Essays on Extinction

The ivory trade has been an international problem for decades. While ivory is an important commodity to many of the countries in Africa, the use of this material is threatening the survival of the African elephant. While trade laws and sanctions have been passed by the global community to limit the use of ivory, a number of African countries continue to be active in this trade. By failing to understand the ivory trade and the economic position of many of the African countries, humans have directly contributed to the near extinction of both elephants and rhinoceros. Ivory has been ...

Introduction

A brief history of space travel In many ways the todays advances in space travel came into fruition by accident. During World War II the Nazi’s create and implement rockets as weapons against the British. These rockets flew over 3,500 miles per hour and had an arch of 60 miles high. (A Brief History, n.d). Following WWII, the Soviet Union began creating their own missile program (A Brief History, n.d). By 1957 the Soviet Union had launched Sputnik 1, the first satellite into space. They followed this up four years later by having Russian Lieutenant Yuri Gagarin ...

Craig Arnold’s “The Singers” is a contemporary poem which addresses a very poignant topic, namely the destruction of the environment caused by human activities. The poet chooses to focus on a specific aspect of this broad topic, namely the rapid extinction of bird species which is accentuated by the destruction of their environment. The speaker laments the fact that many species of birds are on the verge of extinction, and expresses concern over the disappearance of creativity together with the death of the natural world. The speaker dramatizes this environmental problem by illustrating the loss that humans face ...

Possible Changes at the Societal and Professional Levels

Abstract Global warming is no doubt the the greatest and most far reaching societal and professional long term threat to every end of human livelihood. Agriculture is quickly growing into one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases. And therefore, global warming. The recent development of industrial farming has exasperated the amount of methane and nitrous oxide gases being released into the atmosphere. This has been done under the pressure of many different stimuli, including government lobbyists and stimuli, and companies like Monsanto. Indifference and lack of public education has ensured that this remains a problem for the immediate ...

Essay #1 (Rough draft)

The purpose of this documentary essay is to provide significant insight of the movie ‘Born to Be Wild’ alongside exploring the criteria of the documentary which are entailed as rehabilitation of species into their natural habitat, destruction of natural habitat, nuanced animal behavior, and spreading awareness about saving animal lives. It is an American documentary, which was released in the year 2011. The documentary is based on the heartwarming efforts put forward by two women for the protection of wildlife. The story is entrenched with the essence of love, dedication, and the commendable bond between humans and animals as ...

Abstract

This essay outlined a debatable question associated with humanity which is the greatest threat to global biodiversity. Biodiversity exists abundantly in the form of plants, animals, and organisms that is imperative to satisfy our basic needs. However, it is widely threatened over the years, and many organisms have gone into extinction due to various activities frequently driven by humans. Numerous species and ecosystems are being put to the threat of destruction with a higher rate of extinction. In fact, the technological advancement has transformed the world that leads to deforestation & habitat revolution, food demand, overexploitation, the introduction of invasive ...

Fear is a relative term, at least from the human perspective. This suggests that humanity has experienced its own sets of fears, depending on the prevailing dangers of a particular physical environment and epoch. In this regard, it has always been common knowledge that survival is an integral part of every species, including the Homo sapiens, and that compromising the sense of safety of animals and humans is most likely to instigate a reaction of fear. As such, it can also be said that fear is a beneficial aspect of existence, given that it triggers reactions of alertness, fighting ...

Common property resources are those resources which have property rights that are enforced collectively by members of a group or organization. Usually, the increased use of the resources by one individual led to a decrease of resources available for other individuals to consume. Ocean resources include; marine life such as fish and whales, open sea used for traveling and fishing, minerals found in the ocean such as oil, gas, sand among others. This paper will briefly describe the tragedy of commons as indicated in Hardin. It will also use Seabright to clarify how the rights of the common property ...

Introduction

Technology and innovations have taken over the world. People are using the mobile phones, laptops, tablets in everyday life and spend the valuable amount of time working with it. Responsive Web design helps to create a page, which should be equally well displayed from different devices. It should adjust to the resolution of the given tool. Responsive web design greatly helps to arrange the information in the best suitable way for the search engine to track it, for the organization to update it and for the people to use it. (Grannel) a) What is your website about? The website ...

This theory indicates that the number of species in an island is a representation of the equilibrium between competing forces of colonization and extinction (Manceau et al, 347). This theory indicates that when the number of species present in an island increases, the rate of immigration reduces, hence a high rate of competition that leads to extinction of the small number of species (Manceau et al, 348). In relation to places that are not Islands, this theory indicates that immigration is generally higher to islands that located near mainland compared to islands that are located far away from islands. ...

Environmental Worldview

Reflective Statement

Taking the course has brought me to a deeper understanding and appreciation of what nature has given us freely and a realization of what contributions I make in the process of destroying her. It is fascinating to realize that everything we do has an effect on either its preservation or tearing down. This makes our attitude or actions towards her very important and critical because if she is destroyed, its inhabitants will also be destroyed along with her.

The last three months has been like going through an evolution. An evolution of knowing what my lifestyle is contributing to the ...

Background information

Many people around the world depend heavily on fish for food. This has led to ever-growing demand for fish and overfishing practices. In response, poor fisheries management has destroyed marine life (Carrier et al., 29). This is because the management put little measures and even leaves the sector unchecked leading to severe overfishing trends. Overfishing is the extent to which marine species are caught in a higher rate compared to their reproduction rate. Overfishing has become a major problem. It has raised various concerns about the future of marine life. Under the current trends of fishing, the world will be at ...

Introduction

The need for a safe, hazard free and healthy environment cannot be over-emphasized. This need is accentuated by obvious facts such as climate change, acid rain, ozone depletion, species extinction as is characteristic of global environmental trends (Claudio, 2007). The UNEP, (2013) report shows that people everywhere around the world (2 million annual deaths and billions of diseases attributed to pollution) experience the negative consequences of environmental degradation, ecosystem decline and natural disasters due to untoward environmental practices as well as unsafe environmental management and disposal of toxic and dangerous waste materials, leading to worldwide demand for environmental justice and ...

Influence on Behavioral Family Therapy- B.F Skinner's

Techniques used in Behavioral Therapy - Keeping of records - Implosion - Desensitization - Extinction - On task - Premack principle - Modeling

Basic Behavioral Concepts

- Learning Theory

Behavior modification

- Situations where its applicable - Use of Reinforcements

Contributions of Behavioral Therapy

- Benefit - Limitations Key areas that behavioral scientists take an interest in because of Skinner’s influence include the way people act, what people learn and their outcome of their behavior. Behavioral scientists follow certain steps when conducting therapy to a family under stress.

Steps involved in Behavioral Therapy

The first stage involves preliminary assessment and description of the ...

The three short stories present in The Suicide Club, although can be read as standalone pieces are woven to create a larger plot. The larger plot revolves around the work of Prince Florizel of Bohemia and Colonel Geraldine, his assistant and their quest to finally toppling the unnamed president of the Suicide Club. The main reason why they wish to destroy the mentioned organization is that it gives men with ways to escape their disastrous, dysfunctional and unhappy loves without the threat of over self-destruction. One of the underlying themes in Robert Louis Steven’s novel is the theme of ...

1. The relationship of how religion and society relate are very important topics. Often religion is seen as critical of the aims of material society and sees them as contradicting religious principles. Two examples will be seen below as Islamic scholars attempt to understand how society and Islam relate to one another and whether society’s current trajectory is contradicting religion.

Ali Shariati outlines what he sees as the major problems leading to the decline of humanity. He first argues against the western emphasis on economics, whether it be in the form of capitalism or capitalism. These systems, ...

Part 1: Summary

Currently, human activities have increased the rate of species’ extinction. It is, however, difficult to predict the actual rate. Skeptics point out that some predictions in the past have failed to produce the magnitude of the forecast extinctions. Various ecologists use the species-area relationship (SAR) to predict the extinction rates associated with habitat loss (Rybicki and Hanski). The SAR works on the principle that the number of species in a given location increases as the size of the habitat area enlarges. In backward SAR, the reduction in habitat area decreases the species’ number. Though successful in some estimates, the assumption ...

Introduction

This paper seeks to present a detailed outline on the topic Intercultural Communication in Contexts. The main objectives of the paper include the following: discuss the components of language; explain the different position concerning language and perception; describe the function of metaphor in gaining awareness about intercultural communication; recognize cultural variations in the different style of communication; understand the different challenges related to multilingualism; explain the distinction between interpretation and translation; and understand the occurrence of interlanguage and code switching.

Point 1: Social science perspective is focused on the use of language including the components, perception and ...

Introduction

Dinosaurs are creatures that are believed to have dominated the earth millions of years ago. It is assumed that they existed at a time when human life was not in the phase. Scientific evidence proves that dinosaurs are the biggest animals that have ever been on the earth’s surface. There is no cogent reason why they became extinct. It is clear that, their existence on earth was timely because, not even a single dinosaur exists. In this regard, therefore, it is reasonable to carry out a research that focuses on unveiling possible causes and explanations that support the idea that, dinosaurs ...

Biomes characterize constant sets of conditions for life; it supports similar kinds of organisms wherever it exist. Yes, humans should be concerned with the extinction rate. We are responsible with increase of rate of this process.

Human population growth, pollution, economic expansion, climate change, logging, mining, overharvest, urban sprawl, and displacement of indigenous peoples are the causes of the decline of species. It is evident that the detailed and discouraging picture that humans could lose a quarter of the biodiversity of the world over the next century. One of the most significant global environmental issues is the biodiversity conservation . ...

Classical conditioning is the process of learning whereby an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. It is a process of behavior modification in which the subject responds to a previously neutral stimulus in a desired manner when it is repeatedly presented along with an unconditional stimulus. There have been various speculations by different literature on the possibility of conditioning emotional responses, but the experimental evidence has usually been lacking. There has been a suggestion that there must be a way in which stimuli can call out emotions. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner decided to put the matter to test through the little ...

Corridors and Population Dispersion

Part I. Introduction and Review of Relevant Biology

1. Energy transfer becomes inefficient in higher trophic levels in a food chain. Predators utilize more energy in obtaining food than their prey. The number of organisms and the amount of biomass defines energy relationships among organisms in trophic levels. Most top predators are huge in size but their population is lower because there is not enough energy to support a large population of these predators (Odum and Barrett).

2. A population of infinite size is seen less likely to evolve since it would be almost resistant to random fluctuations within the environment. Small populations on the other hand are prone ...

- Develop a hypothesis on which pot you believe will contain the highest biodiversity.

Hypothesis = If one pot has direct exposure to sunlight it will have the highest level of growth and production.

- Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this.

Accept/Reject = I would accept the hypothesis based solely on that the direct sunlight provided the growth need. The plant with direct sunlight is full in the pot and vibrant. The plant away from direct sunlight looks as though it is struggling. The plant is leaning into the sunlight which shows it really does need ...

The extinction rate is something that all humans should be worried about. Extinction is a characteristic process that human have served to quicken. As people change and advance, the world is additionally going to be evolving. There are a few elements that have helped the termination rate. The principal element is a worldwide temperature alteration. The second variable is a natural surroundings that is continually evolving. “In fact, 99 percent of currently threatened species are at risk from human activities, primarily those driving habitat loss, introduction of exotic species, and global warming (Wake, 2008).

I believe that as humans, we need to ...

Introduction

Ever since the concept of operant conditioning presented to the discipline of Psychology, it has been praised, applied and criticized equally in fervor. Currently, both psychologists and economists have interests in its applications. The concepts of operant conditioning are applied in many fields such as education, business organizations, communities, professional bodies, market, international relations and even in robotics. One domain that binds both, economics and operant conditioning is consumer demand (Domjan, M. 2009). In Economics, the consumer demand is a function of price of the good and the quantity purchased. The elasticity of demand or variability of the demand is ...

Revealing both the best and worst aspects of humanity, the Renaissance was characterized by extraordinary human achievements, a heightened interest in human potential and, paradoxically, by superstition, witch-hunting, exorcism and torture. The humanism of Renaissance had four main themes: the belief in the individual’s potential, a tendency to view religion as being more personal rather than institutionalized, an increased interest in the classics, a rejection of Aristotelian philosophy in order to develop a more scientific attitude. As the ecclesiastical power started to deteriorate, the pressure of having to fit scientific inquiry with Christian dogma decreased, making inquiry steadily more objective. Copernicus ...

Darwin, Charles. “Natural Selection.” A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2013. 939- 43. Print.

Natural selection is a theory that was propagated by Charles Darwin. This theory states that change in evolution happens as a result of variation in production found in each generation while there is also struggle for species to exist. An individual in a given species can only survive if it is strong and fit and that it can survive in the conditions that they find themselves. The species also needs to produce offspring that is not only healthy, but also strong to survive harsh conditions. All species have got to struggle otherwise there are those that can be eliminated and suffer extinction while others ...

Analysis of World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

The organization’s set up should always be working within the mission in which it’s established. This will enable the organization delivers and be objective. The mission of the organization should be believed in by all the staff members; hence the results will be delivered. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) operates in a wide range of activities which go beyond conservation. The organization is a nonprofit institution that has been in operation for the last 50 years, making it a leader in the wildlife conservation industry.

The organization do have operations in 100 countries and have the support of over 1.2 million ...

Sivakumar, B. (2011). Global climate change and its impacts on water resources planning and management: assessment and challenges Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment, 25(4), 583-600

The book presents an investigation of the potential effects of climate change, water resources, and global warming especially in the UK. The author introduces the science of global warming and its potential effects of the above listed on the hydrological processes. He also outlines the water balance. The author also describes the methodology behind climate change and the process of impact assessment. The author also outlines the methods, which are applicable to create future scenarios of climate change using the appropriate scales and time in relation to the hydrological studies. The author also describes a case study reaching to the ...

Learning is key to human development and behavior. Behavioral psychology is one of the methods for understanding how learning develops and the understanding of individuals. Learning is a modification of behaviors due to consistent practice and requires the interaction of behavior and environment to yield changes. Assessment of learning is performed by means of tests that quantitatively measure achievements; whether they are newly acquired mental or physical skills. Learning and performance are related but separate subjects, and learning itself may be state dependent, meaning, that the conditions under which material was learned must be replicated in order for that learning ...

Abstract

Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors for individuals are modified by their consequences. Different occupations are associated with different behaviors. It is extremely fundamental to understand the difference between various situations and how they may be resolved. Following the uniqueness of various occupations there are solutions that are outlined to solve issues as they arise in different situations. Depending on the problem either Positive or Negative Reinforcement, Positive and Negative Punishment, Shaping, Extinction, Generalization, or Discrimination may be undertaken as a solution.

In most cases, related behaviors will attract similar solutions. Since different problems may be intertwined, they ...

[Professor]

For this paper, the poem suicide note by Janice Mirikitani has been chosen to illustrate how the unsuccessful fulfillment of an expectation affects a person emotionally. Two of the literary devices that are quite evident in the poem are the techniques of catharsis and tragedy. Catharsis is present in the whole of the poem as it is the college girl’s final release of emotions from fear and anxiety. Fear that she may not fulfill her father’s expectations and anxiety that she might not be able to perfect the next tasks that she is bound to make. It ...

Science has permeated several aspects of people’s lives. Every little thing uses one scientific principle or the other. Therefore, science does not exist in a vacuum. This paper focuses on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology as one area of science. Apart from exploring how DNA got discovered and how this technology can be applied in the real world, the paper also focuses on the influence philosophy has had on the contextual development of DNA technology. It will be worth noting that DNA technology is quickly taking center stage in various aspects of our lives. As with other modern advances, DNA ...

The current status of our wildlife species has been the focus of may ecological advocacies because of the fact that most of the wildlife is becoming threatened. The main cause of this is due to anthropogenic activities, which includes destruction of habitat by men, hunting, illegal trade and medicinal value. The Animal Health Department at the Gladys Porter Zoo is said to be the principal wildlife rehabilitation unit for the Rio Grande Valley. It defines wildlife rehabilitation as the involvement through caring for the injured, orphaned, and ill wild animals with the goal of releasing each into its natural ...

Science Lab: Greenhouse Gas

1. From 2012 to 2050 (in thirty eight years) the temperature rise was faster from greenhouse gas then the rise in temperature from 1750 to 2012 (in two hundred sixty two years). In 1750 the sources of greenhouse gases were methane from the cows’ manure and other natural sources, very few greenhouse gas molecules were trapped. Then the Industrial Revolution started a big change. The coal burning factories emitted air pollution containing greenhouse gases straight into the atmosphere. More and more factories were burning fossil fuels without trapping the GHGs before they left the smokestacks. Pollution enters the atmosphere ...

Innovation in our life activities should be tailored towards sustainability of our environment. This can only be achieved by taking into consideration, all other living organisms around us. Sustaining the global population now depend so much on production and consumption habits and activities of humans. Having our activities and plans supported by the consideration of other plants and animals around will create an enabling environment that is harmless to both humans and other living species. Several human activities and habits have been found to be destructive as regards to the maintenance of the ecosystem. Those habits contributed greatly to ...

English

Forests are collection of trees and other plants in some areas. They may range from populated wilderness to urban forests. They may also range from tropical rain forests to vast boreal forests. Approximately, 31% of land of the world is filled with forests. Forests have many benefits such as sequestering atmospheric carbon (Hollar 67), containing nearly 90% of the Earth’s biodiversity, providing home for wildlife, regulating water cycle, and providing many recreational and spiritual opportunities. Presently, five countries with most forest areas are Russia, Brazil, China, Canada, and the U.S. (Bengston and Michael 35). On the other ...

Introduction

Climate change is a global issue that has generated a lot of controversy in recent years. More than any other current threat that faces us, it is likely to affect the way economic and environmental policy will be drafted. However, not all people are accepting of the fact that climate change exists, and many of those that deny it are in control of environmental legislation. Climate change has been happening across the globe for eons, and few people disagree that this is true. However, the last hundred to one hundred fifty years has seen a dramatic increase in the rate of ...

Among the various issues faced by societies globally is the danger associated with the so-called global warming or climate change. Although often used interchangeably, global warming and climate change are two different scenarios that have synergistic relationship. Defined as the overall increase in the global temperature due to excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global warming differs from climate change which is defined as the abnormally drastic change in climate patterns which have started since the beginning of the 20th century. Despite their differences, global warming and climate change are often seen as two inseparable phenomena. The ...

Biodiversity refers to the diversity of life forms on Earth, millions of species of plants, animals, microorganisms, their sets of genes and complex ecosystems that make up the wildlife. Biodiversity is the main habitat-forming element of the planet, which provides the ability to save the environment and biological resources. Biological diversity is the result of close interaction with the physical shell of the biosphere, since each species is the result of a natural historical development of the organic world. Biodiversity is necessary for maintaining the functional structure of the biosphere and its component ecosystems, as its aesthetic value is the ...

Business Theories of the 21st Century

Business Theories of the 21st Century The paper discusses four major business theories including learning theory that discusses how information is processed and retained by the beholder and how he absorbs the information in the first place. The theory builds on the assumption that employees in an organization learn when motivated by self-gains and eventually deliver better output to the organization. The systems theory builds on the assumption that organizations are like mechanical bodies that when provided with certain required inputs generate and deliver desired output. This theory deals with the functional aspect of management. The Organizational theory ...

Managing Environmental Issues Simulation

Managing Environmental Issues Simulation Colney and Pitts is a California based pharmaceutical company generating annual sales of $50 million. It is the chief producer in America of herbal remedies for prostate illnesses like prostate cancer, prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, incontinence, dysuria, polyuria and nycturia. The company has learned that the Pygeum or Prunus Africana can be found in Aberdares mountain ranges in eastern highlands of Kenya. With this information, the company wants to build a manufacturing plant near the mountain ranges. It has been known that the Pygeum or Prunus Africana can be used as an alternative medicine for ...

I. Title/citation Menz, M.M., Rihm, J.S., Salari, N., et al. (2013). The role of sleep and sleep deprivation in consolidating fear memories. NeuroImage, 75(1): 87-96. II. Summary

Research questions: What is the role of sleep and sleep deprivation on the consolidation of fear memories and neuronal mechanisms?

Significance of the study: Due to the critical contribution of fear learning mechanisms to anxiety disorders and the involvement of the amygdala in transforming stressful events into fear memories and anxiety, this study determines the possible influence of sleep and sleep deprivation on the consolidation of fear memories. Hypotheses: Primary hypothesis: Sleep and sleep deprivation affects fear memory consolidation. Secondary hypotheses: (1) Sleep deprivation affects anxiety and ...

Petrol direct is a site that talks about low cost, innovative fuels including petrol, biofuels, diesel, and specialist fuels. It is a site that informs people about how they can now access fuel on line, without having to go to the gas stations, and paying higher prices for fuel. (Petroldirect.com) claims that one is now able to access cheaper fuel via the internet, in the United Kingdom. It goes ahead to explain that their fuels are cheaper, because they are sourced from other countries in the European Union that have lower tax rates than the United Kingdom. The site Petrol ...

Degrowth is the deliberate act of shifting economies away from the perpetual pursuit of growth at the expense of environmental degradation. The global economic growth has continued to escalate over the years, and as a result of this, industrialization has also been on the rise. In some countries, the rate of economic growth has been so enormous for the extent that the many industrial processes end up impacting negatively on the environment. For instance, China is among the nations that have experienced an increase in motor vehicle activities which call for more use of fossil fuel. Fossil fuel has and ...

The Scientific Method is a way that Natural Scientists determine, test and prove their hypothesis. It is an organized way to prove or disprove a theory ("Scientific method," 2014). In the context of evolution, the question to ask is: is evolution true? The next step is to do some preliminary research in order to put the question in the form of a hypothesis. To do this, the background research aims to determine if there is any empirical evidence that may support the question. The other area to explore is to question what else may have contributed to the end result, if ...

Introduction

Everyday questions about people, how they think and behave take center stage. Understanding behavior and mannerisms are the purposes of psychology. Understanding behavior facilitates the comprehension of self. Further analysis purports the idea of not only predicting behavior, but also manipulating it. The ability to manage and manipulate behavior is a powerful tool and as with any power misuse can occur. If wielded properly, it can help advance human civilization by managing characteristics that are self-destructive and cultivating ones that are beneficial.

Description and Contrast

The manner in which people behave is dependent of the learning processes they undergo. One acquires knowledge, accumulates ...

Introduction

Language endangerment refers to the level of risk involved in making a language become suppressed and eventually fall out of use. It may not be possible for regional language speakers to forecast the extinction of their languages. This persuasive essay aims to convince the low variety language speakers in China that they can overcome the dominance of popular languages like the Mandarin and English. Mandarin is widely used in the Chinese education system which makes it the official language. On the other hand, English is commonly used all over the world hence posing a threat to regional languages in China. ...

Aim

The experiment aims to study the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from banana extracts using spectrophotometric techniques.

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and works as a biological catalyst. The enzyme possesses three major characteristics. The first characteristic is that they act to increase the rate at which a given reaction takes place. This enables most cellular reactions to take place at up to million times faster compared to their rate in the absence of an enzyme. Secondly, most enzymes act specifically on a single reactant known as a substrate to produce the ...

According to Skinner, the behavior of the speaker is verbal. This is because there is a specially condoned listener who mediates the reinforcement of this behavior. The role of the listener in every verbal episode is not necessary verbal in any sense and that the behavior of a listener cannot be differentiated from other forms of his behavior. In language hypothesis however, is that the implicit idea of the listener is verbal. Skinner uses verbal behavior to demonstrate how a behavior analytic approach can be applied in call language. According to him verbal behavior is that kind of behavior that is reinforced ...

- Original Concept “Last Man” was inspired by Frederic Brown’s (1948) “Knock”, which Brown based on the three-sentence short-short story written by Thomas Bailey Aldrich and is about the last man on Earth following the Zan’s annihilation of living things in the planet. The “Last Man” follows Isaac as the last man on earth who refuses to forget about his family that was since long gone. Brown’s work was an inspiration because the plot narrative, although brief, offered an opportunity to create a different take of the story. Film, as a medium, works best in the project ...

California is the most populated U.S state, located on the West Coast of the United States of America. It ranks as the third largest state after Alaska and Texas and is home to one eighth’s of Americans that is approximately thirty eight million people. California is the home to the country’s most populous census and fifty of the country’s most populated cities, San Diego, San Jose, Los Angeles, Long Beach, Sacramento, Oakland, and Fresno. Sacramento is the capital city. A variety of Native American tribes settled in what is now California (Grant, 54).This was before ...

Introduction

Many thinkers and scientists have proposed models and theories about how people learn; they are called learning theories. The learning theories are classified as behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism and design-based. Behaviorism is based on the supposition that learning occurs for an organism through interactions with the environment. Behaviouristic school assumes that an organism always responds to a stimulus and the ‘responses’ are depends on the nature of the stimulus, i.e. rewarding or pain giving. Here, the learner is considered as a system that has the capability to respond to a stimulus and the learner is passive. The definition that emerged from the ...

Classical Conditioning

According to Basford and Slevin (2003), classical conditioning relates to the normal-unlearned stimulus-response, which is normally experienced during reflex actions. The result is that a subject exposed to the neutral stimuli will respond in a similar manner as when exposed to the unconditioned stimuli. Examples include having lunch at noon and taking a bath in the morning. Extinction of classical conditioning occurs when the pairing between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is stopped.

Components of Classical Conditioning

- Neutral stimulus; this refers to a stimulus, which does not generate any response. - Unconditioned Stimulus: this refers to a stimulus, which can generate response automatically. ...

INTRODUCTION

Climate change in the Arctic region can be considered to be the most serious environmental issue that is threatening the Arctic environment. Apparently, the annual average temperature in this region has been gradually increasing by approximately double the total global average temperature (Symon, Lelani and O W, 123). It has become evident that human activities are the single most cause of climate change, even the government of US has at last admitted to this fact. During the past few years, the Arctic environment has warmed at alarming rate, and scientist predict that it is still going to continue by ...

World war Z is a real surprise. The zombie wars came very close to the point of eradicating humanity. With a high level of brilliance, Max Brooks takes us through the urgency of experiencing the acid-etched first-hand information about the experiences of the zombie wars survivors from the apocalyptic years. He opted to travel across the United States and the world at large, from the most remote and inhospitable areas of the world to the decimated cities that once filled up with more than thirty million souls. All along this journey Brooks managed to capture the stories and testimonies of men ...

Background of the study

The vast lowland forests of central Africa host the western lowland gorilla, which is scientifically referred to as the ‘gorilla gorilla gorilla.’ This is the most widespread and common of the four distinct subspecies of gorillas. Accurate and reliable estimations of their numbers are so far not possible because these primates live in some of the most remote and densest parts of Africa’s rainforests (Berthelet & Chavaillon, 1993). Regardless the total population of these primates was approximated at 100000 individuals in 1980s and has been declining ever since then. Golden lion tamarins are another group of the primate ...

Global warming is probably among some of the most major issues that our planet and its inhabitants are facing. Indeed, the phenomenon has some very alarming effects on agriculture and on animals, and it has even more frightening effects on the human population. The media and politicians are often heard debating over the fact about global warming. However, even though there is widespread disagreement about the causes, but the reality of the global and measurable effects of global warming cannot be denied. The fact of the matter is that, it is the human race is the source of the ...

Introduction

Is the fish population close to extinction? This could be addressed by taking a look at the present trend in the marine and aquatic population. The marine and aquatic habitat house more population and species than the terrestrial. The researches have proved, and made it obvious by the fact that water bodies take up 70 percent of the earth surface. Fishes are the most common species in the aquatic and marine habitat. There are various types of fishes, and each species is important in the food chain. In fact, the depletion of one species can create incredible consequence and effect ...