Essays on Criminal Activity

International Criminal Law

Question 1 A. There are several modes of the liability that are used for the determination of the liability of the person prosecuted for the international crime. Given the merits of the case in question, the prime minister of Sanchista should be liable for the order issued in reference to the Nisum Campaign. The provisions of the ICTY are designed in the manner so that to address all criminal offences that are committed by the state bodies and relevant executives in the prosecution of particular persons. The article 6 of the ICTY defines that committing of the criminal actions ...

Abstract

The prison is being used since the people started to live in a society. It is being the necessity to obtain control over the group of people to protect the crimes by punishing the criminals. The history of jails in the US will date back to the British ruling period while it was first introduced to punish the criminals. The jails were not in a good shape on that time that caused the death of many prisoners in health issues. The jails are being reformed day by day and upgraded to the prison system that we witness in the ...

The issue of conservation has been dominating the agenda of environmentalists in the recent decades, and the two articles under consideration provide insights into adverse and side effects of forest conservation and establishment of biosphere reserves. Generally, Paul Greenough discusses advantages and flaws of biosphere reserves and protected area networks that have been a crucial purpose of conservationists. The author argues that enclosing new territories of forests into protected areas and reserves allows not only for survival of animal and plant species but also for blossoming criminal activity. Providing examples of Mexican biosphere reserves and India’s Project Tiger ...

Introduction

It is evident that the early biological theories on criminology seemingly adopted a one-sided inclination to the Darwinian views of evolution. The theories downplayed other social and economic factors that trigger an individual to adopt a deviant personality. Later, sociology came forth providing irrefutably challenging evidence that evolution alone was not a factor that triggered a criminal character, but the influence of the society through its subcultures as a factor that affected the future decisions of an individual (Crawford, 2013).

Life-Course and Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory

The life-course theory is an investigative paradigm that looks into the influence that early events of an individual life ...

Criminology is a study that largely defines the detection and control of crime in a bid to control illegitimate character in the society. The two schools of thought – the classical school and the positivist school – have been an effective tool in the understanding and formulation of crime control strategies that the control of deviant behavior. Firstly, the classical school, which is an advancement of philosophers Cessare Beccaria and Jeremey Bentham in the 18th century was inclined on the utilitarian philosophy being a contributor to the development of prisons thereafter (Williams III & McShane, 2010, p. 41). The classical school philosophers ...

Part 1

Individual agencies categorize criminal data that is compiled in a report as Uniform Crime Reporting. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is in charge of the Uniform Crime Reports program which is authorized to access data from local police reports. The UCR avails vital information on the rate of crimes and rates of rape cases. This program comprises of the National Incident-Based Reporting System and the Summary Reporting System. Initially back in 1929 when the program began, it was founded by police commissioners who saw the essence of establishing a trustworthy criminal statistics for the US ("FBI — Uniform Crime Reporting," ...

Disadvantages of Juvenile Justice System

The primary disadvantages found in the juvenile justice system are both interconnected and based largely on what it fails to do as opposed to what it does. Although it was designed to meet the unique needs of children involved in criminal activity as a means of curtailing recidivism, it has not consistently been able to meet the very standards it has set for itself. Worse yet, in failing to do so, the juvenile justice system has acted to complicate the problem even more. Issues of escalating criminal behavior in adulthood, failure to address mental health needs, and racial bias ...

Exposure to Racial Discrimination in Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system of the United States comprises several challenges and flaws, while the issue with the spread of the racial disparity poses the most significant problem to the welfare of the citizens of the country. This problem is not new to the criminal justice system as it has roots in the XX century with the consideration of the cases of African Americans in trial. In the beginning of this period of time, African Americans amounted to 10% of the entire population of the United States, while the amount of the sentenced prisoners may be regarded as relatively ...

Introduction

How does the factor of gender impact the concept of violent offending? One of the most commonly held notions is that males have a higher propensity to commit violent crimes compared to women. This holding is one of the most widely held concepts in the area of criminology. However, there is a growing debate as to the scope of the “gender gap” in terms of violent offending has shifted in recent years. A number of commentators hold that the gap is described in terms of its stability; others proffer that there is an observable closing of the gap, particularly ...

Charles J. Keech has been in prison for thirty-three years. He was initially convicted for two counts of first degree murder, which were committed in Jacksonville—although he was not the one who committed the murders themselves. He and a group of three other men were committing a burglary in Jacksonville when the stabbings occurred, and as a result of the realities of the American penal code, Keech was tried and convicted of these two murders. His first chance for parole is not until August 17, 2034, but he is scheduled to see the parole examiner in February of ...

Human personality is formed mainly through relations with other people, the community and society. The process of forming human individuality continues for the whole life. The most intensively the personality is up to the age of 18, as it is the most suitable stage of life for absorbing the knowledge and rules of behavior in the society. Human personality is a concept that expresses the social essence of the person, the complex characterizing human features, properties, relations, moral and spiritual world, formed in the course of self-development, cooperation with social communities and separate individuals. Teenagers belong to the most ...

Corruption has made its way into almost every city in the United States. There are news stories that air weekly about politicans, officers, and even lawyers falling prey to rigged elections, drug busts, and even money fraud. Sadly, it seems to become a part of the American way; to obtain a government job and then find a way to make easy money on the side. One city has seen more than its fair-share of corruption to last a lifetime. Brownsville, Texas is one of the poorest cities in America and a hotbed for corrupted city officals. Over the past ...

Abstract

The application of the rule of law as well as driving the use of the law towards the creation of a law abiding society is the limelight towards the creation of a society which does not condone crime and its sycophants. Enforcing law is one of the most effective mechanisms of controlling crime in any area. The use of the police as a law enforcement mechanism encourages peaceful coexistence within the society. The control of crime is usually a major step in discouraging crimes in communities. In the places where there are high cases of criminal cases reported, the ...

Business Torts and Ethics

Business Torts and Ethics

The intruder has attempted theft in the apartment that is located in University Heights Apartments and has caused physical injuries on the residents. The resident manager and resident are badly wounded by the intruder whereas, the intruder is not wounded or assaulted in any manner. The actions of the intruder are considered highly illicit because he entered the apartment by force, which was also a private property and accounts for trespassing. The intruder also attacked the residents and considering this situation, this attack could also have been lethal for the residents. Civil actions incorporate such ...

Abstract

A Cybercrime is a crime performed through the use of or against digital technologies . The crimes are perpetrated using a computer, computer networks or other information communication technology. The target or victim of the crime is computers or network services. The victim may be random or specifically targets. Typically, the criminal is seeking to gain personal profit or financial gain, but may also be seeking to cause physical damage or make a statement as a form of protest. Cybercrimes began to arise with the introduction of computer systems and have grown and advanced with technology. The investigation of cybercrimes ...

Discussion 5

Introduction The primary goal of every investigating officer is to apprehend the perpetrator before he/she strikes again. Hence, the police will look to push for swift solving of cases. However, while the attitude of police should receive commendation, their motives can wrongfully convict innocent people. Zealous crime fighting often leads to the suffering of innocent people. From the time a crime happens, police officers will be under pressure to solve the crime. The pressure from office bearers and superiors will increase depending on the nature of the crime. This pressure often translates into police misconduct during eyewitness identification lineups ( ...

Abstract

The application of the rule of law as well as driving the use of the law towards the creation of a law abiding society is the limelight towards the creation of a society which does not condone crime and its sycophants. Enforcing law is one of the most effective mechanisms of controlling crime in any area. The use of the police as a law enforcement mechanism encourages peaceful coexistence within the society. The control of crime is usually a major step in discouraging crimes in communities. In the places where there are high cases of criminal cases reported, the ...

"Requiem for a Dream" is a psychological drama which was directed by Darren Aronofsky. The movie depicts the life story of four main characters: Sara Goldfarb, her son Harry Goldfarb, Harry's girlfriend Marion Silver, and their friend Tyrone C. Love. Sarah Goldfarb is an old widow who lives alone in her apartment on Brighton Beach Brooklyn, spending the majority of her time watching television. Her son, Harry, shows up at her house to steal different things, including his mother's favorite TV, and sell them in order to get money and buy drugs. Sarah buys all the things from pawn ...

Abstract

Criminal Justice research is essential to upgrade law enforcement efficiency in combatting criminal activity. Hence, it is important for the research to come up with specific purpose in relation to the problem. Research purposes outline the problem and plot the procedure for the researcher to achieve the desired outcome. The four principle research purposes each have potential influence outcomes of subsequent researches. It is imperative to choose the proper approach and to ensure that the outcome contains the solution on how to deal with each type of criminal activity. It is remarkable that despite their dynamics, the research purposes ...

The violence related to gang activities is considered to be one of the worse crimes committed, other than murder because it violates the peace of individuals in the neighborhood and increases panic or fear. Not to mention, the gang members who commit these crimes are usually repeat offenders. In order to understand the full depth of gang related charges, we must first understand what a gang is, the various offenses gang members usually commit, crime defense strategies and how law enforcement classify gang members; since this classification is critical in a gang member’s defense and whether they would ...

Introduction

Bullying is one of the most hurtful actions that a human being can face. Bullying is one of the social problems that divide our society into two groups; the first group claims that it is a criminal activity and others who believe it has been part of our culture for generations and calling it criminal would be unfair. Bullying is experienced by people in different walks of life, such as as a child in school, as an employee, etc. It is the factual evidence majority of people have been bullied at least once in their life. Some are able ...

Essay # 1

When companies have to deal with data breaches it is financially devastating. The financial devastation is a result of money being stolen from the company and potentially clients. Therefore, clients may want to sue due to trusting the company with the data. Some lawsuits may materialize and this can indeed put a financial dent in the company’s profits. Furthermore, the company will have to hire lawyers to investigate and figure out who actually breached and hacked the data. This can cost a lot of money as well. According to research “These costs include revenue lost due to the ...

Part 1: Prosecutor’s Duty to Report

Although the American criminal law is based on the adversarial system where the prosecutor, representing the state, and the defense, representing the accused, engage in openly confrontational activities in order to persuade a neutral decision-maker of the truth of their story; the Supreme Court has held that under some circumstance, and despite the adversarial nature of the relationship, the prosecution must assist the defense in the preparation of their case. The underlying reason for this counter-intuitive element of the adversarial system, is the traditional belief that the substantial power of the state, as expressed through its law enforcement and ...

Abstract

Juvenile delinquency in the United States is steadily increasing at an alarming rate. The age pool of offenders keeps on decreasing even for violent crimes such as homicide and rape. It is unclear on how the society deteriorated in successive decades since the 1970s crack cocaine epidemic. Street gangs took over droves of students into their establishments while promising acceptance. The programs that came to the aid of the criminal justice system were two pronged. The primary program is prevention. This program holds the potential to safeguard schoolchildren who are yet to succumb to the pressures and circumstances around ...

About the theory

Labelling theory is a theory that proposes that society imposes certain labels on people who are perceived to commit criminal acts(Lopes et al. 2012). Criminal acts refer to actions and behaviors the society deems wrong either legally or morally(Caputo 2008). According to the labelling theory when we attach certain labels to people who have committed criminal acts such individuals may be obliged to live up to the labels thereby continuing with their crimes. Below is a case study and the integration of labelling theory in the case Ken, a 16-year-old boy, is caught taking drugs by some ...

A 19-year-old high school girl was shot twice and buried while still alive in 1998 and Clayton Lockett was convicted of her murder (“Clayton Lockett” 1). After conviction, he was given the death penalty to be imposed by lethal injection and fifteen years later, his execution was botched when drug dosage was not adequate for death, finding veins for giving the drugs required multiple attempts, and the medications leaked into his muscle tissue (Connor). Witnesses to his death described it as agonizing and the response of the public again stirred the debate concerning using government sanctions to kill in ...

Abstract:

Theories were developed over the years, as researchers and sociologists tried to explain the reasons why there is crime within the communities. These theories include the social bonds theory, the self-control theory, the power control theory, the control balance theory, the differential coercion theory, and the social support theory. Based on the theories, there are five realities behind the causation of crime: (1) that crime is caused by weakening bonds to the society; (2) that crime is the effect of having low self-control; (3) that crime is caused by occupational patriarchy; (4) that it is caused by the roles ...

Introduction

The issue of trying teens who commit crimes has been subject to debate for several years. It is important to note that the criminal behavior is shown by warrants severe punishments or at least being held responsible. The question as to whether the teen should be tried in the courts like adults who commit a similar crime still elicits divergent reaction and opinion. Proponents of leniency on teens argue that they should always be offered a new lease of life to correct their behavior as such change their criminal mannerism (Bechtold et al. 126). However, such statements are a ...

Introduction

The paper will examine the effects and solutions of substance abuse among the teens in America. A brief history of substance abuse in America is analyzed to give the audience the present situation in America. The preceding section involves examining how substance abuse has led to the lives of American teenagers. Drugs cause nausea, liver damage, and malfunctions the damage. In addition, teens that abuse drugs lose concentration, and compel them to miss classes and these results in high school dropouts. American youths under the influence of narcotics are deceived that the crimes may be a potential opportunity to ...

Introduction

Correctional reforms are an important part of the criminal justice system. The reforms can reduce recidivism or have the opposite effect depending on its implementation based on cultural beliefs. Every region of the world has its unique philosophies. Despite changes in political paradigms, the cultural values find their purpose even in the new laws. Eventually, all penal systems aim to achieve an intolerance for criminal behavior from their respective civilian population. The success of any reformist drive must have the potential to derive a law that will work for the entire community. Although this criterion might seem difficult, it ...

Background and key players

In 1919, the city of Boston faced an unusual situation where its police department went on an indefinite strike demanding the right to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor and for enhanced remuneration. In the decade before, the Boston Police Department’s officers received reasonable remunerations up to $1400 per year. The salaries graded according to the rank and position of the individual. The economic conditions were supportive for police officers to lead a reasonable lifestyle. However, all of that changed with the First World War. The years immediately following the end of the war were particularly hard ...

I. Introduction The Fourth Amendment prohibits the government from conducting “unreasonable search and seizures” on the public. While reasonableness depends on the circumstances, such whether the act is a search or a seizure, the United State Supreme Court has, nevertheless, determined that a reasonable governmental search or seizure of a person occurs with a warrant or probable cause of criminal activity (Miller et al., 2012). Absent a warrant or probable cause, a search or a seizure can still be reasonable if it satisfies one of a number of exceptions to the general rule. Accordingly, in the cases of Betsy ...

Introduction

In the end of the twentieth century the United States was concerned with the spread of the drug abuse among the pregnant females. Several experts came to the conclusion that the addiction to the drug during the pregnancy will impact the mental and physical health of the child. Moreover, the experts predicted that the children born by the mother using the drugs will show the unsatisfactory academic performance. Besides, it should be said that the increased interest of society to the problem with crack babies was caused by the policy introduced by Ronald Reagan on position of the President ...

Crime has increased over the last decade in our country. The crime rate not only has risen, but the number of crimes committed by juveniles has increased. In order to reduce the crime rate amongst society is to get a head start on early intervention. “One way would be to visit children who are in elementary school, and spread the information of what crime is, and how not to end up involved in it” . Kids who are made aware of the dangers of crime are more apt to stay away from criminal activity. The reason for discussing crime prevention ...

Sociology is a complex field of study that looks at many different aspects of the world we live in. Sociologists may study society as a whole, or study the social lives of individuals, groups, and societies. They might also consider behavior of humans, from individual contacts with strangers, to the intricacies of global interactions. The study of sociology involves looking at how large groups interact with each other with an eye toward making everything equal. It also ties together several other disciplines such as history, psychology, and economics . Sociologists use three different methods to study society. This section looks ...

Birkbeck, C., & LaFree, G. (1993). The Situational Analysis of Crime and Deviance. Annual Review Of Sociology, 113-137. In “The Situational Analysis of Crime and Deviance” Birkbeck and LaFree argue that there are two explanations of crime and deviance and they are situational and dispositional, but situational explanations are of greater importance. Even though during last decades a lot of scientists were likely to focus on dispositional theories, nowadays there is the awareness that dispositional theories are limited and scientists are encouraged to consider situational theories (main point). In particular, Birkbeck and LaFree state that the majority of studies, which ...

One of the purposes of criminal law is to impress upon the public the necessity of acting in a manner that society or the state deems desirable. One way that the state achieves this purpose is to impose punishment on those found guilty of undesirable conduct (LaFave, 2000). Naturally, over the course of criminal law in human history, multiple theories of punishment have been developed. Two such theories are contained in the classical and positivist schools of criminological analysis. In order to understand the differences between these two schools, it is important to first understand some of their fundamental ...

History of Community Policing

The concept of community policing was formed in the 1960s during the struggle for the civil rights movement (Brunschot, 2003). Before this time, law enforcement executed the methods of power and violence in order to control the citizens. The core root of the community policing was a failure of the formal police authorities to fulfill their duties productively, which resulted in various protests and rebellion against the authorities. It is believed that the crucial trigger initiated the development of this movement is a crisis in the interactions between the law enforcement and the public. During the 1960s, police managed ...

In the next 5-10 years there is a major issue that has developing that will be facing the business world. This issue that is going to be a major problem for both businesses and government is surely going to be money laundering. In order to understand how money laundering is a threat to both governments and economies it is first necessary to understand what money laundering is itself. Once the definition is understood only then can we apply that definition to the business world through analyzing how this white collar crime effects commerce, government involvement in the business world, ...

Response Paper

One Spark Starts (and Stops) the Flame One of the greatest problems for politicians in the United States of America during the last decade of the twentieth century was crime. They were constantly fighting against it, with success in most areas, yet which did not expand to one of the greatest cities in this country. There was a diminution of criminal activity in the decade of the 1990s throughout the United States of America (Davies). This was caused by the economy getting better, people looking for employment, drug use going down and the average age going up. Nevertheless, this ...

1. How can the six primary dimensions of diversity contribute to an individual's advantage or disadvantage in the workforce society? Your answer should include an explanation of the individual's age, ethnicity, gender, mental/physical abilities, characteristics, race, and sexual orientation to include how they can affect job performance. The six primary dimensions of diversity include age, ethnicity, gender, mental/physical abilities, race and sexual orientation. Each of these dimensions have the potential to create advantages and disadvantages for individuals in the workplace. Additionally, each of these dimensions can affect job performance. The dimensions affect self-image and individuals are products of these ...

The problem of the rapid spread of racism in American society attracts greater attention of numerous specialists, among them: the human rights community representatives, academics, politicians, government officials to find ways to solve it. Racial profiling is herewith used as type of racial discrimination. Without recourse to the etymology of the word, we note that this term usually mean the practice of police according to which a certain set of characteristics (profiles) are used to find and detain a person who has committed a crime (criminal profiling), or to identify individuals who authentically relate to criminal activity (behavioral profiling)" ("Ethnic Profiling ...