Essays on Stalin

Josef Stalin created a “Cult of Personality” around Vladimir Lenin and then, by association used it for himself. Many of his actions in this regard were against Lenin’s wishes and ideals. Although they did not serve Lenin’s views they served Stalin well. Once he created the cult around Lenin he associated himself with Lenin, then he declared himself as Lenin’s successor. This brought about the era known as Stalinization. Once in control he used his power to continue to promote himself. Photographs and posters of Lenin and Stalin together were everywhere, including every home. He kept ...

- Summary & Background & Author Information

The book “Churchill: Visionary. Statesman. Historian” written by John Lukacs published in 2004 depicted the life of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill from the time of the Second World War towards the end of his career and death. Several chapters were assigned for Churchill’s relations with other World War II leaders and politicians who challenged his policies. Other sections were attached to how the world saw Churchill, the criticisms that continued to plague his life until his death. Churchill was former British soldier, writer, historian and journalist before he became the prime ...

Chechen Terrorism in Russia

Religion, culture and politics have played a huge role in the terrorist attacks executed by Chechen rebels in Russia. The conflict instigated by Chechen rebels stem from the fact that Chechnya, the territory they claim, became part of the national territory of Russia due to historical circumstances. Long before Russia emancipated as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Chechnya was part of an independent republic called the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. However, that nation did not last long, as the USSR occupied it and made it into a province called the Chechen Autonomous Oblast (Kramer, 2010). To quell strong ...

When George Orwell wrote Animal Farm in 1945, he intended the story to be an allegory to the occurrences in the Soviet Union in the Stalin era prior to the Second World War (Orwell 23). He was referring to the fact that after an era of monarchy, Joseph Stalin emerged as a communist leader who initially promised to listen to the needs of the common people, but instead soon became a monarchical ruler of the country. Thus, Orwell believes that communism is a dangerous policy as it gives the leaders of a country such absolute power that they tend to forget their responsibilities. ...

Introduction

In the 20th century, different artists and political leaders employed different styles to convey social messages to the masses. The artists who advanced ‘modernism’ as a way to communicate their messages, as opposed to those who embraced the traditional approaches to maintain their political regimes, evidenced this. Hitler and Stalin alongside their artists were against ‘modernism’ but instead created political regimes by the use of the traditional styles in their bid to establish and maintain their own ideologies. The paper examines the different styles of leadership approaches that were taken by the artists who were for or against ...

Cold War and Decolonization

After the end of World War II, the world somehow split into two halves and two large groups of countries were formed: the communist block and the western democratic-capitalist states. The first block was led by the Soviet Union, which developed its economy and military force that was equal to the one from the US. Another block was led by the United States of America and included other countries such as Great Britain and France, as well as the defeated post-fascism countries like Germany. The aim of this block was to enforce the necessary reforms in the world in ...

Essay for Exam Chapter 25

World War II had left huge sections of Europe, especially Eastern Europe devastated. Many belonging to these states believed that communism and Joseph Stalin’s USSR was the much sought answer to their woes. Stalin used this to his advantage and built a communist buffer zone by seizing territories. This led to the fall of an iron curtain separating Eastern Europe from their western counterparts and the formation of the Soviet bloc. The cold war that resulted saw enormous changes in the social, economic and cultural life of people in both Western and Eastern Europe. Welfare states emerged to protect ...

Introduction

“Animal Farm” was written by George Orwell. It is a satire and political literature. The original title of the novel is “Animal Farm: A Fairy Story” that proves it as a fable written with a purpose. However, the author did a wonderful attempt to present the political crisis and tyrannical government through a story of animals in a farm. It is a dystopian and allegorical novel. Orwell’s intention is to reflect Russian Revolution and reign of Stalin in Soviet Union. The novel is about the life of animals in a farm. They wanted to rebel and save themselves from the clutches of men and set new ...

Research Question, Rationale, Scope and Methodology

In this study, the research question is why the Russians failed to support the Polish undergrounds during their uprising against the Nazis in 1944. The rationale for doing this topic stems from the fact that there are two sides to this debate; on one hand, the Russians claimed that the Germans decimated their early advance on the Eastside of Poland thus reducing their tactics to defense only; on the other hand, western countries believe that Russia deliberately refused to assist the Polish insurgents for political reasons. Given that there are two sides to this debate, this paper examines the ...

World War II is up to today considered the largest and the worst war to ever happen in history. It started in 1939 from Europe and ended in 1945, spreading to almost all parts of the world and leaving about 70 million people dead. The figure included men, women, soldiers, children and civilians who died mainly due to illnesses, starvation and bomb attacks. The WW2 involved two opposing military alliances, the Axis and the Allies, formed from great nations that participated in the war. Axis was the alliance between Germany, Japan and Italy where as Allies alliance was between ...

The Cold war period can be described as the duration during there was political and military tension between USA and the Soviet Union. The war was between the Eastern bloc and the Western Bloc. The Eastern bloc primarily consisted of the Soviet Union, which included countries like Russia. The Western bloc, on the other hand, comprised of The United States of America and the National Alliance Treaty Organization (NATO). There are twenty-eight NATO member states, which include France, Italy, Canada, Germany, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Portugal and Spain, just to mention a few(Kerkendall, 2010, p. 34). It is ...

3. Can authoritarian rule be legitimate? Why or why not? Should all people be under democracy? What are the possible benefits and potential dangers that result from promoting this goal? Authoritarian is a government characterized by constrain to political organizations and constrains to anti-regime demonstrations by the public. The concept of political legitimacy lies within the framework of Political Science. Political legitimacy is an indistinct term since some theorist claim that legitimacy is a process of superior framework while others argue that a legitimate system must have defenses such as liberty, equality, equity, and collective bargaining for all people. The ...

The development of Russia had many historical turning points. These changes were mainly connected with such political figures as Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Putin. The Soviet economy depended on mostly political decisions but not economic programs. Although the basic economic system in Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev eras remained unchanged, there were some peculiarities in these periods. The effect of Stalin’s policy had a profound impact on people and the state. In 1928, the Communists instituted the first Five-Year Plan. It dealt with such aspects of development as an industry, consumer goods, agriculture, transportation, communications, health, education, and ...

I Political allegory and satire in Orwell’s books “Animal Farm” and “1984”II Plot of the books III Animal Farm as a fairy tale; IV A reassessment of Animal farm and 1984; V Scholars’ arguments on symbolism and understanding of totalitarian state in the 21st centuryVI. Conclusion Often fiction books become a source for historical and political debates. Usually it is because of the allegories used by the writers to point to the real prototypes of their plots. The question drawn for a discussion in this essay is about the relevance of Orwell’s allegories on the ...

Totalitarian regimes appeared on European scene immediately after World War I, and indeed all of them had common characteristics despite the ideological separation. In order to understand the origins of totalitarian governments, it is important to trace back to prerequisites that led to the appearance of this phenomenon. Before the 19th century European states were monarchies, which were ruled by “divine” kings. These monarchies then were overthrown by a growing revolutionary trend, starting from French Revolution. Newly formed “democratic” governments pursued and were guided by nationalistic ideals. The Imperialistic ambitions of Britain, Spain and France affected newly unified Italy and ...

Analysis

The Hungary 1956 is considered an unprompted countrywide revolution that took place between 23 October and 10 November 1956. The text notes that the revolution was against the People’s Republic’s government in Hungary. The soviet- inflicted policies is another factor that led to the revolt. Based on this information, it is clear that the text presents the events in the way they occurred during this particular time. Compared to other texts, which address a similar matter, there is a great amount of consistency. This implies that the text addresses the matter in question in the best way as known ...

Introduction

There is nothing called objective viewpoint. Media which plays a big role in giving information on the world often is accused of showing bias towards a particular ideology or a particular social group or a particular party. Though a journalist tries to be objective in his viewpoint by following two methods, 1) showing fairness to those associated with the news and 2) a professional approach to gathering information that seeks completeness, accuracy and fairness, he often fails to reach the ethical heights just like anyone involved in the profession of politics (The Rhetorica Network). Since reporting of news is influenced by different parameters like the ...

Policy of Containment

In the United States of America, the term ‘containment’ referred to a policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism in other countries. This policy was essentially a response move against the Soviet Union trying to spread communist philosophies in China, Eastern Europe, Korea, Vietnam, and Africa. It was a mid-ground policy between rollback and appeasement. The doctrine of ‘containment’ was conceptualized in 1946, by George. F. Kennan, a U.S. diplomat. The word first appeared 1947, in a report with a description of U.S.A.’s foreign policy, submitted by Kennan to the Defense Secretary. This report was also used in a magazine article later. ...

‘Instructor’s Name’

Five days in London May 1940 by John Lukas The five days between May 24, 1940 and May 28, 1940 is a period, which had a profound implication in the course of the Second World War, and in effect on modern history. During these five days, the British war cabinet discussed whether they should negotiate with the Nazi Germany or continue on the offensive. The crucial significance of these five days is the central theme of John Lukacs’ book ‘Five Days in London, May 1940’. John Lukacs is the author of the famous work ‘the End of the Modern ...

After the Germans lost to the Allies in World War II, the issue with what to do with the losing nation was one of the most complicated issues of the 1940s. Eventually coming up with the idea to occupy four separate zones of the country, the occupation was considered to merely be a stopgap until Germany was allowed to reconstruct and could reunite successfully. However, the eventual creation of East and West Germany dashed those hopes for reunification for the entirety of the Cold War. Various factors contributed to the failure of occupying powers to agree upon exactly how to ...

The Cold War is a phenomenon in international relations, a tense period of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that took place since the end of the World War II till the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Its prehistory, according to some historians, dates back to the very beginning of the 20th century, when the Russian revolution led to the Bolsheviks overtaking the power in the former tsarist Russian Empire and promoting similar revolutions all over the world with the aim of creating a society, which would be an alternative to capitalism, the ruling ideology in the ...

The Second World War is the largest in the history of humanity war unleashed by Nazi Germany, Italy and militaristic Japan. During the war, there were involved 61 countries with a population of 1.7 billion people. Military operations were conducted in 40 states, as well as at marine and ocean theaters. World War II was the most bloody and brutal military conflict in human history and the only one in which the nuclear weapons were used. The dates of the start and end of the war are among the most significant for the entire civilized world (Rees, 2008). ...

Jonathan Glover is an English philosopher and ethicist. He went to college at Tonbridge School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. For thirty years, he was a professor of philosophy at New College, Oxford, and currently teaches ethics at London’s Kings College. Glover is also a research fellow at the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution in the United States. Born in 1941, Glover writes books and teacher. His “working life consists of thinking, reading, writing and talking about philosophy. Talking includes teaching, which involves listening as well. I write mainly books, with only a few articles” (Glover). In 1989 ...

On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany, dreaming of the world domination and revenge for the defeat in the First World War, launched military operations against Poland. Since the Second World War, it was the largest military clash of the century. On the eve of these events, the USSR and Germany signed treaties on non-aggression and friendship. There existed also secret protocols, which involved information about the division of spheres of influence between the two countries, the contents of which became known to the public only after four decades. Signed documents promised benefits to both parties. Germany would secure ...

The Cold War was a global confrontation between the two military and political blocs led by the Soviet Union and the United States, which did not come down to an open military conflict. The concept of the "cold war" appeared in journalism in 1945-1947 and gradually stuck in the political dictionary. After the Second World War, the world was actually divided into the spheres of influence of two blocks with different social systems. The Soviet Union and the United States have sought to expand their spheres of influence. But the rough equality of forces between the blocks, and then ...

- Introduction The Korean Peninsula can be considered as a region that can rival China and Japan in terms of its culture, tradition and history. Its geographic location makes it an ideal place for commerce and a clear access to the Chinese and Russian regions. However, the once powerful and united region had been tormented by constant conflict and strife that had successfully divided the Peninsula into two separate states in the Second World War. Studies have emphasized that there is more to the war that meets the eye and as the war continues to ravage the Peninsula, it is ...

Introduction:

Since it became an independent country in 1953, North Korea or the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has been subjected to heavy scrutiny by the international community. The isolated country has always been reported to pressure South Korea into breaking the détente, continue production of its nuclear weaponry and recently, declare war against the United States. While the international community wishes to influence North Korea’s actions, the fact the country is isolated and information is very scarce makes the issue difficult to resolve. If the international community acted haphazardly towards the issue, North Korea may take ...

"All animals are equal, but some animals

Are more equal than others" Alexis de Tocqueville has been quoted as saying that the skills used to create marvelous literature do not necessarily produce coherent and well-founded political thought and in most cases one might say that he was right. But that was not the case for English novelist Eric Arthur Blair more commonly known as George Orwell, whose work is characterized by political insight, linguistic clarity and irrefutable literary value, a work that can still inspire almost sixty four years after his death. A keen analyst of his turbulent times, Orwell was, according to Newsweek magazine, the ...

Sheila Fitzpatrick was one of the most prominent social historians of the epoch of Stalinism and Soviet Union. The author began to write from the cultural prospect and all her sociological researches relate to the topic of a culture. The issue of the Russian Revolution had a great resonance in the world and influenced many historical processes in the world. The investigation of its main factors was central to Fitzpatrick in her scientific research. Sheila Fitzpatrick asks the question: “When does the Russian revolution end?” (2). Finding the answer on this question is the main argument of the book. The ...

George Orwell is one of the greatest English writers. Orwell expressed his views in an independent manner and raised various significant issues that he witnessed in the society while serving in different roles. “Shooting an Elephant” is one of highly acclaimed literary works of the author. “Animal Farm” is a novel that was written by Orwell and is known for the portrayal of various crucial issues. This paper intends to discuss both of these literary works of the author along with presenting a succinct and comparative analysis of “Shooting an Elephant” and “Animal Farm”. Both “Shooting an Elephant” and “Animal ...

Authoritarian theory describe that all forms of communications are within the control of the governing elite or authorities or influential officials. Authoritarians are necessary to manage the media to protect and prevent the people from the general threats through any form communication (information or news). The press is a mechanism to enhance the ruler’s authority in the country rather than any threats. The authorities have all rights to permit any media and control it by providing authorization to the media and make certain censorship. In case any media violate the government policies against license, then the authority ...

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Abstract This essay broadly narrates the incidents post World War 2 leading up to the Cold War, how United States of America responded to the events of Cold War and the domestic developments in the United States of America during Cold War years. Post the Second World War; the cold war in the following decades can be summarized as the fight between democratic forces of the United States of America and the communist forces of Russia to establish Global supremacy in all spheres of life including governance, military and technology. On the February 4th, 1945 with ...

A. Poland and the Cold War

Soviet troops occupied Poland at the end of World War II. Future elections in Poland were one of the subjects at the Yalta Conference in 1945. Josef Stalin was not enthusiastic about the prospect of free elections in Poland. Because of the violence committed by the Soviets against the Polish people during the war, there was a great deal of animosity between Russians and Poles. Stalin assumed that if Poles had their choice in free elections, they would not be voting in favor of the current communist administration in the Soviet Union. Poland and the Soviet Union had been at ...

Joseph Stalin was one of the most outstanding persons in the politics of the twentieth century. For one type of people, he was bloody dictator and murderer for the other - wise ruler and the savior of the state. One thing we know for sure – this person had a great impact on both the Soviet Union and the world. His decisions changed borders in Europe and changed world history. Joseph Stalin or Ioseb Besariones dze Jughashvilli was born in the town of Gori, Georgia, on December 18, 1878 in the family of cobbler. In childhood, Joseph suffered from various diseases. ...

The original of Russian organized crimes was in the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries where exiling of Siberian peasants led to the rise of a group of underworld professional criminals. The prisoners formed the “thieves-in-law” jailed for being “enemies of the Soviet system.” The imprisonment led to struggle for power between different criminals groups Russian Mafia were however legal and were supported by the governments. They could legally conduct business and even invest in companies. In America, organized crime groups originated from desperate poor people mainly immigrants who resided in crowded slums grouped together by their ethnic backgrounds (WRIGHT, ...

Politically, most countries after cold war wanted to dominate the other states in the form of military and global leadership. Therefore, states adopted strategies similar to the United States containment policy, with the aim of opposing any other state that did not support their ideologies. Most states feared the spread of Communism and the domino effect. There was great rivalry between communist and non-communist countries and the states adopted some form of containment against the Soviet Union and China. The Russian state lived in a state of less abundance in the form of ideas and resources as compared to ...

Despite the success of the alliance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States in bringing victory in the Second World War, the cooperation during wartime implied glossing over several differences between the two countries. The soviet leaders had been complaining about the coexistence between capitalism and communism following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 (Jones, Trevelyn, Luann, Marlene, Daryl, Jeanne, & Mary, p. 172). There are several factors that combined to result into the emergence of the Cold War between the 1940s and 1990. During the 1940s, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the ...

Abstract

This paper is on the topic of origins of the Cold War between The United States and The UUSR. The first section of this paper will discuss the origins of the Cold War. The second section of this paper will discuss who started the Cold War and the important events, individuals and ideas that shaped the development of the Cold War. The third section of this paper will discuss the influence of parties to share American policy towards the conflict. The final section of this paper will discuss if the cold war was fought at home or abroad.

Introduction

The ...

<Student’s name> The "Father" of the Soviet atomic bomb Academician Igor Kurchatov was born January 12, 1903 in Ufa province Simskaya Plant (now - Sim City in the Chelyabinsk region). It is called one of the founders of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Graduated with honors from the Simferopol gymnasium and evening craft school in September 1920, Kurchatov entered the Physics and Mathematics of the University of Tauride. Three years later he graduated early from high school success. In 1930 Kurchatov headed the Physics Department of the Leningrad Physico -Technical Institute. Work ...

Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution being one of the most recognized events in the world history had been opinionated and criticized throughout many writing pieces. Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is a metaphoric and detailed novel published in 1956, reflecting the Russian revolution of the 1917. George Orwell the son of a British civil servant, born as Eric Arthur Blair, gained popularity and a boost of financial holdings after publishing the novel; Animal Farm. The novel is an anti-Soviet satire that takes place in a farm where the idea of animalism has been presented to the animals by a pig named Old Major. He dies ...

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Causes of the Cold War (1947-1953)

Unlike the other forms of warfare, a cold war finds its basis in the acts of sabotaging societal set ups of a country’s enemy. There is no clear definition of the Cold War but in “The Cold War: Conflicts in Europe and Asia” Philips (2001) states that the, “The Cold War is the term given to the period of poor relations between East and west” (p.159).With regard to this, the Cold War found basis in the emerging enmity between the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Consequently, the effects of the cold war were felt ...

Solzhenitsyn's first novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich was published in 1962 after a round of intense, routine scrutiny by Party officials. (Biography of A. Solzhenitsyn) It is autobiographical: ‘Mr. Solzhenitsyn, who spent 11 years (1945-56) in various prisons, concentration camps and places of forced exile in the Soviet Union because of some disrespectful references to Stalin in private correspondence with a friend, caused a worldwide sensation in November 1962 when his first novel, "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich," was published in the magazine Novy Mir.’ (Kramer) There Alexander Solzhenitsyn wrote his masterpiece. ‘The tale involves a ...

Fascism and communism are two ideologies that presented the idea of reaching utopia. While fascism is on the extreme left and communism is on the extreme right, both ideologies believe that it is through the destruction of the world that a new order will be born from. Both ideologies do not see the good in the existence of the bourgeoisie and have endeavored to extinguish it. Lastly, communism and fascism are one in their goal of recruiting members that will compose and work with them in achieving their vision of the new utopia. Fascism had its seed firmly planted ...

Chapter 9

‘Instructor’s Name’ ‘Subject’ In the article titled ‘reflection in action’, Donald Schon suggests that sometimes practitioners of a trade know certain things by action, but would not be able to explain those things theoretically. While performing certain actions, both personally and professionally, individuals would be able to display certain skills, for which they would not be able to give clear rules and regulations. These actions are mostly guided by tacit recognitions and judgments. Schon terms this process as ‘reflection in action’, and it is critical in dealing with uncertain and unstable situations. He stresses that, contrary ...

In 1947, George F. Kennan, an analyst with the State Department, wrote an essay about the Soviet Union that took fear of this new country into the basis for American foreign policy. The Soviet Union had only existed as a country since 1919, as the Communist Revolution took the old tsarist regime down at the end of World War I. The struggle for leadership was a bloody one, as the idealistic visions of Lenin and Trotsky fell to the greedily pragmatic ones of Stalin. The fact that Stalin allied himself with both Hitler and, later, the Allies, was a sign that he ...

After reading Mao’s own words how ideally communistic were his political views? What role did Mao feel that the arts should play in Communistic China? Are his ideals still in effect in China at the dawn of the 21st Century?

Introduction:

Lin Biao has described Mao Tse-Tung as the greatest Marxist of his era apart from having developed that political philosophy much further due to his innate ‘genius’. Although these words may sound slightly over the top today there is no denying the fact that Mao was really a person of considerable historical importance and a Communist of the old school. ...

United States of America had long followed a policy of isolation throughout the 18th and 19th century. The policy continued even in the earlier part of twentieth century when the First World War was fought. The event of disapproval of Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points by Senators back home defined the overall outlook and aptitude of the Senators and American people outside the country. This defined the foreign policy of United States of America as well. However towards the middle of Second World War United States of America was forced into reverting its policy of isolation. The Second World ...

‘Instructor’s name’

The cold War Relations between the USA and the USSR were always defined by many complicated interwoven political and economic factors, and the relationship which was a cautious cooperation during the World War II transformed into a superpower rivalry after the war. The basic distinction that existed in the political systems of the countries created an environment, which did not aid in mutual understanding and for a period of almost four decades there was a high military tension between the two nations. This sustained tension between the two countries and their allies and the ensuing political scenario, was commonly denoted by the ...

- How successful were the programs of the New Deal in solving the problems of the Great Depression? Assess with respect to two of the following: Relief, Recovery, Reform. The Great Depression is a title of the economic depression in the world in the decade before the World War II. It was the longest and the deepest economic decline in 20th century. The Great Depression in the United States started in August, 1929, when economic recession was first observed in the country. The Wall Street Crash in 1929, the biggest stock market crash in the US history, signaled the ...

The Cold War, started in the year 1947 up until 1991. It is very well documented in books, documentaries, movies and in many other forms. It was sustained military and political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. It began after the two countries formed an alliance that eventually defeated the Nazi Germany in the Second World War. They were the only two major superpowers, with great political and economic differences. George Orwell an English writer, was the person responsible for coining the name ‘Cold War’. Cold War was basically a situation where by the two countries, engaged ...

According to Marx, revolutionaries required a new historical theory. Marx preferred the theory by Hegel, which he supported in his argument. Marx started his argument with the social class and furthered to the people’s relation, and the means of production. According to Marx, m6en are classified into definite relations that are independent of their relations of production. The relations of production are made of the foundations, the economic structure, and the political superstructure. According to Rigby, Marx states that historical change is because of contradiction, and conflict. The mode that is used in production affect the overall process of ...

The history of the cold war is dated back in the 1945 immediately after the World War II. There were differences between superpower countries and their dominance in Asia, western and Eastern Europe. The United States was a major player in the cold war with its dominance power against the other superpower nations. After the World War II, the participating nations including the United States, China, and the USSR had learned the adverse effects of engaging in a hot war. As a result of massive destruction of properties and loss of lives of individuals from the participating nations, there was a consensus to ...

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The Cold War: Its Origin and Effects

The Cold War that dates from 1947 to 1991 refers to the relationship that existed between the United States of America (USA) and the Soviet Union (also known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)) after the World War 2. It began after the two had a short-lived wartime alliance against the Nazi Germany, which left the USA and Soviet Union as two superpowers with distinct political and economic differences. An English author and journalist George Orwell coined the name “Cold War” in his essay, “You and the Atomic Bomb” published in the British newspaper Tribune on ...

Theorists have put down arguments on the evolution of Europe. The discourse has often been that absent leaders that characterized the European political landscape, Europe would not have prospered as it has. In addition, it has been argued that communism and fascism indeed played a pivotal role towards the evolution of the modern states in Europe. It is imperative to appreciate that modern Europe remains purely capitalist with a few nations keen to introduce welfare systems intended to contain the harsh vagaries of capitalism. However, it is should be noted that the current practice is far from what Europe could have ...

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Abstract

“The nuclear race” was called the confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in nuclear weapons during the Cold War. During the Cold War, and some other countries have been developing nuclear weapons, but no country has produced it on such a scale in which it was done, the two superpowers. The main feature of the Cold War was an arms race between the members of the Warsaw Pact and NATO. Despite its ruinous, it has led to significant scientific discoveries in many technological and military fields. Some of the ...

Introduction

The Anglo-Americans and the Russians seem to be moving to attain the same goal – to hold in their hands the destinies and fate of half of the world (Alexis de Tocqueville). Many people begin their Cold War history with Tocqueville’s prophecy made about events that would take place over a century later. Like many forecasts Tocqueville made his by his projections of the past and the present and how they would meld into the future. It must be noted that at this time all Russia and the United States had going for them was continents that were rich in ...

Joseph Stalin, also known as Iosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, was born on 18 December 1878, in Georgia, Russia, as his mother’s fourth child. His mother was very protective of him because she had lost the first three children due to bad health. His father was a boot maker and the mother was a cleaner, so Stalin’s family experienced poverty like other peasant families in his area. Joseph’s mother introduced him to a local church school, where he worked hard and was awarded a free scholarship in the Tiflis Theological Seminary (Kuromiya, 2005). He joined a secret revolutionary group in the seminary, where ...

America as a country has a very rich history of people who dreamt of achieving great things, then woke up to accomplish them and in so doing changed America and the world for good. Many of their accomplishments outlived them and even got better with time. Margaret Sanger is one of those polarizing significant Americans’ who is either seen as a heroine or a nuisance depending on who you speak with. Today, women see birth control as an opportunity to be smart with her body in making the right choices. However the story was different just a century ago when it was not strange ...

In the months following the Second World War, the United States and Soviet Union could be considered to be allies as they both shared in the victory over Adolf Hitler and his Nazi kingdom. This friendship soon became enemy territory really fast when they got locked in a struggle for prevalence in the new “Cold War.” What would turn out to be the Cold War started off as tensions between the then ‘Big Three’ allied leaders on coordination of strategy. These various issues sky-rocketed border disputes settlement, creation of the United Nations and post-war occupations of Japan and Germany. However ...

George Orwell was the surname of Arthur Blair who was a political change fighter and advocate, literally critic, novelist and an essayist. The reasons to why he changed his name is not known. Blair was born in Eastern India in a region namely Bengal, in June 25, 1903. This area was largely dominated by the British. His parents were Ida Mabel Blair and Richard Walmesley Blair who were civil servants (Merriman 5). However, his mother later moved with him together with his sister to England in an effort bettering their lives. Blair was a bright student and managed to win a scholarship to ...