Essays on Feudal

Part 1: Viewpoint Essay

Tokugawa Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa Shogunate where he established a political peace that lasted from 1600 to 1868; he was also the third of the three great unifiers of Japan. The Tokugawa period is a period of many years, which was characterized by political peace. The Tokugawa period came after the Sengoku period, which was characterized by warring states. It started in the 1600s after the Battle of Sekigahara. Tokugawa Ieyasu dedicated all he had to solidify the kingdom and ensuring that peace reigned. It is evident that he did quite a good job since he laid the foundation ...

According to Dekun Zheng (1983), China has been one of Asia’s most distinguished countries, and it has been known to have a class structure which has divided it into two Chinas. The upper class and the rural class has had clear demarcations in the country. The upper class of the Chinese civilization has enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle which has been visible from their expenditure, way of living and spending. Moreover, the author mentions the importance of gaining a classical education, which has been important to the Chinese upper class that helped them rise above the rural class of ...

Shah Abbas or Abbas I of Persia originated from the Safavid dynasty that ruled in the years 1587-1629 (Little 514). Being an outstanding reformer and leader, Abbas held administrative, political, military and economic reforms, radically changed statehood system. He established a regular army and waged a successful war against the Turks and Uzbeks, having regained back previously lost territories. In fact, he restored the power of inherited weakened Safavid state and turned it into a centralized absolute monarchy. This was possible largely due to his domestic policy, in particular his approach towards cultures inhabiting Persia. Domestic policy of Shah ...

Nowadays, Hawaii is one of the most popular travel destinations. The first associations that come to one’s mind hearing about Hawaii are board surfing, aloha, hula, and incredibly beautiful ocean and sky. However, despite the seeming enervation, Hawaii islands have a rich history rooted in the history of the Polynesian Triangle. This paper aims to discuss the history and culture of ancient Hawaii and the kingdom. As well as New Zealand and Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Hawaii is one of the corners of the Polynesian Triangle. Most cultures of the islands in the Polynesian Triangle have similar Polynesian ...

The factors that contributed to Europe’s economic growth between 950 and 1100, otherwise known as the Early Middle Ages, were the development of new technology like crop rotation as well as the improved climate which allowed farmers to produce more crops which they could trade with thus helping the economy (Norton 2010). The increase in towns and commerce also helped as the “agricultural revolution served as a foundation for a new commercial revolution” (Norton 2010). Thus the towns became a symbol for the relationship which they shared with those who lived in the countryside as the goods that ...

There is a wide accepted concept that after centuries of development, the Muslim world began to decline in the 15th century. Did it really decline? In this work I would like to illustrate the main trends of developments of the Muslim world in early 15 – early 20 century. We know that in part of the second millennium, and for five centuries later there were many Asian invasions in other regions of the world, wide expansion (Seljuk, Arab, Turkish). But then the stagnation began. Since the "golden age" of the Abbasid Empire, it has not changed territorially. And large areas ...

Tanzimat is the name of modernizing reforms in the Ottoman Sultanate from 1839 to 1876, when the first Ottoman constitution was adopted. The basic principles of the reform were set out in Hatt-i-Sharif, issued by Sultan Abdul-Majid on the 3 of November in 1839 while his accession to the throne. Unlike previous reforms, the main place in the Tanzimat occupied not military but socio-economic issues. The initiative belonged to the group formed by the bureaucracy, headed by Mustafa Reşid Pasha, who became the author of Hatt-i-Sharif. For several years he was ambassador in England and France, and then ...

[Client’s name] Discuss how the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales and one of the tales themselves could function as a criticism of the three estates of medieval culture; that is, the social hierarchy of the 14th century. How do Chaucer’s descriptions of the pilgrims in the prologue contribute to this? In the Medieval Culture there were three estates of the society. There were those, who prayed, those who fought and those who worked. In Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer the representatives of each estate go into the journey, and right from the Prologue each participant starts ...

The First Crusade was organized in 1096 by the decision of Pope Urban II at the request of Byzantine Emperor Alexius I with the aim of helping the Eastern Christians in the defense of Anatolia (Asia Minor) from the onset of the Seljuks. During the campaign, further objective turned out to be the liberation of the holy city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims. Initially, the Pope`s appeal was addressed only to the French knights, but, later, the Crusade turned into a full-scale military campaign, and its idea spread to all the Christian states of ...

Authority

The examination of the different characters in The Song of Ronald reveals the hierarchy of authority in the Early Medieval society. This epic poem showed that the people believed in God, though king Marsilie was known not to love God, but instead “worships Mahomet and calls upon Apollin” (Ronald 2). God occupies the highest position, and based on the readings, the loyalty of those who believed in him are answered favorably. For instance, on his way to avenge his men, Charles prayed that the Lord God will cause the sun to stop on its course and this was granted ...

Logic & Argument

The paper is well argued. By identifying a host of factors under "How Did This Happen?" section, paper's author offers a detailed background on how current situation has developed. The argument combines effectively an analysis of sociological, legislative and gender-related factors contributing to current situation. For example, in examining a paradox of high education and unemployment for both married and unmarried women in modern Japan, paper's author manages to justify how, upon retirement of a growing number of senior working men, unemployed women have come to gradually replace retired workers and hence daycare center problem. The paper's author also ...

Introduction

This research aims at understanding the development of the Samurai culture as a worldview that it became through its a thousand years of existence. The culture of the samurai is interesting as it developed from the simple armed support to the landowners, into the feudal leadership of the country of Japan. The code of ethics and unity that brought the Samurai together is of a very unique status in the society as it developed in a people that would otherwise be expected to remain servants. In most civilizations, the guards and other security servants often retain their servant status ...

The relevance of this work is expressed by the fact that the interest to Japan is increasing today. Many people, who are interested in modern Japan, are also interested in its history and culture. Consequently, the interest to theaters is also increasing, including the theater of Kabuki, which captivates the audience with its colorfulness and accessibility. The aim of this work is to fully consider the birth of Kabuki theater and study its origins, the specificity and role in Japanese culture. On the basis of the work’s purpose I have set the following objectives: - Consider the occurrence ...

An important point in the concept of religion for Marx becomes a thought that as the people can overcome religious under the conditions of man's mastery of the forces of nature and overcoming the contradictions between the people in the socio-economic and political spheres of society. So, religion reflects the time of man's dependence on the conditions of the life and definite social relations. The real forces facing people in their lives, and who rule over a man, recognized by the religious consciousness in distorted form and appear as ethereal, supernatural forces. From the standpoint of Marx religion is ...

Authority

The examination of the different characters in The Song of Ronald reveals the hierarchy of authority in the Early Medieval society. This epic poem showed that the people believed in God, though king Marsilie was known not to love God, but instead “worships Mahomet and calls upon Apollin” (Ronald 2). God occupies the highest position, and based on the readings, the loyalty of those who believed in him are answered favorably. For instance, on his way to avenge his men, Charles prayed that the Lord God will cause the sun stops on its course and this was granted allowing ...

1. Since 1949, when the Chinese Communist Party won the Chinese Civil War, China has undergone many social and economic changes, for both ideological and practical reasons. When the communist party came to power, China had just ended a civil war, which had widespread negative effects on the economy of China. This lead to a phase of recovery which lasted a few short years. Also, the goals of the ruling government had changed; in order to be a communist nation, China would have to rapidly industrialize. This caused the institution of several five-year plans, the first of which began ...

Gu Kaizhi’s Chinese narrative painting Admonitions of the Court Instructress to Palace Ladies is one of the earliest and most prominent examples of Chinese art known to historians and scholars. A product of the Jin Dynasty, Gu’s Admonitions Scroll adapts Zhang Hua’s 292 AD poetic text to illustrate the varying behaviors and attitudes which palace ladies should demonstrate during their roles in the palace. In addition to the painting’s great beauty, its authorship and status as a potential copy has been the subject of much discussion, as the scholarship surrounding this painting reflects both its ...

[Client’s name] Discuss how the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales and one of the tales themselves could function as a criticism of the three estates of medieval culture; that is, the social hierarchy of the 14th century. How do Chaucer’s descriptions of the pilgrims in the prologue contribute to this? In the Medieval Culture there were three estates of the society. There were those, who prayed, those who fought and those who worked. All the representatives went into the journey, and right from the Prologue each participant starts to tell the stories that show all the ...

European colonization of the North America began in the 15 century when John Cabot reached the northern part of the island of Newfoundland and declared it the possession of the English crown. The meeting of Europeans with indigenous people of North America was followed by both not equal fight, and interaction. However, as a result of this racial and cultural mixing was born and began to develop a new civilization. The colonists did not find gold in the new lands and therefore, their development differed from the Spanish conquest and at the first stage was peaceful. Before the colonization ...

The years between early 15th century and 16th century marks a significant historical event in Japan particularly due to the civil war that erupted between the provincial warlords and the ruling shoguns or the Ashikaga family also known to be under the Muromachi period. Before the arrival of first Europeans in early 1500s, Japan was ruled by the supreme warrior s under the shugunate rule who ruled the island had had the supreme powers of jurisdictions in the region. The Kyoto shoguns were the rulers during this time and controlled all the major activities such as painting, farming and pottery. ...

Women of today are stronger. Their status is changing from the past to the present. Years ago, women are considered responsible only as wives. Simply listened to their husbands, became fulltime wives; they never enjoyed life and focused on how to serve their husbands, and no freedom to express themselves as women. Men believed that women have no right to pursue their career other than being homemakers and mothers; looked down by men. At present, women are more active in their role in the society, conscious about their status and they progress in view of their rights as well. ...

- Introduction:

The feudal system of land tenure was introduced in Ireland by Normans. In this regard, the feudal system primarily worked on the principle that the ownership of all land eventually lied with the crown. This principle was base on the presumption that private bodies could not directly own land. The feudal system of tenancy completely disregarded and did not recognize the modern relationship between the landlord and tenants. To this end, grants of land over a period of years were regarded as creating personal contracts only. Nevertheless, it did contain certain characteristics of modern landlord-tenant relationship. The land ownership structure ...

History plays a very important role in the development and progress of humanity. Social, cultural and political religious factors play a crucial role in shaping a society. All these factors evolve in a particular way throughout the history to give the society or world a particular shape. The world of today has also experienced such historical evolution. The economy is becoming increasingly global, in which an idea of uniformity and global culture is embedded. But on the other hand, despite the increasing move or evolution towards uniformity, the extremism in the world is also increasing. The reason for that is hidden in the past ...

Wright Mills is often referred to as the founder of modern conflict theory. This theory was first spearheaded by Karl Marx commonly known as the father of social conflict. Social conflict is one of the four paradigms of sociology. According to Mills, social structures are developed by means of conflict through people with differing interests and access to resources.

In terms of sociology, power is simply the ability to influence the behaviour of people or groups of persons. The term authority is used to perceive that power that is viewed as legitimate. There are four primary foundations of power. ...

The French revolutionary is a historical landmark that really shook France over the period between 1777-1799, reaching its peak in 1789. It signified the end of the ancient regime in France. The revolution was fuelled by several reasons: the peasants who were aware of their situation and were unwilling to bear the burden and anarchy that were embodied in the feudal system, extensive awareness about the political and social reforms in the country, the bourgeoisie resented the exclusion from power and leadership, the French participation in the American revolution, and the crop failure in the country in 1788 bred restlessness ...

Introduction:

The word Renaissance literally means rebirth and it refers to how this era seemed to spring from the earlier Dark and Middle Ages with renewed spirit and restored interest in the classical Greek and Roman Civilizations. In reality it did not leap forth like Minerva from the head of Zeus, it evolved from changes introduced in the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages were a time of turmoil that emerged from the fragmented society that survived the fall of the Roman Empire and ended with the birth of the Renaissance. It roughly encompasses the start if the second millennium and runs ...

- There were a number of similarities between China under the Han and the Roman Empire. Why do you think that was so? Was it simply historical accident? Do those aspects of empire imply some sort of empire-building process common throughout the world? Why or why not?

China and Rome were both land empires, based mostly on agriculture, as were all other empires before the industrial revolution over the last 200 years. These two empires developed along similar lines even though they had no contact with each other, given the extremely slow communications and travel times of that era. They all seem to have had very similar caste systems, with slaves and peasants at the bottom, an aristocratic-military caste and an emperor or king at the apex (Adler and Pouwels, 2008, pp. 169-70). Both the Han and the Roman emperors also claimed to rule by divine ...

- Locke states: “The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.” Explain the “law of nature” that Locke cites. (p. 637).

When Locke states that nature has a law to govern it (Locke, 637), he is referring to natural law. This law comes from nature. Under Locke’s observation things in natural, left to be how they were ...

These four dynasties which succeeded each other in controlling the area of central China, each made significant but slightly different contributions to Chinese unification and culture. The Shang dynasty oversaw significant advances in technology. Especially in the areas of bronze working and pottery. Various musical instruments were invented in this period and advances in astronomy led to significant observations of Mars and passing comets. The Shang dynasty was always under threat from all sides, and, although it aggressively and successfully defended its territory, it could not extend it authority over neighbouring rebellious tribes such as the \fang in ...

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the era of reformation was the one of the significant revolution in religion which affected the most part of Western Europe countries. The reformation revolution had a real social, economic and political effect on Western societies. The result of Reformation times was, in particular, the foundation of one of the Christianity branches – Protestantism (“Reformation”). The beginning of the Reformation was laid in October 31, 1517 by a speech of Martin Luther with accusations against the Catholic Church. End of the Reformation account for the time of signing the Peace of Westphalia (1648). As a result, after the ...

Industrial Revolution

Thesis: Industrial revolution has shaped the world history by causing a changeover in technologic, political and social effects. Initial accumulation of capital and the formation of manufacturing industry represented the initial stage of the development of capitalist relations. This was the period during which the preconditions for the transition to an industrial economy were prepared. The condition of this transition was the industrial revolution, during which there was a radical restructuring of the technical base of production, forms of organization of production and the whole system of socio-economic relations. The industrial revolution is a fundamental qualitative restructuring of the material ...

Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of the book is dedicated to the values and identity of the Japanese samurai culture. The author talks about the bodily and spiritual Japanese culture, especially for nature and death, as it reveals the basic principles of Zen aesthetics. Modern cultural-historical process that operating in the framework of a democratic society is focused on the formation of a strong personality, a man - "warrior" in a variety of concepts. It demonstrates the interest to the eastern military tradition and military ethics. Even now, from the perspective of a foreigner, the current generation of Japanese, regardless of age, bears the ...

The Terracotta Army, which is also called The Army of the First Emperor or The Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses, was built during the Qin Dynasty (221-201 BCE) in China. The local farmers in Lintong District, Xi'an, Shanxi province, discovered The Terracotta Army in 1974 while digging a well. This immediately caught the attention of historians because it was important historical material for them to study regarding the Qin Dynasty. Today, there are more than 8,000 sculptures discovered in Xi’an. They were in three main pits covering a total area of about 19,120 square meters. The Army was buried ...

The Bourgeois society sprouted from the ruins of feudal society, which comprised class antagonisms. From the serfs in the Renaissance there came the chartered burghers of the earliest towns, which gave rise to the first elements of the bourgeois. The Bourgeois played a significant role as a driver of change, which transformed society in the Renaissance. Rulers established it in order to challenge feudal lord’s authority that rebelled against them. In order to motivate middle class, the rulers gave them charters to trade in foreign countries and take the responsibility of the administration cities established. Gradually, the rising bourgeois ...

What it means to be a hero during the time of the knights, what it meant to the populace, the knights, and the lords A hero is someone who is always courageous to face danger and save the day. He’s someone who is ready to sacrifice oneself for the sake of the others. Weakness does not feature anywhere in his character as a person. He may be weak in body muscular, but he has a heart of a lion and ready to deal and tackle with anything that poses a threat to humanity. Heroes are super men in the history who ...

The French Revolution that took place in 1789-1799 is one of the most popular political uprisings in world history. Throughout the 18th century, the traditional authoritarian French monarchy remained in power despite talk of reform. As the authority structures remained in place, economic revolutions took place within the French society causing dramatic changes. Moreover, the evolving social structure started to collide with the static political structure. This led to the clamor for reforms in order to create a constitutional monarchy, reform the financial and political landscape of the nation. The revolution was immediately followed by the by a dictatorship (1799-1815), which ...

Women from the Lake of Scented Souls is a movie produced and directed by Xei Fei. The movie revolves around two families separated by deep divides of economic disparity. This is obvious in the movie where the family of Huanhuan is on one side of economic hierarchy the poor one, and that of the main character, Xiang is on the other side of economic hierarchy, the prosperous one. The movie puts great emphasis on the sad plight of Chinese women under a male dominated society characterized by a feudal ethical code. Feudal ethical code is ripe throughout the movie where it ...

- General Description of Renaissance Believed to have originated in Italy in the late Middle Ages, the Renaissance is a cultural movement between the 14th and 17th centuries that spread across Europe and affected the Europeans’ intellectual, political, and cultural life. Many Historians believed that the Renaissance served as the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era, stating that it marked the beginning of the early Modern period. Some questioned the validity of it being an actual advancement and instead may just have been a nostalgic turn for the classical period characterized by the resurgence of interest in ...

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Abstract

This essay revolves around the peasants’ war of 1524-2525. The peasants’ war, also known as the revolution of 1525, is the largest insurrection or revolt in the history of Europe before the French Revolution. The goal of this essay is to explain the history before the revolution on the administration, economic situation, the culture of the peasant in ration to their agrarian development and the different social classes that existed. The causes of the war outbreak, movements and the suppression of the peasants’ war 1524 are discussed in the essay. Under the leadership of Martin Luther and ...

Dark Ages is a term that is commonly used together with middle Ages. It defines a period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the start of the Italian Renaissance as well as the Age of Discovery. An Italian scholar Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) 1304-1374 coined the term Dark Ages. He used the label in the description for what he viewed as a lack of quality in the Latin literature of his time. The term evolved with time to define lack of culture and development in Europe. At the time, Greek and Roman civilizations were well advanced for the time as they ...

The dark ages in the European history could be attributed mostly to having made no worthwhile positive contribution to the development of the continent. It was a period that was characterized by stories of stagnated growth in the educational, cultural, as well as the artistic cultures of the time. Like the era was referred later on in history, it was an era most people do not want to say was part of their history. The dark ages were a period that is accepted to have begun with the fall of the Roman Empire and lasted until the advent of the new ...

The series of American revolutions aimed to support the ideas of liberty, federalization and independence of the colonies. These values are the key ones for the formation of the democratic society. The American patriots highly supported these ideas and therefore the revolution emerged bringing the series of new consequences to the social environment construction. The impacts of these changes were felt mainly is social, cultural, political and less in economic sphere of the new independent country. The key role in the formation of American national played American Revolution of 1775-1783, although it had no French revolution’s terror ...

A2 China is among the nations that can claim the ancient civilization, and its long history traces its origin to almost 5000 years back. It had small native tribes that helped in its overall development. The small tribes grew into the present day China and the society grew through five major stages that included a primitive society, slavery society, Semi-feudal and Semi-colonial, Feudal society, and finally the socialist society. Yuanmou man was the oldest dynasty followed by other dynasties such as Han. The rise and fall of the Chinese dynasties led to its development through eminent people such as ...

The three great philosophies of China include Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Strangely, all the three philosophies of China developed at the same time. The ideas of Confucianism have roots in ancient China, and the common heritage of Chinese ancestry was shared by peoples of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Confucianism was a system of a benevolent kingship that was followed by empires to authorize themselves in different parts of eastern Asia.

The political and economic climate in East Asia is of emerging as a significant one in the world. How democracy values of the government today can work in Confucian societies is interesting ...

Introduction

It is popularly believed that the original Tibetan culture under the Dalai Lama was spiritual, non-violent and free from corruption, lust, and greed and that Tibetans lived happily in pre-1950 period before the invasion of the country by China. However, it is claimed by China that the reality was far from true as Tibetan society was marked by corruption, lust, greed, and barbarity. Not a long ago, the head of the Chinese administration for religious affairs, Ye Xiaowen, claimed in a published article in a state-run newspaper 'China Daily' that "History clearly reveals that the old Tibet was not the Shangri-La that ...

The main stages of the development can be defined in the following order: simple tools, accumulation of tools, sophisticated tools; the actuation of the complex tools by single engine - human hands, bringing these tools into action by the forces of nature; machine; system of machines having one motor; the machine system having automatic engine. The first four stages of the given periodization received their formation in the primitive period. A simple instrument that has no component parts, appeared millennia before our era, in the early period of the Stone Age (Paleolithic) as a hammer - piece of pebble ...

How important was Petrarch to the Emergence of Renaissance humanism?

How important was Petrarch to the Emergence of Renaissance humanism? During the Renaissance period, Francesco Petrarch was a famous Italian writer and poet. He took the forefront among many of his contemporaries in the inauguration of the ‘revival of antiquity’, also known as the humanist movement. Humanists were the scholars and writers in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries who aimed to emulate and recover the ancient literature. Their enthusiasm in the classical world and culture shaped the artistic and literary production in Europe. Petrarch had a passion for antiquity, and his works had the immense impact in the ...

Influences of two Art periods

Influences of two arts The Medieval literature is related to the feudal era. With the subordination to religious ideology, it carried a significant spiritual values​​, discovering and protecting a person, revealing new sides of a soul, to differ material aspects from those values which were emphasized by antique literature. Thus, the humanism of early medieval Latin literature was reinforced by another Christian humanism the dogma of the Church in the Middle Ages was not so humane.

1. Christianity 2. Ancient heritage 3. Folklore Christianity of the Medieval era is different from our idea now. In the Middle Ages, ...

Confucianism, Legalism and Buddhism in Early China

It is true to note that the Chinese history and culture has significantly grown over the centuries to its rich composition today. Ancient Chinese civilizations were influenced by various ideologies and principles that profoundly and holistically shaped their life systems from their national governance to family relationships and religion. Records of Chinese history have a rich collection of these ideologies that were coined by some of the most influential philosophers of the ancient life like Confucius. Buddhism, legalism and Confucianism are three such key religions and philosophies that will be discussed in the paper.

Confucianism

The Early Zhou Period (ca. 1050-256 ...

One of the Four Great Plays of Chikamatsu Monzaemon, the Shinju Ten no Amijima is a sewamono; a type of play whose plot involves common people enduring social and emotional pressures. A true masterpiece and a delight for all the readers, the play captures the human emotions onto paper as if they were real. Other human acts such as debauchery, doubt and fickleness are also vividly expressed by the author himself. The play begins using a third party narrative. “The ocean cannot be emptied using only a small shijimi shell,” (Chikamatsu, Miyamori and Nichols, 1). Chikamatsu compares the pleasure quarters of Osaka to an ...

Feudalism and patrimonial are two key factors in the styles of governance in the country, but how much has both systems affected the modern society? The very core of the society rests on the history of the world. Countries model their policies on past experiences so as to improve the conditions for the people. Of course, there are countries that continue to hold on to the traditions of the past and find that they have not accepted modernization. Interestingly, there are others who have changed from the steadfast practices of feudalism and patrimonial systems of governance, but, still they ...

Humanism started to rise in the 1300s in Western Europe when the concept of personal liberation suddenly became popular. If we browse the world’s history, this was the era where inequality was normal thing. Those who are ruling governments are the very few feudal landlords who are filthy rich. They have all the power in the aspects of politics, economy and religion. They are the Rulers. On the other hand, the majority of the people who are poor are the Subjects. This relation of Ruler and Subjects existed for a very long time that people became used to it. ...

The economy of the modern world reflects the two prominent theories of Adam Smith and Karl Marx. The world economy currently marked with free trade which Adam Smith theorizes in his book, the Wealth of the Nation. A small part of the world, however, is in the close trade applying the principle of communism. The western part, for example, engages in a free trade or capitalism form of economy, while a minor part of the world is in communist/socialist state. According to an online encyclopaedia, communist/socialist states include People Republic of China, Republic of Cuba, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, ...

The relationship between rich and poor, and the examination of class issues, in literature and art is always a fascinating proposition. Many works, through their structuring, messaging plot and characters, can be read through a Marxist lens – namely, the literary perspective which aligns with the philosophies and teachings of socialist writer and thinker Karl Marx. In Marxist criticism, works are viewed as lenses through which to view the sociopolitical worlds in which they were created (or are being viewed) (Eagleton, 1976). Art is political, particularly in a Marxist lens, and the works The Kite Runner and King Lear are no exception. Both ...

- THE OCENTRIC PERIOD: - 500BCE – 0 - Middle Age – Byzantium - ARISTOCRATIC PERIOD: - Renaissance (1450-1550) - The Age of Enlightenment (1550-1789)

IDEAS AND THOUGHT

RESEARCH JOURNAL I. OCENTRIC PERIOD: 1. 500BCE – 0:

Ancient and modern have the following characteristics: - Art was not the beauty residence: it is not the definition of beauty with art. - Reasoning about art theory and beauty developed independently of each other.

Socrates

Socrates was born in Athens in 470 BC. His father, Sofroniks, was a stonemason and his mother a midwife. From his father, Socrates learned the craft ...

Introduction

Revolutions that are of great historical relevance have occurred in the global community. A revolution is essentially a pronounced change in organization structures or power that happens within a relatively short time. The concept mainly regards to changes in the political structure of the society. The human history is defined by various revolutions that substantially changed the global politics and interactions. The identifiable historical revolutions vary extensively in terms of their nature, motivating ideologies and duration. These revolutions have mainly resulted to changes in economic, culture and social-political institutions. In essence, most of the prominent revolutions have resulted to radical changes ...

The French Revolution (1789-1794)

The French Revolution was the democratic revolution of 1789-94 in France, which put an end to feudal-absolutist system and cleared the way for the development of capitalism. It was a natural result of a prolonged crisis of outdated feudal-absolutist system, the result of a crisis that reflected the growing conflict between the old, feudal relations of production and the new capitalist concepts and capitalist production. The main contradictions that predetermined the revolution were exacerbated with state bankruptcy, commercial and industrial crisis which began in 1787, lean years that resulted in famine all over France. In 1788 peasant uprisings swept a number of ...

Introduction

The Caste System is synonymous with Ancient Indians. The system refers to an elaborately stratified social order or hierarchy dating back to 1200 BCE (Sharma, 843). According to historians, the Caste System came into being about 5,000 years ago when a white race, the Aryans came into India from the North West and conquered the dark colored race that inhabited India at that time (Sharma, 844). The Caste System is also called Varna Vyavastha with the word Varna being a Sanskrit word that means “color of the skin” (Sharma, 844). As such, it is safe to state that that the ...

Introduction

A society is a group of people living with a given geographical confine and sharing the same culture. Political institutions and commonality in ideas also form the larger framework of the concept of society. Societies have been described in terms of their technological abilities. Some societies command greater control of their environment whereas others rely on the changes of the environment. The later characterizes preindustrial society. These are societies that were small in size and earned their livelihood from immediate resources in the environment through farming. This paper will therefore discuss societal farming in the preindustrial era and proceed to offer a ...

Perceived ‘Oriental’ qualities of ‘Chineseness,’ ‘femininity,’ and ‘mystery’” are what “separate Chinese and Western audience preferences for Zhang Yimou’s films and Gong Li’s images” Over the past years, the Chinese Cinema has proved to receive a lot of attention. Popular film directors like Zhang Yimou have scooped several awards at prestigious world film festivals. Many of these films seem to have a major focus on the issues of nationhood and the national identity. Sheldon Lu’s argument that “perceived ‘oriental’ qualities of ‘Chineseness,’ ‘feminity,’ and ‘mystery’ are truly the separating elements of the Chinese audience preferences from the ...