Essays on Glucagon

Abstract

Regretfully, diagnosis of diabetes is very common nowadays. Diabetes has become a worldwide epidemic and one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality because it often leads to amputation of limbs, loss of sight, kidney failure and provokes cardiovascular disease. However, it is not that hard to suspect a high risk of developing diabetes or the disease itself before the analysis of blood sugar levels. Many of the signs of diabetes are visible to the naked eye. Paying attention to them in timely manner can avoid the severe consequences of the disease. Patients with diabetes can lead ...

And

Enzymatic Activity Blood Glucose Regulation and Enzymatic Activity Blood glucose levels in the human blood need to be balanced; as otherwise, it would lead to several fatal consequences and ill physical health. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels may damage blood vessels which supply blood to important organs such as the heart, kidneys, lungs, brain etc. Homeostasis in blood glucose levels is maintained by the coordinated efforts of two vital hormones – insulin and glucagon, along with action by certain enzymes. All these work together, to maintain homeostasis in the body according to body needs. Insulin is secreted by the β-cells of ...

In the medical field, there are constant inventions that are intended to improve the quality of care for patients. These interventions are based on qualitative and quantitative research whose results indicate the effectiveness of the practice on different patients. Patients living with medical conditions like Diabetes rely on these practices to make their lives better. The adoption of the interventions is based on how well the medical professions understand it and how it changes the lives of their patients. The following is a detailed look at one of the practices and how I would ensure its adoption in a ...

Diabetes is a burning issue all over the world. World health organization has shown concerns on the prevalence and incidents of diabetes. In USA, 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population; diagnosed or undiagnosed have diabetes. (CDC, 2012). As per National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011 215, 000 people in USA have type-I or type-II diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a disease penetrating all age groups. Treatment of diabetes has a few advancement in the recent past. Apart from general oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable insulin there are islet transplantation surgeries also available for diabetes. There is a wide scope of treatment of diabetes ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

- How would propylthiouracil affect metabolic rate in a normal rat? Explain why.

It would decrease metabolic rate since propylthiouracil decreases the production of thyroid hormone (“Propylthiouracil,” n.d.).

- Explain the action of insulin on body cells.

Insulin acts on the body cells by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood stream to the body cells. This is done when insulin attaches to the insulin receptors in cells triggering a response that increases the levels glucose transporters (GLUT4) (Cartailler, n.d.).

- If the body is not producing enough insulin what happens to levels of that substance (your answer to ...

Question a

Diabetes mellitus (also type 2 diabetes) is a medical condition affecting the body’s use and conversion of energy. It may arise from various biological malfunctions such as over-secretion of glucagon hormone, insufficient secretion of insulin and resistance to regulation of glucose levels by insulin hormone. The condition may arise either from poor diets or from the effect of hereditary and environmental factors. Excessive consumption of high calorific foods, minimal exercising and obesity are some of the predisposing factors that may make one susceptible to the disease. This is especially so when these factors supplement genetic factors. The main risk ...

One of the most dreadful diseases that could happen to an individual is diabetes and it really isn’t that easy to classify this life-threatening and organ-attacking disease because it does not only have a single type; it has two. IDDM or the Insulin Dependent Type and the NIDDM or the non-insulin Dependent types are the two general classifications of diabetes. Diabetes is a disorder in drug metabolism because it basically permits or even promotes high sugar blood levels in the body which is life-threatening. Hormones insulin and glucagon are the ones that are involved in the maintenance of a stable blood ...

Question 1

Stress and blood sugar levels are closely linked. Stress may be caused by various environmental factors. This is especially common in today’s society that comprises of things occurring at high speeds. When the body is under severe stress, the body releases stress hormones, such as cortisol. Stress hormones cause an automatic increase in the level of blood sugar. Adrenalin, which is released during instances of flight and flight, has a similar effect. The main reason for this kind of functionality is to enable the body to have sufficient energy to react to the cause of the stress. Under ...

Introduction

Obesity and overweight have been classified as global and serious conditions that have an adverse effect on the human health. Obesity and overweight conditions are defined as excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat that may negatively affect health. In adults the obesity and overweight are measured by the body mass index (BMI), which is simple weight-for-height index (WHO, 2014). The BMI is computed by the ratio of the individual's body weight to the square of body height, indicated in Kg/m2 (WHO, 2014). According to W.H.O., (World Health Organisation), a BMI equal or above 25 is considered as overweight while a BMI ...

- Ingestion of fava beans increases the formation of free radicals in red blood cells which in turn causes disruption on the normal functioning or reduction of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase enzyme. Consequently, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reduces and therefore the red blood cells are incapable of defending themselves from the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species. This makes the damaged cells to breakdown and rupture prematurely hence hemolysis.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase pathway

The G6PD gene is located from base pair 153,759,605 to base pair 153,775,795 on the X chromosome. - Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cell cytoplasm. Fatty acid synthesis ...

Diabetes is a disorder caused by an increased level of glucose concentration in the blood. It is as a result of abnormal metabolism of insulin hormone. The insulin hormone is secreted by the beta cell. Insulin regulates the metabolic process of glucose in the blood. The insulin hormone induces the body cell to absorb the glucose from the blood. The glucose is then used to produce energy ( Baron, S. H. 1980).. The functions of insulin if curbed in a diabetic patient and thus this leads to the poor absorption of sugar in the blood leading to high and increased level of ...

1.Basically we know that, it’s wrong to mention only 1 gland and 1 hormone involved in energy metabolism, as we at least 3 endocrine glands interfere in energy metabolism. Thyroid, Parathyroid glands and Pancreas. Two most affecting hormones produced by thyroid gland are thyroxine or T4 and triiodothyronine or T3. Parathyroid gland regulates the thyroid gland. But according to the article, I assume that the Pancreas and Insulin are meant to be mentioned, Pancreas is a gland in endocrine and digestive system and the hormones that are involved in energy metabolism are somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and of course ...

According to Ibim (51) glycogen, which is also known as animal starch refers to a branched polysaccharides stored in the liver or muscle cells of animals after ignition of food excess in starch content. The body converts the extra glucose to glycogen, which react to prevent blood sugar from increasing more than the required level of the body that is 300mg/dl of blood. Therefore, when the body sugar level is low, glycogen is then broken down to glucose as a source of energy in a process known as glycolysis. It is the main energy supplier in the body during exercise when oxygen ...

Abstract

The body has two main systems that are involved in the maintenance and reestablishment of homeostasis, nervous system and endocrine system. The endocrine system is made up of groups of organs that are involved in the production of chemical messengers known as hormones. Some of the major endocrine glands that are found in a human body include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, pineal, gonad, adrenal, and pancreas glands. Although biological observations that are grounded in the functions of endocrine systems were noted by some of the ancient cultures, the modern understanding of various endocrine glands and the way they produce ...

Homeostasis is dependent on the precision of the organs and organ system regulations in the body. The nervous system works together with the nervous system to regulate and offer coordination to the activities of almost all other parts of the body. Just like the nervous system, the endocrine system uses chemical known as hormones to communicate with other parts of the body. A hormone molecule is a specific messenger that is synthesized and released by specialized cells known as an endocrine gland. The endocrine glands are ductless with the hormones being released into the blood directly and taken to the ...

The physical development in adolescence normally starts between thirteen (13) up to nineteen (19) years of age. During puberty, which is the onset of adolescence, the reproductive system matures because of neuroendocrine changes. The transition stage from childhood to adulthood known as adolescence is fraught with physical, emotional and social changes evident for both girls and boys. The focus of this paper, in particular, is on the correspondence between physical development of adolescents and use of growth hormones for those who have or who does not have growth hormone deficiencies (GHD). Root, Dana, & Lippe studied the effect of ...

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels as a result of a dysfunction in the hormonal regulation of blood glucose. The dysfunction of blood glucose regulation occurs due to deficiency of insulin, the resistance of target cells to insulin thus resulting to elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Based on the mechanism resulting in elevated blood sugar there are basically two types of Diabetes: Type I diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)) emanates from insufficient insulin due to inability of pancreatic beta cells to produce enough insulin. On the other hand Type II diabetes, (non–insulin-dependent diabetes ...

Introduction

Glucose- a monosaccharide- is one of the simplest sugars utilized as a primary source of energyat the cellular level. Glucose is essential because some vital organs such as the brain and the red blood cells wholly rely on it as an energy source.

With reference to glucose metabolism, the glycolytic pathway(figure 1) offers the fastest means to energy production. Hence in case of energy deficit the body will break down any available glucose prior to utilizing other sources of energy such as amino acids, pyruvate and glycerol. Glucose is usually preserved in the body as glycogen (polysaccharide) especially in the ...

1.0 Introduction Diabetes mellitus is chronic condition that occurs when either the beta cells of the pancrease are unable to secrete insulin, or they secrete insufficient insulin or when the target cells become resistant to insulin resulting to elevated blood glucose levels. Generally there are two types of diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce sufficient insulin. On the other hand Type II diabetes, also known as non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) occurs when the target cells become resistant to insulin so that insulin has ...