Essays on Attachment Theory

Running Notes

The observation was that of child #111. #111 is a five year female. She has been enrolled in the kindergarten class for five months. I observed child #111 for two forty five minutes sessions. Over the course of the two sessions, a range of physical, social, emotional, cognitive and language development aspects were evaluated. Child #111 has an approximate height of 40 inches. She is white in skin color and her overall physical appearance appears to be generally in line with children her age. In essence, from her physical appearance, she is generally healthy. After being introduced to the ...

A sexual offender is a person who has committed a sex crime, which is punishable by law. Sex crimes, on the other hand, are determined by a particular area’s laws and jurisdiction and they determine whether a person’s actions fall under sexual offense or otherwise. In many countries, sex crimes are in fact major crimes which are kept side by side with other crimes like physical assault or breaking traffic rules. While some crimes committed by sex offenders are strictly sexual in nature, others might be those that are a violation of those who are chosen by ...

Insecure Attachment and Identity Formation Issues

Abstract This paper will seek to examine the effect of forming insecure attachment in leading to unsuccessful identity achievement in human beings. This question is answered by examining the attachment theory and relating it to identity formation. It will also examine how these two issues affect healthy development in each stage of the life span based on Erickson’s psychosocial developmental stages. According to the attachment theory, attachment mainly determines different aspects of human relationships and interaction. This in turn, leads to social and emotional development issues in individuals during different life stages. Some of the problems identified included ...

The workplace is one of the most stressful environments in which people can find themselves throughout their lives. In the office, the pressure of short deadlines, the close scrutiny of a superior and conflicts that may emerge between colleagues are extremely demanding situations and they all add up to the problems that can emerge throughout the workday. Violence in particular, creates insecurity and highly impacts all stakeholders in a company. Consequently, many people are extremely tensed at the end of a work day, and may experience headaches and feel nervous or exhausted (Johnstone & Freenay 2015). In time, stress in ...

Summary of theorists

SUMMARY OF THEORISTS

Ainsworth looks at attachment theory in three different classifications. The attachment theory brings out the difference in children’s behaviors at different ages. This is based on how they have been brought up by their parents. Ainsworth has been known best for developing Strange Situation as a tool for research and assessment. Ainsworth classified the theory of attachment into three different categories that were based on the observations she made during the Strange Situation experiment; Secure attachment looks at the environment where the children have the presence of their mothers. In such instances, the theory states ...

Insecure Attachment and Identity Formation Issues

Abstract: This paper will seek to examine the effect of forming insecure attachment in leading to unsuccessful identity achievement in human beings. This question is answered by examining the attachment theory and relating it to identity formation. It will also examine how these two issues affect healthy development in each stage of the life span based on Erickson’s psychosocial developmental stages. According to the attachment theory, attachment mainly determines different aspects of human relationships and interaction. This in turn, leads to social and emotional development issues in individuals during different life stages. This research paper includes an in-depth ...

The Institutional Affiliation

1. In most countries becoming an adult implies turning a particular age, being able to vote, drive, take responsibility for one's own actions, etc. Nevertheless, turning 18 or 21 doesn't make a person an adult in a full sense. Every individual conscious, responsible and independent at a different time but there exist a number of rites which represent the passage. In the 18th century, in Hawaii, young people used to jump off cliffs. It was a formal rite of passage into adulthood until the modern era when this tradition went down into history. The first man who jumped off ...

Attachment Theory

John Bowlby developed the attachment theory and was it to describe attachment as, “a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Cherry, 2016). Attachment theory is focused on the bonds and relationships between people, especially long-term relationships that include relationships such as parent-child and romantic partners. The earliest behavioural theories claimed that attachment is a learned behavior. There are four specific styles of attachment styles; secure attachment, fearful attachment, preoccupied attachment, and dismissive attachment. This paper will analyse two of these styles.

Secure Attachment

Explanation of Concept Adults with secure attachment style tend to be greatly satisfied with their relationships. Children having ...

Virtual Child

<Institution>

Starting birth, my child, Noah, was quite normal and very much healthy. He was a breastfed child. As a newborn, I allow my partner to be more on hands to him, but I eventually decided to be more proactive in attending to his needs so that he would recognize me as someone he can trust, too. Like most parents, I tried to give him things that will make him more curious about his environment. Starting at 3 months, I supported his interest with his social world. I would take him out to meet new people, and I ...

Introduction

The attachment theory so often brought up in the psychological sciences, most commonly focuses on the mother-child bond that does or does not occur within the first five years of a child’s life. The founding father of the attachment theory was John Bowlby, who was extremely generous in working with numerous experts to expand his own knowledge and theories on psychological topics. The importance of a healthy development of the attachment process is important to the future sociability of the individual. How he or she interacts with people in their lives will be based on the extent of ...

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of the ABC (Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up) and it role in establishing secure attachment and attachment organization in children who are likely to, or have suffered maltreatment and neglect from their primary caregivers, typically their parents. The results of the intervention’s efficacy are crucial to design a program that will benefit both the parents who have a difficult time exuding sensitivity towards their children and especially those with a history of maltreatment as reported to the relevant authorities such as the Children’s Welfare Agency. The programs could be merely ...

Introduction

It is the desire and inbuilt human nature to need other people in their lives. The zeal to form and engage in attachments and relationships is much promoted by the very basic human nature to desire love, passion, friendship, intimacy socialization and close relationships. The problem of association and need for others is demonstrated by the factor of the human being living together in the same homes, same villages and communities. Additionally, even I history and current trends, people tend to conglomerate together, a clear indication of the need for association and relationships. The paper focuses on the analysis ...

Introduction

Positive psychology is an alternative approach within the study of psychology. Psychology tends to focus on dysfunction throughout society. Positive psychology, on the other hand, focuses on the happiness within an individual. Positive psychology believes that positive emotions are the underlying cause of happiness. Attachment theory also touches on the happiness of the individual. Attachment theory state that positive emotions are the result of emotional support within an individual. Both theories focus on how certain aspects in life effect the future well-being of the individual. The following discusses the benefits of positive psychology and how incorporating it into attachment ...

Socio-emotional development is an individual’s, especially children, continuous ability to understand how others feel and to control personal feelings and behavior such that they can get along well with their peers. The foundation on how we feel about ourselves and our relationships and experiences with others is, to a large extent, influenced by socio-emotional development. The quality of relationship given to a child by his primary caregivers is a major determiner of the child’s socio-emotional development. An individual’s feelings of trust, confidence, pride, affection, friendship and humor are all part of their social-emotional development. Social-emotional development ...

Abstract

Mentorship is a critical subject that has been founded to be the baseline behind good morals among youths today. While different theoretical constructs have been postulated to explain the concept of mentorship to the youths, a lot is yet to be exploited in this learning dynamics. On the other hand violence is antisocial habit that is associated with youths, and its manifestation has ravaged the social fabrics of the society. Thus, a cross-learning integration between a mentor and a mentee determines the formidable correlation and impacts that mentorship program is likely to trigger. Besides, the lessons that a mentee ...

Throughout our life we meet various people under different circumstances. We establish numerous types of relationships with them, depending on inner and outer factors. The relationship paradigm is a multi-dimensional field; however there are still some emotional tendencies, which apply to every one of us. One of such tendencies is our ability to attach to people and make bonds with them. This process is an essential component of our entire life.

Notions and theory of bonding and attachment

Attachment or bonding is a “strong affectional tie or emotional bond between two individuals” (Bigner & Grayson, 2009, p. 129), which is a universal phenomenon between child and carer. ...

TRAUMA & ATTACHMENT

Childhood is one of the most important phases of one’s life. It prepares the base of our lives. The experience a child has in his early life influences his character and emotions. There are many theories put forward by different experts who support the importance of childhood experiences in shaping our character and the nature of interpersonal relationships. Freud’s theories have been the milestone in this regard. He has explained the role of child’s experience in his sexual expressions as an adult. The impact of trauma starts affecting a child even before he is born, that ...

Abstract

Contemporary attachment theory also known as modern attachment theory is a psychological paradigm that seeks to elucidate the changes of long term and short term relational association among humans. The theory specializes on specific aspects of human response to specific occurrences in their lives rather than the general relationships. For instance, a young child will develop a strong attachment to the person who is taking care of them regularly. On the other hand self psychology theory is an advanced psychoanalytic theory whereby efforts to understand individuals from within subjective experience is made through abnormal self-examination basing renditions on the ...

Attachment theory provides an explanation for the relationship between a parent and a child influences subsequent development. The theory is an idea in developmental psychology concerning the importance of "attachment" regarding personal development. This theory originated from John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. However, other theorists had similar theories; they include Hazan& Shaver and Harlow. According to Harlow’s Monkeys (1958), his objective was to investigate the system by which the newborn rhesus monkey and the mother are attached to one another. It was found that these young children were exceedingly reliant on their mothers for comfort, protection, nutrition and ...

The main purpose of the current paper is to summarize an article by Barry H. Schneider, Leslie Atkinson and Christine Tardif, which is aimed to analyze and describe the attachment theory. The article was published in “Developmental Psychology” journal under the name “Child–Parent Attachment and Children’s Peer Relations: A Quantitative Review”.

The core background of the attachment theory is the fact that the safety of the child-parent bond during the early stages of child-parent relationships affects the child’s relationships with his/her parents and society during the life span. Such correlation has been proved by more ...

Attachment theories have are based on observational studies that examine the lifelong bonds that develop between children and their parents. The theory takes parents as the attachment figure, and considers the relationships that children develop during their childhood. In addition, the theory also focuses on the mental and emotional impact these particular relationships have on children once they grow up. Secure attachment on the other hand, develops when a parent or adult is sensitive towards a children's requirements, understanding fully what the child wants to communicate, and meets these requirements in an effective manner. Needless to say, the importance of secure ...

The relations at home help in determining the behavior depicted in different situations encountered in the daily life. Extensive studies have analyzed the impact of parent-child relationship in determining a child’s personality, development, adjustment style and several other characteristics (Locke, 2008). In this regard, attachment theory put forward by John Bowlby (1980) examines the attachment bond between the mother and child developed in the early years of childhood. According to the attachment theory, this attachment style impacts the behaviors exhibited later in life. Several studies have further expanded on this theory by assessing different dimensions such as adult romantic ...

Criminal behavior

Psychopathy or sociopathy as it is called at times, is a type of personality disorder, clinically regarded as ‘Antisocial Personality Disorder’ (APD). Although a big percentage of incarcerated convicts may be described as suffering from APD, only about one-fourth of them could be diagnosed for psychopathy. Also only a small percentage of these psychopaths are violent offenders. Exhibition of superficial charm and persistent lying are the two common traits of psychopaths. The emotional deficit of psychopaths limits them to experience only a narrow range of emotions. Psychopaths are very skilled in projecting themselves in good light and can beat psychological tests. Adult ...

- What is your attachment and relationship style Basing on the fact that my attachment related avoidance score is 2.20 on a scale ranging from 1-7, this entails that I have a low avoidance attachment. Furthermore, it entails that I have a low dimension, hence I am usually less worried about matters related to whether my partner loves me, and hence I don’t fear rejection. Therefore, this tends to demonstrates that my relationship style is based on a secure perspective. This shows that I have a positive view on relationship issues, and hence secure attachment helps me to be emotionally available and ...

Discuss attachment theory in the context of Tongan child-rearing practice

Attachment theory is believed that the children in the world are biologically designed to be prone to attachments to others (Crittenden, 2008). This can be clearly seen in the Tongan community especially since children do not get whatever they need from their parents. In Tongan child, rearing practice can be seen to be cruel or inhuman by other people in other cultures. This is because the Tongan children grow in a strict environment in which they are not shown love or affection by their parents, elder siblings or their extended family members. It is a fact that Tongan children are usually ...

Research suggests that early childhood education is extremely important for the success of children as they age. Without proper early childhood education, children are set up for failure in their lives before they even begin to attend school; children who attend preschool programs, for instance, have a much easier time learning in the kindergarten and first grade classrooms than children who are immediately placed into those same classrooms (Edwards, Cutter-Mackenzie et al., 2014). Perhaps some of the most important skills that children learn in these early childhood educational experiences are not academic skills, but are the skills that they need ...

Liberty University

Abstract Intimacy issues in marriages have been in the forefront of many psycho-social-spiritual circles recently. In addition, intimacy issues and barriers have just started to be analyzed psychologically, sociologically, physically, and spiritually in the psychoanalytic literature. Qualitative and longitudinal studies are giving way to new theories and thoughts on why the 21st century marriage has so many barriers to intimacy and how these barriers become ingrained in an individual’s psyche. These studies show that from birth to death, the human capacity to remember definitive moments that will forever change the outcome of an individual’s life, whether ...

Abstract

Human development is an area that has been one of the most discussed areas of study in the last one century. Cognitive development of a person from childhood days to adult years was studied extensively by a Swedish psychologist Jean Piaget. He is known as the father of cognitive development theories. His four stages of cognitive development, sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete, and formal, are still considered to be the foundation of the cognitive development process. Piaget’s theory does not touch upon why individuals develop at a different rate or why there are different developmental stages. Vygotsky, on the other hand, proposed a completely ...

Introduction

Psychodynamics is an important aspect of understanding human behavior and human response. It basically aims to improve the way humans understand the way their mind functions and how well their physical capacities are able to respond to such matters accordingly. This entails the connection of the conscious versus the unconscious behavioral response of individuals to particular situations that each person encounters. Practically, this study views that humans tend to react to situations according to their knowledge and understanding of how the issues develop and how these matters should fully affect them. At present, news items that are released ...

Parental separation has adverse effects on children growth and development. In part, children who witness parental conflicts and the eventual breakups develop hatred to the parents, and this may be exhibited through withdrawal signs by the child after parental re-introduction. Parental alienation is more common in modern times than it was before due to increased cases of parental divorce (Fidler & Bala 23). Children who have been alienated develop post-traumatic stress, and this has great impact during the re-unification process. Parents who separate from their children expose the young ones to extreme psychological and emotional abuse and this may lead ...

The song chosen for this analysis is Mario’s song titled “LET ME LOVE YOU,” and will be used to illustrate social psychological principles from chapter 10 of Social Psychology by Aronson, Wilson and Akert (2013). This is a love song and portrays the initial stage of a romantic relationship which in this case is attraction. The singer is trying to start up a relationship with a woman and talks of her beauty in the lyrics where he describes her beauty to be so intense to the extent of hurting (Barret, 2014). The woman’s beauty attracting the singer illustrates the psychological ...

Other Details

Introduction Psychodynamics is an approach to Psychology that systematically analyzes human behavior and studies the forces that drive behavior (WebMD, 2006). Therapists attempt to understand the personality of patients and help them deal with their problems. The Psychodynamic model is one of the first models to be used for analysis of personality. Psychoanalytical approach was first developed by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). This approach to treatment is non intensive and includes no more than three to five sessions a week. It is based on the principle that an individual shows abnormal behavior when he is engaged in a conflict with ...

PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology 3a. This is a very wide research problem. An infant named MB was reviewed. The infant was two months of age and was in the stages of infancy. MB spent the majority of her time resting. In the time that MB was awake, there were several experiments that has d been conducted in order to examine her reflexes. MB demonstrated consistent signs of reflex activity with the exceptions of the tonic neck and stepping reflex. MB did not have the capacity of holding her head upright and did not demonstrate any signs of motor development initiations. MB’ ...

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is defined by DSM-V as a developmentally inappropriate and disturbed attachment behavior that is characterized by underdeveloped attachment towards the primary caregiver. RAD was introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (DSM-III) in 1980 and is considered as one of the disorders of infancy as it is thought to occur as early as 9 months of age (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Attachment could be defined as a predisposition of an infant or child to seek comfort from a specific attachment figure, whom they consider as their primary caregivers. RAD is a condition where ...

Reflection Analysis

Since theoretical study on child abuse and neglect is extensive, there exist different theoretical explanations and understandings to every child maltreatment incident. Before we decide in which theory of child abuse and neglect an article falls, we should first consider some general points such as causation, possible outcomes and context of the article, then we apply particular theories. We need to take into account the multiplicity of how maltreatment has been understood because theories are made from homogenous research samples that restrict their soundness and application. This reflection analysis will cite five different articles concerning child abuse and ...

Raising sons and daughters to be a good person and law abiding citizens is among the greatest challenges of parenthood. One needs to be keen on the harmonious familial relationship at home and the environment outside to assure good influences to our sons and daughters. Juvenile delinquency is one of the issues that confront the families, societies, and nations. Data from the National Institute of Justice revealed that the youth with cases in the juvenile court in the United States reached 1.3 million in 2010 (National Institute of Justice, 2014). The government attributes the high number of juvenile delinquency cases ...

According to attachment theory the quality of the bonds we form early in life affects our adjustment, coping and relationship throughout the lifespan. Secure attachment is represented by the infant’s capacity to feel comfortable and safe exploring their environment using their primary caregiver as a trustworthy base from which to depart and return (Waters & Cummings, 2000). By the time infants are six month old they recognize and internalize the response of their primary caregiver to their needs and alter their behavior to fit their caregiver’s response pattern. This first relationship sets up an attachment pattern in the child ...

Relationship Attachment

It is a general assumption that almost all adults have gone through relationships with other persons, mainly because they all exist in the society, which is primarily based on interactions and relationships. Indeed such relationships-whether filial or romantic, have varied with each different person that one gets into a relationship with, where many attribute such differences to the others’ background and personal inclinations. This paper seeks to gain insight on what psychologists have learnt from research about continuities and discontinuities in attachments through the lifespan of an individual. According to conducted research, there exists an undeniable relationship between the early ...

In psychology, there are different parenting styles, which influence the form of attachment that the children develop. Authoritative parenting establishes rules and guidelines which children are expected to follow. It is characterized by parental warmth, as well as high control, making children have positive relationships in their childhood and adult life, due to the security it offers to the child. In authoritative parenting, the parent respects the child interests but suggests their own perspective. Authoritative parents respond to their children while at the same time willing to listen to any questions that the child has. In cases where the ...

Attachment Theory as it relates to Growth and Development of young children with Developmental Disabilities

Understanding human psychology has played an important role not only for health professionals in diagnosing and treating people with health concerns, but also has helped parents among other people to detect and determine as early as possible any problem or issues that might affect those close to them. This paper has first presented an over view of attachment theory and later analyzed literature on the subject where it discusses four patterns of attachment that exist. It has also presented the stages that children undergo through in realization of a complete attachment in their infant lives. Finally it has presented discussion ...

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Bowlby's theory of attachment: An Introduction The Attachment theory by John has acquired wide recognition for perceiving social and emotional growth of children. It has offered a theory on which to shape human perception concerning the pivotal role of the parent-child interaction and its impact on psychological development. The force of attachment theory is not only affecting parenting, however also have a direct bearing on child care policies and practices, with the emphasis for sensitivity in the children – caregiver interaction. The attachment rules are also considered important for the work of ...

Psychology

In the context Attachment theory, the relationship between the parents and children and how it influence the development of children. This is the most theory of explaining the development of children since the children tend to develop attachment to their caregivers in the social set up. This attachment theory tend to be the most important due to the fact that it involves the study of several disciplines relating to the lives of human beings like evolution, psychology and ethological theory. This theory is well explained by the nature of homeless children and orphans who lack attachment to specific individuals ...

The necessity for the improvement of quality and safety of health care is an essential aspect of the modern day health care industry. Quality healthcare is one in which the services offered increase the probability of achieving desired health outcome and consistent with modern professional knowledge. Measuring the quality of health care presents a challenge due to different actors in the industry as medical errors result from not only from human error, but also faulty systems and processes. Professional nurses face myriad of challenges as it is one of the most stressful profession especially critical care nurses. This results from ...

Psychology of humanity is as interesting as presented by Bowlby in this article. The idea that human beings view the world through mental images that can change at the event of a new experience or set of experiences is interesting, and relates closely to the subjective views that many people hold. This ideal therefore holds a valid stand in the psychological areas of humanity and relationships. The subsequent section explains the variances that inform attachment theory. The exposition of the attachment theory explains a critical phenomenon in the life of humanity and psychology. From the previous study of young children and ...

Introduction

The development of children is one of the most important topics in psychology. There are several theories that have been developed to explain the behavior of children at different stages of their life. Some of the renowned theorists include Freud, Erickson, Lacan, Piaget and Melanie Klein. Melanie Klein is one of the few women who developed theories that seek to enhance our understanding of children at their infancy stage. This paper explores Klein’s object relations theory within the treatment of children.

Major concepts of the theory

The Kleinian theory seeks to not only explain some of the fears and anxieties of babies but ...

Introduction

Children require a lot of attention from their caregivers during their early stages of development. The lack of suck attention leads to certain detrimental effects on the development of the child. Attachment disorder is among the disorders that children develop when they are brought up by individuals who do not care about them. According to Pearce, the formal diagnostic terms for attachment disorder as “Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Childhood (RAD)’ (31). However, this depends upon the diagnostic conventions in the child’s country of origin i.e. the country of the child’s birth. This paper explores different aspects ...

Introduction

For Katrina, given her history, the most significant and helpful modality and intervention would be long term individual treatment. Object relations theory and attachment theory inform that choice of treatment because they are theoretical perspectives focused on how early attachment informs the ability to develop healthy relationships later in life. Trauma in early life is usually extremely dangerous in the future of a human being if not dealt with early in life. They are causes to various ill choices that the victims are likely to engage into. Katrina is an example of what most of the trauma victims undergo. ...

The topic of this paper is parent/child relationship. A positive parent child relationship is an essence of child’s psychological, emotional and social development. Parent/child relationship is defined as the combination of feelings, behaviors and emotions that are particular to certain parent and their children. Three types of problems are faced by the children due to conflicting parent child relationship; social adjustment problems, problems in adopting discipline and problems in educational settings. Studies has been quoted which show that the children personality is directly affected by the behavior and attitudes of the parents .This paper shall focus on the ...

Life is full of uncertainties and it’s never obvious when one is to lose a loved one. Coping with death is not an easy task even though people have been bereaved since time immemorial and have generally recovered. Every loss is unique on its own kind. Besides, every individual is unique, thus grief experiences varies remarkably from one individual to another. While some people experience normal grief reactions and cope well, others experience more severe grief reactions and may take too long to recover. This paper focuses on the grief experience of Ruth Fuller, a 34-year old mother of three, ...

Advancements in technology and growth of the internet have transformed the nature of relationships among human beings. John Bowlby developed the attachment theory after describing attachment from the perspective of a long-lasting psychological connection between humans. Researchers have attached the attachment theory to provide explanations to romantic relationships existing among adults. These attachment styles included the secure attachment, avoidant-insecure attachment, and ambivalent-insecure attachment. The three attachment styles put forward in the attachment theory are applicable to romantic relationships. The study presented in this paper is aimed at broadening the scope of the attachment theory by examining romantic relationships in social ...

Introduction

Attachment theory is founded on basic but critical principles which claim that that the differences in attachment between individuals can be traced back to early Care Giving; that early differences have multiple implications for patterns of adaptation in later development and that the patterns provide the basis for the differences in the emerging self during developmental stages, (Berghaus, 2011). The theory has multiple implications and applications since its proposition that cognitive schemas which are based on earlier repeated experiences with caregivers directly influence how people perceive and act while in interpersonal relationships is both simplistic and practical, (Mikulincer, Gillath, ...

“Lifespan (human) development and its changing roles through Health & Social Care settings, describing the psychological intervention that would be useful in health promotion (lifespan development to death - understanding the health and social care service users)” The development of a human being covers a broader area. It does not begin from birth but it traverses through the time when the mother conceived. Development that starts inside the mother’s womb is equally critical in deciding how the baby would continue to be in the later years of life. Initially, this phase of development was largely believed to be a period of ...

Biography and Contribution to the Attachment Theory

Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth (1913-1999)

There is no doubt that Mary Ainsworth was born an intellectual judging from her contributions and discoveries in psychology and other academic fields. Perhaps, Mary Ainsworth is best known for contributions in the development of the attachment theory and as well, her works in developing of the strange situation (Bretherton, 1992). Her professional career was hugely shaped by Bowlby’s research unit.

Early Life

Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth (nee Salter), the eldest in a family of four sisters, was born to Mary and Charles Salter, Dickinson College graduates, in Glendale , Ohio, in 1913 (Bretherton, 2000). Her parents placed ...

Abstract

The attachment theory as well as the family systems theory together is proffered as the potential framework for understanding adverse effects of the parentification. The attachment theory assists in clarifying the procedure of parentification because it engages relationship between the child and the parent or caregiver. The family systems theory provides clarity for context in that the parentification takes place. The internal working models are conversed as the mechanism meaning that making the parentification process happened as well as thereby informs opportunities for the positive or negative outcomes in the adulthood. The projected framework permits for the potentially broader ...

Attachment Theory describes intergenerational attachment relations. The theory makes a valuable contribution into studying child development by suggesting the possibility of helping children by working with their parents. Empirical evidence shows that self-reliant and secure individuals usually have supportive parents, who allow and support autonomy. One of the main conclusions of the Bowlby’s research was that children need warm and intimate relationships with the permanent caregiver (most often mother) to grow up mentally healthy. The quality of interaction depends on the sensitivity of the attachment figure to the child’s signals. Moreover, during the preschool years the so ...

Q1 Attachment Theories of Different Theorists

Bowlby described attachment from a psychoanalytic point of view where he proposed that attachment was instinctive. Hence, children from the time they were born they had the tendency to form a bond with one main care giver, usually the mother. The attachment happens in the first two years of a child’s life and it is reciprocal, where the mother also develops the attachment. If there is no attachment by age three, Bowlby posited that it would be difficult for it to happen. Secure attachment was also essential for future development of mental, social, and emotional development of a child. Interruption of the ...

Development Theories and Development

“Bandura’s social learning theory explains that people learned new behavior through observing and imitating others in a process called modeling” (Newman & Newman, 2007, p. 16). The same is true for children and Bandura attributes this behavior to mental states and the external environment (Newman & Newman, 2007). The external environment enables children to mimic certain behaviors through fictional, live, and verbal models. Live models include an actual character acting out a certain behavior. Fictional are real or imaginary characters on Televisions, films, and online media. The last model is verbal, which involves portrayal and behavior explanations. Mental states act as intrinsic ...

1. What is it about secure attachment in infancy that seems to set the individual up for better emotional health throughout life? Secure attachment is considered one of the best forms of attachments that a child can ever be given. Children who are securely attached often feel upset when their caregivers or parents leave them and feel a sigh of relief when they return. Secure attachments help the children develop a binding relationship with their parents. The children usually prefer their parents to strangers. These children will tend to have some form of trusting relationships with their parents. They also develop ...

In the 1960s, following John Bolby’s article The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, many psychoanalytic figures criticised his work. They claimed that attachment theory was “mechanic, nondynamic, and explicated according to thorough misunderstandings of psychoanalytic theory” (Fonagy, 2001, page 1, p2). Critiques felt that Bowlby treated his human subjects like animals, and used too many labels and categories when reporting on experiment results. When examining the attachment theory today and, in particular, Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment, it does appear that the critiques’ points were valid. The personalities and behaviours of human beings are extremely diverse, ...