Essays on Psychiatry

Even as people today are obsessed with their only inspiration of making a good fortune, by pursuing a career in business management, or in a fast-growing information technology industry, there are a few others that passionately care about the core of our existence - our physical and mental health. It goes without saying that health is a priceless asset and gift that no money can buy, and, as soon as I was mature enough to realize it, my future was determined - I was firmly resolved to dedicate my life to medicine and health care, but more particularly to ...

Psychology: Early research into prefrontal lobotomy

Introduction
Lobotomy is a psychosurgical procedure where the connections of the prefrontal cortex and underlying structures are severed, or where the frontal cortical tissues id destroyed. Lobotomy is a Greek word where lobos mean brain and tomos stands for cut. According to Raz, psychosurgery is where surgical methods are used on an anatomically normal brain with the aim of treating mental illness.
The success of lobotomy during its first years after inception has been attributed to a number of factors by historians. During the early years when lobotomy became popular, there were few effective treatments for mental illnesses. This ...

Summaries of Articles

Tutorial Two
Introduction
One of the landmarks of the 20th century was the unprecedented growth in the field of Psychology. However, some pertinent issues (which remain unresolved) threaten the credibility of this noble profession. For example, there is little data to support the classification of “mental illnesses” and use of drugs to treat nonmedical conditions.

Article Summary

Psychology and the Status Quo by Isaac Prilleltensky
Prilleltensky (1989) argues that the rise of Psychology has been immune to skeptical ideology. In some way, Psychologists learn not deviate from contemporary ideology. As a result, no questions have been raised about some of its ...

Amongst mentally ill patients at high risk for early readmission, does the utilization of a multi-component transition care plan as compared to usual care help to improve early readmission rates?

Abstract

The early hospital readmission rate in a 30-bed psychiatric unit in California is 25%. This figure is higher than the 13% reported in the literature for high-income countries like the US (Vigod et al., 2013). Early readmissions are problematic as they are costly and disruptive to the personal and professional lives of patients and their family members. In addition, they are construed to be negative patient outcomes and negative ...

Introduction

The patient whose name was Jack had gone to a local restaurant with his friends at night when he began to exhibit the following symptoms: He was restless; he kept pacing around in spite being urged to do stop doing so by his friends and the staff at the restaurant. His movements around the restaurants were ill co-ordinated. He was agitated and disorientated and insisted that he did not want to be touched. In spite being disorientated, he was cognizant of my arrival. He would make utterances regarding the world and how “screwed up it is.” In between talking ...

Introduction

It is very common to hear of the term “risk factor” in epidemiology as well as in criminal behavior studies. In general, sense, a risk factor is a term used to refer to a variable that is associated with an alleviated risk of infection, disease or disorder. The number of identified diseases, disorders and infections are very large and consequently; the number of risk factors that increase the susceptibility to them is large. Each disease, infection or disorder has its own set of risk factors. However, some risks factors that have been found apply in all three aspects mentioned ...

____of December, 2014

Tricyclic antidepressants vs Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in treatment of Depression

In recent decades, SSRIs have become the first-choice treatment for depression. The efficacy and acceptability, as well as cost-efficiency of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus the older tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are studied by many researchers. Most of scholars agree that the both classes of antidepressants are almost equally efficient (Marton, 2003.) According to Marton (2003), a small trend towards greater efficacy of TCAs was found when the outcome was measured in terms of depression scales, and towards SSRIs – in terms of global impression scores.
But Faravelli and colleagues (2003) argue that in most studied cases, ...

Quality Improvement Plan: John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County
[Institution Title]

Abstract

This paper present a Quality Improvement Plan for John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County. Specifically, the focus of the QI plan relates to advocating injury prevention programs as well rendering superior quality patient care, the quality improvement plan shall concentrate on this aspect of health care. The said plan is directed towards the patient service, My Cook County Health, and clinical service pertaining to the Psychiatry Department. The two areas were selected because of the direct correlation of the following departments and areas of ...

Introduction

This paper describes in detail the way the healthcare field has been exploded in recent years in a manner that clearly shows its importance to the society. The research that was done on Healthcare as a career has proved to be feudal in a manner that there are employment opportunities for just about everyone. The paper shows that employment opportunities are there for each individual depending on their level ...

Western civilization has often tried to segregate variations from the established social norm. Prisons, universities and mental institutions were devised as a way to ghettoize those who think and act differently from others, giving them a place in society that is, at the same time, out of it. In the case of the latter of these organizations, in the 1960s there was much questioning of the nature of the people that truly deserved to be in it, and even if this was a proper separation or not. Many believed that this was a form of social oppression, with the ...

Abstract

The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system found in the temporal lobe. Hippocampal neurogenesis, the ability of the hippocampus to generate/produce new neurons all through to adulthood, has been linked to emotion moderation, spatial navigation, learning, memory, and cognitive function. These functions are usually impaired in depression and anxiety and hence the speculations that hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in the etiology, pathophysiology and even the treatment depression and anxiety. The hippocampal neurogenesis hypothesis attempts to explain the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in the development of depression and anxiety based on findings from various studies. Findings ...

Introduction

Eating disorders are largely encountered during teenage and young adulthood even though they sometimes appear in childhood or later in adult life. The diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders is a challenge aggravated by the affected individuals aversive tendency to seek treatment. (Becker et al., 1999) (Steiner & Lock, 1998). Eating disorders are veritable medical illnesses and tend to be frequently overlooked in the face of other coexisting diseases like Anxiety, Depression and substance abuse syndrome. The revisions incorporated in the fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) envisage better classification and characterization of this ...

Please type your name here

Contemporary Issues in Public Health
Please type your Institution name here
Introduction
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that is related to serious types of traumatic incidents in life. This disorder got special attention in 1980 and since then scientists are working on this problem. PTSD is one of those considerable public health issues that affect women more than men. It is also common in combat veterans and people who have experienced physical injuries. The U.S. population surveys show that lifetime PTSD prevalence rates range from 7% to 8%. Most important factors in the development of PTSD ...

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) refer to a group of several neurodevelopment syndromes that havedisorders having a poorly understood etiology. Mental The term ASD has been used by several mental health professionals use the term ASD to represent not only classic autism but also Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, CDD and PDD-NOS (NHS 2012)—disorders that refer to syndromes that share the same impairments (Romero-Munguia 2013).HYPERLINK "http://en.plagiarismdetect.com/plagiarism/index/8c2ae26f5e9428176d21bb1f0bea960009307af6/25242?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ablockabove.com%2Fwhy-fluency" \t "_blank"Romero-Munguia 2013). These are autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome (AS), and pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), also known as atypical autism (NHS 2012). ASD  is characterized ...

Mental disorders are a common illness in the society. Scholars and medical practitioners have taken time and effort in attempting to understand the causes and treatment methods for these conditions. However, since the biological processes that leads to mental illnesses are quite difficult to understand, several hypotheses have developed to assist studies. Genetics and other environmental factors have been associated with numerous mental disorders. This paper first evaluates the issues of mental disorder such as depression and provides review into the genetics involved. Then the paper reviews studies into twin cases, association and neurodevelopment disorders. The research will then ...

Depression is a medical condition, causing a wide array of physical, as well as psychological symptoms. According to an article entitled “Depression in Adolescence” published in The Lancet, nearly 8 percent of all adolescents will experience depression before they reach their teens . Nearly 4% of them will remain depressed through their teenage years. Unfortunately, many times this mental illness goes undiagnosed because the symptoms can be difficult to recognize in this age group (2012). Regardless of whether it is diagnosed or not, if untreated, it can become a significant problem in the adolescent’s life.
Though the exact cause ...

A myriad of baffling questions foster educated inquiries regarding the types of causes for schizophrenia, in terms of neurological foundations. Psychiatry and neuropsychological research continues to engage professionals in exploring the role of the frontal lobes in schizophrenia. While more questions persist than answers, it appears that the elements of memory and behavior correlate in ways that bond to either a region or function that is important in the disorder. According to medical researcher, Dr. Raphael Bonelli (2007) “schizophrenia, and mood disorders may result from disturbances that have a direct or indirect impact on the integrity or functioning of” ...

Mental disorders presently affect a large proportion of world population. The World Health Organization (2012)conducted a status survey, which found that a significant chunk of the world population suffers from various degrees of a wide assemblage of mental disorders. According to the World Health Organization Report (2012), over 350 million people suffer from depression all over the world. In a conflict between, Nature vs. Nurture, scientific community stands divided on the contribution of genetics on Psychiatric disorders and illness. However through this essay, I will put forward arguments based on scientific findings that showcase the contribution of genetics ...

Merriam Webster’s Dictionary defines personality as “1: the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual especially in relationships with others 2a: the totality of an individual's behavioral and emotional tendencies b: the organization of the individual's distinguishing character traits, attitudes, or habits.” The study of personality has a long provenance in western medicine. Our earliest theories come from Hippocrates himself, and were based upon the four humors, that is, blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. In turn, Galen was responsible for concept of the four temperaments: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. The theories relating bodily fluids and ...

In the last century, psychoanalysis has incorporated itself as one of the paramount disciplines within the field of psychiatry. The father of psychoanalysis is unequivocally Sigmund Freud; and while the science of psychoanalysis has advanced far beyond Freud, and his basic principles, his influence is still strong and pervasive.
Freud’s basic principles are central in the practice of psychiatry and in psychotherapeutic practice; namely, psychic determination, unconscious mental activity, and the effects on childhood on the development of our adult psyche (Semple, Smyth, Burns, Darjee, & McIntosh, 2005). Freud also focused on the role of meaning in his vision ...

Depression in older patients has become an issue of concern due to the nature of its prevalence. One in every four elders has been noted to exhibit symptoms of depression. In the nursing profession, there are the treatment practices that are currently used. There have also been certain innovations and calls for research in various treatment methods. There are however certain barriers when it comes to the diagnosis and treatment of depression in these patients due to the nature of relationship between the patients and their caregivers or health officers in residential homes.

Treatment of Depression

Older patients who exhibit depression are ...

Depression in Older Persons

Depression is a mental disorder, which distresses mind, body and spirit of the victim. The condition significantly reduces the individual’s quality of life, productivity and own joy. Most people become depressed in their old stages, this is not an ageing process, but it is a common disorder among the older people (Hoek, 2008). At this point, older people experience a sense of loss in their existence, this disorder can be controlled with the assistance of caregivers (Baldwin, 2003). Most elderly who are depressed avoid going through diagnosis for fear of stigmatization. The depressed becomes hot tempered and disturbed; ...

1. Bond, G.R. (2002). ‘Assertive Community Treatment for People with Severe Mental Illness.’ Journal of Mental Health, 2(3), 34-59.

In this article, Gary defines Assertive community treatment, ACT, as one of the approaches that can be used to deal with mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is one of the serious mental illnesses. Gary argues that AGT is the best way to organize services and provide essential support for mentally ill individuals. He advocates for community integration together with the clients having conditions such as schizophrenia. ACT is seen by the author as a holistic approach as it will result in provision of medicine, finances, housing, and any other need.

...

A Secondary Data Analysis of Empirical Findings on the Influence of Familial and Genetic Factors on the Onset of Drug Abuse

Abstract

Drug abuse has long been a private and public issue. Numerous strategies, interventions, and policies have been formulated and carried out over the years to resolve this indomitable issue. There is no single explanation to the development of drug dependence. Its onset and maintenance are influenced by a number of interlocking factors. One of the leading determinants of the development of this disorder is familial and genetic factors. Numerous studies have shown that the family environment, such as ...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been brought to the public’s attention by the problems experienced by veterans returning from military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Up to 13 percent of military personnel coming back to America are afflicted with the disorder (Friedman, 2014). There is a current controversy concerning the military discharging soldiers for pre-existing mental conditions rather than following up with care for PTSD. The question emerges as to whether PTSD, which is no longer considered an anxiety disorder, is a continuation of pre-existing mental illness or develops as a separate syndrome under stressful conditions. This paper ...

Substance abuse contributes to a variety of social problems, including social disorders, disease transmission, family disorders, and criminal behavior. A variety of biological, psychological, and social factors are potential causes of addictive behavior. Therefore, it is important to resolve the causes relevant to each individual in order to resolve addiction. Long-term success is achieved only when the causes of addiction are addressed, but treatments also need to consider short-term goals like preventing relapse during the withdrawal stage.
Biological influences can make individuals susceptible to substance abuse. Various studies identified chromosomal regions in the human genome that can cause physiological ...

Abstract

This paper reviews current knowledge about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults. For many years ADHD was thought to only affect children, but now it is clear that almost all children with ADHD still have symptoms as adults that impair their functioning in all aspects of life. This paper reviews how these symptoms are manifested in adults, and how ADHD affects their lives. Also, this paper reviews contributing reasons that most children do not grow out of ADHD, and contributing factors to adult ADHD. Last this paper reviews how ADHD is diagnosed in adults, the importance of correct ...

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is defined by DSM-V as a developmentally inappropriate and disturbed attachment behavior that is characterized by underdeveloped attachment towards the primary caregiver. RAD was introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (DSM-III) in 1980 and is considered as one of the disorders of infancy as it is thought to occur as early as 9 months of age (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Attachment could be defined as a predisposition of an infant or child to seek comfort from a specific attachment figure, whom they consider as their primary caregivers. RAD ...

Abstract

Childhood depression often gets undiagnosed and gets untreated because many parents do not know what the symptoms are like and they get assumed to be normal psychological or normal emotions. Mood change is an important sign that should get looked out for. The participants for this study are college students. A hundred college students were used to conduct this experiment. Equal number of female and male participants was chosen for the experiment. Medical consultation was a problem cited by participants. The experiment revealed that childhood depression affects boys as much as it affects girls. Proper sensitization needs to get ...

Introduction to Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe mental ailment that affects about one percent of the population worldwide. It is a major mental disorder that inflicts an enormous burden on the victim causing poor quality of life (Jones PB, Barnes TRE, Davies L, et al, 2006). It increases morbidity and mortality (Murray C J and Lopez A D, 1997), disrupts interpersonal connections and upsets family structures and adds substantial economic costs to the society (Freedman R, 2003). Typical symptoms of schizophrenia, include, delusions, disordered thinking, hallucinations, and bizarre speech or behavior.
Though it is very rare to observe the onset of this ...

Personality and developmental theorists have always been embroiled in controversies of one type or another. By the very nature it is controversial theorizing. The study of people and how they interact and how they respond may seem alarming to many. Freud developed his theories of psychodynamics that, while not wholly discredited, have fallen out of academic favor (Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 2005, p. 774). Freud was and remains controversial for both his use of drugs and postulations on the role sexuality plays in developing the psyche. Erikson, a student of Freud’s, seemingly tried to sanitize the sexual aspects ...

Part 1

Prison suicide is recognized as a serious yet underrated problem. In the United States, suicide is two times more common among prison inmates than in the general population (Arnaut, 2010). It is estimated that 200 prison suicides happen every year in the US (Suto & Arnaut, 2010). It is the third leading cause of deaths in the U.S. prisons after natural causes and AIDS (Metzner, 2002). The suicide rate in U.S. federal prisons is lower than the nationwide average (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2012).

According to White, Schimmel & Frickey (2002), the prison suicide rate is often compared with the commonly ...

Introduction

Mental health is perhaps one the most important forms of health that humans consider to be vital. Several mental conditions such as Alzheimer’s and depression have been recorded with high prevalence in the society and this has alarmed medical practitioners and government bodies as well . While these condition may abound, little knowledge exist as to the manner in which they occur and treatment methods. Scholars and medical practitioners have taken time and effort in the endeavor to comprehend the causes and treatment methods of mental disorders. However, since the biological processes that lead to mental illnesses are quite ...

Early psychosis intervention program is a community-based assessment program that is designed especially for outpatients that are experiencing first episodes of psychosis. It is however important to note here that there are a myriad of other conditions that might manifest themselves in similar manners as psychosis and correct and incomparable determination of psychotic cases is crucial. Immense research work has shown that early diagnosis and intervention on psychosis has had positive outlook in that the condition becomes relatively easy to contain unlike in late diagnosis where other complications might have arisen for example intense schizophrenia among others. It is ...

A mini thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Curationis in Psychiatry, University of the Western Cape.

ABSTRACT
Within South Africa there is a growing need for qualified Professional Nurses, as mental health nursing has consistently emerged as an unpopular career choice within the comprehensive nursing program (R425). Nurses that have completed the R425 program report fear, mistrust, and dislike of the mentally ill as reasons for not pursuing a career ...

Relapse

Psychotropic mediation mainly focuses on solving a mental disorder by use of drug prescriptions unlike cognitive behavioral therapy which is more concern with the thinking process of a patient. Cognitive behavioral therapy attempts to assess the situation analysis ability of a patient in a bid to offer a solution to the problem of depression or anxiety. It thus concerns itself with the form of thinking of a patient and not the content of thought. Through this- as proved by research-a patients situation analysis mechanism can be examined and improved. It is argued that anxiety and depression mainly emanate from an individual’s interpretation of a given event or situation, which is influenced by their form of thought.

Medication by the use of drugs has minimal or absolutely no effects to the cognitive part of a patient. As a result treatment by use of psychotropic mediation may end up providing a short term solution to the problem, as the patient is likely to revert back to a depression or anxiety state after a short period.

The return to the initial state of anxiety of a patient after undergoing treatment is what researchers’ term as a relapse. This condition is critical as well as fatal as patients in a relapse state are likely to suffer more from the problem than they did before the administering of treatment. These patients will suffer more since there trust in the treatment system is also greatly affected and they thus do not see any solution to their problem which makes them depressed the more.

To prevent this condition from occurring, cognitive behavioral therapy method has been proved through various research findings to be the most appropriate for prevention of relapses. This is due to its ability to successfully shift the mode of processing of patients, besides aiding them in the acquisition of compensatory or cognitive skill.

Therefore a patient is not only treated, but also equipped with the necessary skill that will aid in prevention of an occurrence of a similar state. The unique form of treatment ensures that most if not all loops that may cause patients to relapse are sealed unlike in the use of medications where chances for a relapse to occur are not taken into consideration.
Depression and anxiety are more of a cognitive aspect of human beings than they are physical. Thus an attempt to comprehensively treat them should focus more on the thoughts of a patient if lasting solutions for the problem are to be obtained.

Outcome prediction

In the treatment of a patient, prediction of a possible outcome of the treatment process is very crucial, as it aids in making necessary adjustments to suit expectations of a given treatment. Prediction only occurs in the event of pretreatment expectancies or features.

Through Psychotropic mediation, it is quite difficult to capture the pretreatment expectancies inherent in a suffering patient. Prediction of an outcome hence becomes challenging as it only involves the evaluation of particular symptoms, followed by prescription of drugs whose performance is meant to determine if prescription matched the symptoms. According to research this method that does not provide adequate room for pretreatment assessment of a patient poses more harm than good to a depressed patient.

Methods that do not provide room for pretreatment assessment of a patient have been found by research to yield wavering results. This is mainly contributed by their lack of engagement in a holistic assessment of patients from the pretreatment stage, through the treatment process and eventually after treatment.

The assessment process that consequently aids in the prediction of outcome is more of practical than theoretical in approach, as it concerns itself with the patient’s behavior. Therefore cognitive behavioral therapy which adopts the practical approach is better placed to effectively predict treatment outcomes unlike the psychotropical mediation mechanism which is more of theoretical in approach. Cognitive therapy is able to successfully predict outcomes by evaluating pre-treatment expectancies such as, relationship between therapist and patient, patients beliefs as well as personality. In terms of relationship the therapist examines the patient’s’ openness honesty and active engagement and agreement with therapy process.

On the basis of beliefs the therapist is involved in the in-depth assessment of a patient’s attitude or perception of one’s self. A patient may have a perfectionist kind of belief which may have quite negative effects on the outcome of the treatment process. Personality is also a pretreatment feature used by a therapist to determine weather a particular patient has a depressive personality or not. Existence of a depressive personality translates to prediction of a negative outcome has exhibited by several researches. As the research based argument above indicate, it is evident that cognitive behavioral therapy is best suited for prediction purposes as opposed to the psycho tropical mediation technique.

Side effects vs. enduring effects

Psycho tropical mediation involves the use of drugs in its treatment, and like any other method that is characterized by the use of drugs the technique has side effects. Different drugs are known to contain given side effects even though they may be very handy in solving a given problem at a given time.

Therefore medication can be quite harmful at times to a patient due to its cause of side effects that are physical and emotional as well as permanent in their damaging ability. Some of the physical side effects include; dizziness, change in appetite, drowsiness, weight gain as well as sleep disturbance, while the emotional ones include; loss of interests, mood swings and emotional numbness. Tardive-dyskinesia, Parkinsonism and death are some of the permanent damaging effects that can be brought about by medication.

On the other hand cognitive behavioral therapy has been found by several researches to posses an enduring effect as opposed to side effects on a patient. This enduring effect lasts beyond the treatment hence it is very unlikely for a patient who has undergone a therapy to experience a relapse. Studies have further proved that when cognitive therapy is employed in the treatment of depression and anxiety it possess the efficacious effect inherent in medications hence making it more superior.

Cost effectiveness proved

Given its enduring effect, cognitive behavioral therapy has proved according to research to be more economical compared to medication. This is supported by the fact that, it does not involve the dependence on given drug for purposes of treatment.

If a patient is treated by the use of medication for instance the use of antidepressants, he or she may incur costs in the continued purchase of the drug. It becomes worse when a patient experiences a relapse of is subjected to the side effects of a given drug, since treating a side effects which could have been avoided is in itself an unnecessary cost on the patient.

The enduring effect of cognitive behavioral therapy, ensures that a patient only pays for the therapy process and once its done there is no other cost to be incurred with regard to the treatment of a depression. This method has no relapse as well as side effects hence all unnecessary costs are avoided thus making an economical method of treatment.

Enhancement ability

In cognitive behavioral therapy, the effectiveness of treatment can be enhanced through the subjection of a patient to training; unlike in medication where by an attempt to enhance treatment by addition of drugs might result to overdosing.

A therapist through cognitive therapy is able to take the patient through training for purposes of shifting the form of thought. The availability of the training option ensures that a patient is treated in accordance to his or her own specific needs as opposed to a generalized treatment based on given symptoms.

These generalizations may hinder the comprehensive handling of depressed patients, since it is limited in specificity. Hence patients that vary in their needs with regards to treatment may end up getting insufficient treatment for their anxieties and depressions.

Mechanism employed

Psychotropic medication employs a general mechanism in the treatment of different patients as opposed to cognitive therapy which utilities a mechanism that is more specific in approach.

The generalized mechanism fails in handling patients as individuals with different needs and requiring different attention as it aggregates its treatment; hence the specific needs of patients are not adequately met.

However the specific approach used by the cognitive therapy is considerate of the fact that different patients may have different needs that require different attention if adequate treatment is to be administered. This technique has been proved by various studies to be efficient and comprehensive in the treatment of depression.

Adverse events prevention

Adverse events are well catered for in the cognitive therapy than they are in the psychotropic medication. This is explained by the fact that administration of drugs alone without having any influence on the cognitive functioning of the patient does not prevent the occurrence of adverse effects such as suicide.

Research has shown that the training conducted in the cognitive therapy is quite crucial as it influences the mode of thinking of patient, hence preventing the occurrence of adverse effects. This is made possible since most of adverse effects are psychologically generated and hence need a psychological preventive measure.

Recommendations

The prescription of drugs when it comes administering a medication for a person who is depressed or when one wants to control anxiety is not the best way to combat the disease. In other words, cognitive behavioral therapy is the best option to apply when dealing with a patient who is depressed or who wants to control anxiety. The prescription of drugs like antidepressants can at times lead to some side effects. For example a patient can be dependent on the antidepressant drugs when controlling the level of anxiety or depression. To prevent such a situation from happening, the best option to resort to is the application of cognitive behavioral therapy that majorly deals with the education of the patient on how to control depression or anxiety because it majorly deals with the mind and there is no administration of drugs.

The administration of drugs when combating depression or anxiety is a temporary medication. In other words after the administration of drugs, after some time the previous condition of the patient is likely to come back. Hence, this will not have helped the patient. The adoption of cognitive therapy as a medication to depression and anxiety is a long term medication because it will help the patient to be knowledgeable on how to handle depression and anxiety.

The cost effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy is embedded by the fact that once a patient has undergone the therapy, he/she won’t spend any monetary value in the purchase of drugs or being attended to by a psychotherapist at a fee. Because once one has acquired the knowledge on how to control depression and anxiety he/she won’t need the assistance of a psychotherapist or some prescription on the same to be able to control anxiety or depression.

The analysis of once cognitive aspects can be easily used to predict the outcome of the therapy. The administration of drugs is unlikely to be used on this case because the prediction of the outcome after its administration is very hard. Hence, the analysis through the manipulation of once cognitive behavior can be easily used to predict the outcome of the therapy and how the patient will respond to depression and anxiety.

References

Elkin, I. (2008). National Institute Of Mental Health Treatment Of Depression Collaborative Research Program. General Effectiveness Of Treatments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46(11) , 971-982.
Greenberg, P. (2003). A Negleted Major Illness. Clinical Psychiatry 54(11) , 19-24.
Kapuur, S. (2002). Antidepressants Medication And The Relative Risk Of Suicide Attempt And Suicide. JAMA 268(24) , 3441-3445.
Morrant, J. (2007). Depression and Some New Depressants. BC Medical Journal 39(12) , 636-640.
Partonen, T. (2004). Light Treatment For Seasonal Affective Disorder: Theoretical Consideration And Clinical Implication. Acta PSychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 377 , 41-45.

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder or OCD is a mental health illness that affects both the young and adult population. A condition that used to be considered as normal, this is now considered as a chronic disease that is characterized by symptoms of obsession and compulsion. In DSM-5, OCD was recently given a separate section together with other related diseases, such as the body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania or hair-pulling disorder, hoarding disorder, and excoriation disorder (skin-picking disorder). Although the process of assessing a patient for OCD faces many challenges, some types of assessments are proven to be more effective and accurate, like ...

Like the old saying goes, “Cleanliness is next to godliness,” but at what point does cleaning and being tidy cross the line into mental illness? Likewise, while a large percentage of the population may admit to being a little superstitious and many hotels don’t include a 13th floor, at what point does certain superstitious beliefs and behaviors turn into compulsions or behaviors that must be carried out or else the individual is unable to proceed throughout his or her day? To an outsider, it may appear like a nonsense disease with behaviors that should be easy to curtail ...

Psychiatric nursing and Philosophy

In the nursing profession, the philosophical basis is very essential for effective psychiatric care. This is because of the many influences it has in caring for the patients. For instance, age, cultural factors and sex all have an impact on human living. Handling a given psychiatric disorder or mental illness is a challenge in itself that calls for adequate experience in the philosophical world. Nursing is mainly concerned with taking care of an individual/patient. This, therefore, calls for a better understanding of the patient. The nurse is expected to be appropriate personally in order to offer a person-centered treatment ...

When a person is diagnosed having a psychotic disorder, especially schizophrenia, the first choice of therapy is to give antipsychotic drugs. Of course, for decades the antipsychotics have helped the schizophrenics to come out of distress and disability (Frank, E. & Judge, R. (2001). It is one of the reliable methods of controlling the chronic and distressing symptoms of schizophrenia. But it has various challenges associated with it. The side effects, aversion of the patients to take medications, drug resistance, etc. are issues that challenge the therapy by antipsychotics. A metanalysis is carried out to find out the current status ...

Introduction

Women as caregivers is a significant issue because it has been hypothesized by many scholars that the stress associated with multiple roles can be conducive to physical and mental health problems. However, this is a controversial topic because they are some experts who contend that benefits are gained with this additional responsibility. There appears to be a myriad of literature that places emphasis on the stress of women engaging in multiple roles.
Women have always been considered responsible for domestic chores. parenting and in some instances caring for elderly parents. A few decades ago women were not required to ...

General Education Capstone

Introduction
Suicide is an issue that affects our country in a big way, especially with the increase of bullying incidents in schools around the United States. What can we do as a society to help this problem and recognize the signs? It is possible to notice the signs of someone thinking about committing suicide and there are different tips on how to help the person or even tell an adult about the situation. Suicide can be preventable if given the right knowledge
There Are so many reasons why any individual would choose this topic to write about such as: ...

The psychoanalytic theory elaborates the functioning of the human being with a large emphasis on the effect the psyche (personality) on the physical body. Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis is underpinned by the notion that a human being is always in conflict between the demand or the society and the drives emanating from his psyche. The psyche or personality of a person is made up of three distinct aspects namely, the id, ego, and superego. These aspects of a human personality accord to him some level of dynamism that is as a result of motivation, anxiety, defense mechanism, dreams ...

Alberto, age 55, was brought to the emergency department of a regional medical center by his brother-in-law. Alberto is pacing, demanding, agitated, and speaking vociferously. “I did not wish to come here! My brother-in-law is simply jealous and he is trying to make me appear like I am suffering from some sort of insanity!” Alberto’s treatment is financially subsidized by his brother in law. Alberto will undergo a maximum of 8 sessions at 2 hours each session. The session will start on June 25, 2014.

Presenting Problem

Alberto is a 55-year-old man who was brought to the emergency department of ...

CRITICAL REVIEW

CRITICAL REVIEW

Gairik Sengupta, Subhrojyoti Bhowmick, Avijit Hazra, Ananya Datta, and Musfikur Rahaman (2010), wrote on the “Adverse drug reaction monitoring in psychiatry out-patient department of an Indian teaching hospital”. The topic as stated by the authors shows only a general possibility in the medical field. In this case, the authors do not seem to be specific in which drug is been studied. At this point the reader of the article is left guessing what could be the drug under investigation. The need to have a single or a range of particular drugs give the researcher specific objectives other ...

Place

Part 1
Man is a social being. His behaviour and actions have an impact on the society in which he lives. The behaviour of an individual should thus be in coherence with the accepted norms of the society. Every individual behaves in a particular manner based on his mental development and his perception of the environment in which he lives. Accordingly, the cognitive development of every individual is unique. This cognition in turn influences his various skills that govern his interaction with the society. Psychology plays a pivotal role in determining how a person thinks, behaves and what triggers ...

Introduction

It is a very common aspect of children that during their childhood they are likely to ignore or forget things, start anything without thinking, or having lack of focus. Such children are perceived as behaving normal but studies from research show that they can be victims of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is a very common disease that is found in children, defined as a mental disorder and behavioral disturbance that is caused by various factors including environmental factors such as inconsistent parenting (Castellanos et.al, 2002). As it is a mental disorder when a child catches the disease, ...

Psychopathology and the Media

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, abbreviated as DSM-5, is the 2013 overhaul to the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) manual on mental issues and is the principle reference utilized in the identification and determination of these conditions. The DSM -5 manual is considered to be more comprehensive and all-embracing, aspects that the APA manual lacked in (Comer, 2013). In the United States, the DSM serves as a general power for a psychiatric conclusion. It is a diagnostic tool that classifies the various disorders and guides the psychologists and other social scientists in going about various endeavours in ...

Abstract

This paper will discuss psychology as a science and other relevant topics under it. Although this is only a brief discussion about the whole subject itself, it envisions to open a broader perspective in taking the subject on a much lighter approach. Furthermore, this paper will tackle about the historical background of psychology and the importance of studying psychology. The topics included herein are made to be brief, concise and laid in simple explanations for better understanding of the subject. Psychology is one of the most difficult courses to be studied since it is a systematic way of arranging ...

Abstract

There is a great need to understand the relationship between Neuroscience and Psychopathology. The understanding of Neuroscience and Psychopathology can be attained by a consideration of the causation of a psychological disorder like Schizophrenia. Pointedly, nature and the environment role-play in the causation and manifestation of various psychological disorders. Understanding the manner in which factors such as genetics and the surrounding environment affect the etiology of various disorders is considered an important step towards gaining an understanding neuroscience behind psychopathology. Based on the information presented by three journals with regards to the causation of schizophrenia, this paper seeks to ...

Psychology

Answer to Question

A. Variables
1. IV #1: Ordinary manipulated between

Levels: Robbery

Forgery
2. IV #2: Attractive manipulated between

Levels: Robbery

Forgery
3. DV: the mean number of sentencing months determined using arithmetic test

B. Hypotheses

1. Main effects
Ordinary – There is a significant effect for attractiveness perception when it comes to the length of sentencing imposed on ordinary looking male than the more attractive male.
Attractive – The nature of offence may have a significant. Considering the interaction (see below) there is a difference on the length of sentencing between robbery and forgery. Attractive male is likely to be sentenced for a longer period ...

Introduction

Anorexia nervosa is psychological disorder in which a person has an abnormal eating behaviour, so that the person can lose weight. The word anorexia nervosa was first used in 1873, by one of Queen Victoria’s physician known as Sir William Gull. There are two types of anorexia which are the restricting type and binge-purge type. According to the medical term, this disorder is said to be lack of appetite (Kaye, 2009, p.450). The people who are suffering from it have fear of gaining weight. This prompts them to do whatever it takes to lose weight. Anorexia is mostly ...

It was originally thought that basal ganglia were responsible for voluntary motor movements, and movement disorders were associated with pathological changes in the basal ganglia. However, it was found that the basal ganglia are associated with different cortexes with distinctive circuits, which are called loops, so a pathological transformation of tissue can manifest as a psychological or motor disorder, depending on the loop affected. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop is a one-way circuit that allows the basal ganglia to receive input from the cortex and send output via the thalamus back to different regions of the cortex. Pathological changes in ...

Introduction

The purpose of the review is not entirely clear from reading the first paragraph. The author at this stage is not clear on whether he is focusing on the increasing number of patients with ADHD and bipolar disorders or the similarities and differences between the two. The author chooses to compose the literature review to explain to readers the different researches that have been done to either support the view that ADHD and bipolar disorders are similar or to oppose the view. He then comes to a conclusion that there is no clear line between ADHD and bipolar disorders. ...

Substance Abuse in pregnancy

According to the American Pregnancy Association substance abuse in pregnancy causes several types of birth defects. Substance abuse causes the following to the fetus: miscarriage; low birth weight; premature labor; placental absorption; fetal death; and natural death. Miscarriage, low birth weight, premature birth, developmental delays and behavioral and learning problems are the effects of Marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol abuse. Cocaine causes premature birth, fetal death, and withdrawal symptoms such as tremors, sleeplessness, muscle spasms, feeding difficulties, and defects of the genitals, kidneys and brains. Heroin causes breathing difficulties hypoglycemia, interracial hemorrhage, and infant death. PCP and LSD cause low ...

Abstract

Depressive Disorders is an umbrella title for a varied range of disorders that include, major depressive disorder, Bipolar disorder I and II, and dysthymia. Bipolar Disorder is a debilitating condition that has a lifetime prevelance of 1-1.6%. It accounted for a $15.5 billion dollar loss in productivity during the 1990’s in the United States (Soreff 2013). This paper hopes to expand your knowledge on the key characteristics of depressive disorders with a specific emphasis on bipolar disorder.
Depression and mania have been written about many times throughout the course of mans history on earth. King Saul was thought ...

Abstract

Researchers showed that genetics has a strong influence on individual’s behavior when it comes to addiction. Substance abuse and dependence are disorders that are usually manifested together with some other psychological disorders such as antisocial personality disorder, depression, anxiety and others. Patients who suffer from depression or schizophrenia more often manifest addictive behavior. Explanation for this co-morbidity is found in genetic polymorphism. There are alterations in recorded activity of the brain in individuals who abuse substances. Their brainwaves are abnormal so was the brainwaves of their children, who never tried psychoactive substances. Biology is the basis of the ...

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are two fundamental basics of discussion, research, and theory when discussing child development and psychology. Before Freud came to the United States, ‘talk therapy’ was not even something that was used here, but was becoming popular in Europe. This concept was fought as a controversial technique in the United States, but Freud was determined, and it is now the basic and most common type of therapy in psychiatry today.
Erikson focused more on child development, which is a growing field of research today. Children are not merely little adults, but function in a very ...

- Situations in practice that can lead to grief/ bereavement
Bereavement refers to a period of grief after one has lost a loved one. It also refers to “the entire experience of friends and family members in the anticipation of the death of a loved one and the subsequent adjustment to living after the death of a loved one (Care, 2006 ).”
On the other hand, grief refers to “the emotional affective reaction to the loss of a loved one.” It has both psychological and physical manifestations (Care, 2006 ). Bereavement can be complex and can affect individuals on many levels ...

Mental health

Introduction
One of the main branches of psychology is mental assessment. This part of psychology calls for numerous observations and ability to relate a certain behavior or response to a set of responses to comprehensively understand the mental status of a person (http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/excerpts/hicks_50.pdf).

It usually involves careful observation of any possible or visible cue that might give a clue to the mental status a person, a lot of careful questioning and taking of notes as well as mental history of the person under observation. It also calls for human behavior understanding and causes of the various types of mental ailments (http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/excerpts/hicks_50.pdf). ...