Essays on Positive And Negative Reinforcement

Research Paper

Abstract Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined as an impairment in neurobehavioral functioning that is characterized by constant and dysfunctional indications of inattention and hyperactivity. Individuals with ADHD usually have major disabilities in interpersonal, social, and academic performance. Moreover, ADHD is related to a number of co-morbid disorders and disabilities like learning impairments, disruptive behavioral patterns, and mood disorders. Numerous treatments have been studied by researchers, but most of them focused on pharmacological treatments. Generally, there is a lack of research on the effectiveness of behavioral treatments in treating ADHD. One of the potential treatments for ADHD-- positive ...

B.F Skinner (1938) came up with the Operant conditioning theory which he described as, the process that one is able to explain the behaviours of an individual by looking at the actions preceded the happening or occurrence. As per the theory, various factors when brought into the picture will cause an individual either to continue acting in a particular way or they may be used to deter him or her from acting in that particular manner. This theory was then further divided into two; Reinforcement and Punishment. As per the theory, Reinforcement is the consequences that encourage an individual ...

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The following discussion will examine aspects of learning and motivation.

Positive and Negative Reinforcement The reinforcing contingencies of positive and negative reinforcement provides the motivation for employees to repeat certain desireable behaviors. (Hitt, Colella and Miller, 2014) Positive reinforcement is the external stimulus from people or organizations which moves a person to do something willingly because he feels pleasure or is expecting to gain from his action. When we recognize that there is a cause and effect pattern that is consistently bringing us good feelings or benefits, then we normally respond positively to the action and even encourage its recurrence. Common examples abound in all stages ...

In the world today, there are people that have the desire to live according to society’s rules so as to keep from being the odd person out, and that desire is even stronger today than it was 25 years ago. People either scramble into groups or are put into them because of how the world views them or how they grew up, and both have a critical impact on how a person views the world or the people around them. There are also other evils in the world or about society that makes people yearn to be loved, ...

Learning and training a person or animal to behave a certain way can sometimes be tricky. Depending on the subject, mere instruction is not enough. At times the subject may require added motivation to learn or accept the training. In order to handle situation such as these, psychologists came up with what is known as operant conditioning, a system of rewards and punishments that allow the subject to be trained behaviorally. Operant conditioning is a simple concept to understand. It is a learning technique, occurring through the practice of rewards and punishments for certain behaviors. Operant conditioning allows the subject to associate good ...

In Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (2012), Coon and Mitterer write, “The principles of operant conditioning [] are among the most powerful tools in psychology” (pg. 226). The definition of operant conditioning is a form of learning in which reinforcement increases the probability of a response. A response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus is more likely to reoccur. Operant conditioning is explains much day-to-day behavior. Every individual lives his or her life according to the reinforcement they receive after performing an action. This kind of learning is operant conditioning—“learning based on the consequences of responding” (Coon & Mitterer, ...

The theory of operant conditioning created by behaviorist B.F. Skinner explains that a behavior can be understood by looking at the external apparent causes of an action and the related consequences resulting from that action. Skinner's theory was inspired by the Law of Effect theory of Edward Thorndike, but he added one additional component to Thorndike's law of effect and that is Reinforcement (McLeod, 2007). Reinforcement is of four types - positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. According to Skinner, behavior can be reinforced through rewards and punishment. Both positive and negative reinforcement strengthen a behavior and encourage it to ...

Theory of operant conditioning

Theory of operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) is the application of a character’s precursor and or its effects to pressurize the occurrence and type of character. Operant conditioning can be differentiated from classical conditioning (respondent conditioning) in that operant conditioning focuses on the adjustment of voluntary behavior or operant character. Operant character functions on the environment and is sustained through its outcomes, while classical conditioning focuses on restraining of reflexive (reflex) traits that are drawn by the precursor circumstances. This implies that it is way of studying, which happens through incentives and penalties for the character. This theory was first ...