Essays on Howard Gardner

PART A- Operant Conditioning Theory

Operant conditioning is a theory on behaviorism that was formulated by behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner. It focuses on an individual's changes in observable behavior. According to B.F. Skinner, once a behavior is followed by reinforcement, it is more likely to be repeated; however, if it is followed by punishment then it is not likely to be repeated (Plotnik, R., & Kouyoumdjian, 2014). Bobby is a seven-year old child who is used to getting gifts from his parents every now and then right from a tender age. Every time his mother decides to go to the mall, she takes him with ...

Intelligence is a broad term which has various meaning attached to it, in all the languages of the world. Philosophers have been trying to understand and explain the meaning of the term ‘intelligence’ since centuries, and each one of them has come up with their own exemplification of the term. For example, Einstein terms intelligence, not as the occupation of knowledge, but it is more of imagination and creativity. Socrates, on the other hand, believes that intelligence is the self-knowledge of claiming that one knows nothing. Moving from philosophers, people have considered understanding the meaning of the term from ...

Challenges of Multiculturalism

In a world with a large number of issues undergoing the complicated process of resolving like racial and gender discrimination, it is of no wonder that heated debates and arguments have been happening in all corners of the society. Philosophers, sociologists and even functionalists have mustered up enough grounds to curiously question the origins and possible answers to these arguments. Moralists like the famous teacher-student duo, Socrates and Plato, have stimulated the intelligent minds of the people regarding the morals and virtues concerning the significance of the challenges that discrimination presents. Sociologists like Karl Marx and Max Weber have ...

Multiple intelligence theory suggests that IQ testing is quite limited in order to evaluate the level of students’ intelligence with the help of it. Single ability of intelligence is not a primary focus of the theory. Howard Gardner is a person who came up with this idea. Eight criteria for the intelligence have been considered. They are “potential for brain isolation by brain damage, place in evolutionary history, presence of core operations, susceptibility to encoding (symbolic expression), a distinct developmental progression, the existence of savants, prodigies and other exceptional people, and support from experimental psychology and psychometric findings” (Thirteen.org, ...

<Institution> The development of human intelligence is a complex process, and many factors are involved in it. The following are some of the important concepts and theories that are helpful in understanding more about human intelligence.

Concrete-Operational Period and Formal-Operational Period

Concrete operations stage is the third stage of cognitive development that was formulated by Jean Piaget. Children ages 7 to 11 years go through this stage, which is further divided into two sub-stages: the concrete-operational period and the formal-operational period. During concrete-operational period, a child develops the ability to apply logical thinking about an object as long as it can be manipulated (“ ...