human beings depend on the biodiversity for food; forestry and agriculture, shelter and warmth; use of forest products and fibers, medicines; synthesized and tradition medicines. Besides of biological resources biodiversity also supplies indirect services to human beings such as clean air, water, and fertile soil.
The ecological and its normal function is disrupted and distraught when the ecosystem losses its population, or group of species. The distribution and functioning of ecosystem is highly affected by

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Introduction

Conditioning can be defined as the arrangement of two or more incidences characterized experimentally via separate chronological relationship. Learning takes place at the behavioral, cognitive and neural levels with four crucial phenomena that are caused by conditioning (Kalat, 2011). This paper seeks to explain the meaning of these phenomena and show how they would exhibit themselves in human beings.
The four basic learning phenomena that take place due to conditioning are acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination (Kalat, 2011). Acquisition refers to the advancement of a conditioned reply consequent to conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) experiments (Kalat, 2011).

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