Essays on Ventral

Describe the underlying pathology of COPD and the common pathological characteristics of the condition. Discuss the impact these pathological changes have on normal function, including how alveolar ventilation might be different in Mr Wenham compared to a normal individual. The hallmark pathological attributes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are one, poorly reversible airflow obstruction and two, a progressive atypical inflammatory response within the lungs. The abnormal inflammatory response denotes the responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems to long-standing exposure to noxious gases and particles especially cigarette smoke. Notably, all cigarette smokers have some degree of inflammation ...

In this experiment, the independent variable was the social explicit exclusion (which arises as a result of actions of other people) and social implicit exclusion (which arises as a result of an individual`s inability to participate in a common activity with other people). Activity in anterior cingulate cortex (which is associated with the experience of pain distress) and activity in the right ventral prefrontal cortex (which helps to decrease distress) were two dependent variables. ACC is a neural “conflict monitor” which becomes active when something is wrong with an individual when an automatic response is in conflict with ...

Summary

Over the past few years, there has been a growing interest among neurosurgeons on the potential for therapies that impact on diseases, over and above the movement disorders and pain. One of the biggest targets of this increasing interest has been the nucleus accumbens. It has been studied for long, as an area of the brain that mediates a variety of behaviors, including reward and satisfaction (Salgado & Kaplitt, 2015). With this in mind, the modulation of the biology of the Nucleus Accumbens through either deep brain stimulation or through biological therapies like gene therapy or the transplantation of cells ...