Essays on Atrophy

Introduction

Menopause is a condition that women experience when their regular monthly menstrual cycles end. It is a perfectly ordinary condition, occurring in some women earlier than others, and varying in severity. Menopause is characterized by changes in monthly period, hot flashes, and/or loss of vaginal health or bladder control (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). Menopause occurs normally in most women, but there are situations in which menopause does not occur naturally, such as surgical menopause, when either one or both ovaries are removed (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.), as in a hysterectomy, or it can, it is believed, be brought  ...

Introduction

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inheritable and neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by progressive psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms. It is significant to familiarize with the phenotypes since patients can present with one or more symptoms of the disease. Loss of balance and chorea are the first symptoms recognized by the patients. However, the families always notice personality or cognitive changes before first symptoms. The disease is most common in races from northern Europe. This paper is set to discuss the etiology and risk factors, pathophysiological processes, clinical manifestations, complications, as well as diagnosis of Huntington’s disease.

Etiology and Risk Factors

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Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a disorder in the muscle which is hereditary, and is defined by the weakness of the muscles on the face, scapula stabilizers, and the foot’s dorsiflexors (Lemars et al.). Muscular dystrophy refers to the degeneration of the muscle which advances over time and can be observed through the atrophy of muscles and an observed growing weakeness of the muscles (MDA). Early signs of the disorder exhibit the weakening and atrophy of the muscles in the eyes and the mouth area, in the shoulders, muscles in the upper arms, as well as the lower ...

1) Brief summary: The article focuses on research that was done regarding the effects of aging of the brain and its relationship with interactions of the brain's network. The researchers believed that there would be a positive correlation between the increased interactions among these brain networks and the healthy aging of cognitive functions. Generative models were used in order to overcome the challenges related to natural changes in the brain related to aging as well as the flexibility of neural activity. The study found that aging does in fact influence the cognitive capacities of adults. As people grow older, ...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) which is also refered to by the public as Lou Gehrig's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. It is a form of motor neuron disease, which is rapidly progressive with degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons. The implication of this is that there is associated complication leading to progressive weakness of muscle, atrophy and some other major voluntary muscular effects. This is because the attack is majorly on the nerve cells controlling the voluntary muscles.

The neurologic condition has been found to have both sporadic and inherited (familial) forms ( ...