Essays on Drosophila

B. OBJECTIVE

C. METHODOLOGY Over a period of time of four week study three generations of flies starting with a parental (P) generation that has already separate the flies in each generation of each cross into males and females and separate the flies according to their mutations. Based on the observed numbers of each phenotype in each generation of each cross hypothesize the parental cross and use the chi-square (x2) test and if there is little difference between the observed results and the expected results, the chi-square will have a low value, thus, the hypothesis will be supported in this case. ...

1. Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a model organism to study human genetics because: it shares 75% homology with human diseases causing genes. Developmental genes are highly conserved in humans and Drosophila. Certain mutations can affect the same tissue in both the fly and human. Example of homologous genes includes: Hox gene, PAX 6, SALL1, TWIST 1, NKX2-5. Drosophila offers several other advantages that makes it an ideal organism for genetic diseases. The fly is easy to maintain and manipulate. It produces a large number of offspring’s and has a short generation interval that is very favorable ...

Article Review on Polytene Chromosomes and Structural Abnormalities

Background The interphase stage during cell division condenses the genetic material i.e. DNA into chromosomes and in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster, polytene chromosomes appear characteristically that are a result of repeated replication cycles but no disjunction. They have dark bands alternating with light interbands. The hypothesis tested in the research work performed by Zhimulev et al in 2014 was that the interbands incorporates transcripton initiation sites i.e. promoter binding areas that extend to coding areas in band regions. Using the modENCODE protein profiling data, DamID genome mapping has earlier classified various chromatin states. The current study performed cytological ...

Article #1:

The article focussed on the breeding behaviours of emperor penguins that are recently discovered with the help of satellites. Mostly it is believed that penguins lay their eggs on sea ice that is fast and stable and that remains intact under the chick fledge. Fretwell and co-workers conducted this study on forty-six colonies emperor penguins. The recent observation revealed that few colonies of emperor penguins breed on ice-shelves instead of sea ice. Due to rapid climate changes and the incidence of ice melting the penguin population has declined and very close to extinction. It is a big concern that ...

Summary

The process of developmental of the eye of Drosophila is an important tool for understanding growth and pattern formation of tissues (from poster provided). Cellular interactions and intercellular signaling play a crucial role in this process. In the primary third instar stage an upsurge of differentiation sweeps from the posterior side to the anterior side of the eye disc. The advancing region of this wave is characterized by a morphogenetic furrow (MF), which leads the wave through production of decapentaplegic Dpp and Hh proteins, which subsequently activate the transcription of RD genes. The Dpp serves as a morphogen that ...