Essays on Epithelial Cells

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated at transcriptional, post transcriptional and translational levels (Tomizawa,  Lekstrom-Himes, and Xanthopoulos 17). Transcriptional control is the primary means of regulating gene expression. Eukaryotic transcriptional control functions at three levels: modulation of the activities of activators and repressors; variations in chromatin structure; and effect of activators and repressors on assembly of initiation complexes (Lodish et al. 368). Regulation of transcription initiation is the most widespread form of gene control in eukaryotes. However, in some cases, transcription may be attenuated and regulated at subsequent steps, such as during or after the transcription process (Cooper ...

Smoking electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes), colloquially known as vaping, has become a rapid global trend. In fact, about a fifth of Americans aged 25 to 44 are using e-cigarettes (Hwang et al. 667). E-cigarettes are battery-powered devices that use a solution of nicotine, flavorings, and humectants, to produce an aerosol, which will be inhaled by the user. The popularity of smoking e-cigarettes may be due to various motivations, but the most practical reasons are to help the user quit traditional cigarette smoking and to allow the user to use nicotine within non-smoking areas (Kalkhoran & Glantz 1). However, the popularity ...

Abstract

Worldwide, ovarian cancer is ovarian cancer is the sixth most diagnosed cancer and is responsible for the most deaths annually than any other disease of the female reproductive system. It has a poor prognosis because the symptoms are vague even into Stage IV of the disease. Epithelial ovarian cancer constitutes about 90% of diagnosed cases. Research has demonstrated that hormone therapy, chronic pelvic inflammation, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants are factors in the etiology of ovarian cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 is also associated with breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, fallopian tube cancer, prostate cancer, and primary peritoneal cancer. ...

Introducing the Microorganism

Candida albicans is a human microbiome member. It is opportunistic in nature and exists as a non- harmful resident of the genitourinary tract in 70% and of oral cavity in 75% of humans. It has shown opportunistic behaviour leading to infections in case of individuals whose immune system is compromised (immunocompromised). C. albicans is mainly responsible for 2 types of infection: superficial candidiasis like vulvovaginal or oral infections and systemic life-threatening infections. C. albicans has been observed to cause vulvovaginal candidiasis in approximately 75% of women. C. albicans is an obligate and diploid organism possessing 8 pairs of chromosomes, ...