With close to 2.8% of the earth’s crust consisting of sodium in compounds, Sodium is by no doubt one of the most abundant elements on earth. The element has an atomic mass of about 22.98 amu and belongs to period 3 Group 1 (1A) (between Lithium and potassium) hence has an atomic number of 11, a valance of 1 and an oxidation state of +1. The Latin name for the symbol of Sodium is Natrium hence the symbol Na while the “Sodium” in Latin is referred to as Sodanum. Additionally, even though the element has 14 isotopes, the only ...
Hydrochloric Acid College Essays Samples For Students
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Aim: The aim is to determine the effect of temperature on the rate in which pepsin digests albumen.
Research Question: What is the effect of temperature on the rate in which the enzyme pepsin digests protein (albumen)?
Background Information:
Enzymes are globular proteins acting as catalysts of chemical reactions. An enzyme has an active site: region on the surface of an enzyme catalyzing a chemical reaction involving the substrates and to which substrates bind.
The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape; therefore, the enzymes can only catalyze certain reactions since solely substrates of the same size can fit. The enzyme is therefore specific to its substrate; consequently, the enzyme is seen as ...
Chapter 9 and Chapter 11 Narrations
Chapter 9: Acids and Bases
Acids are defined as molecules or ions that are able to donate hydrogen ions to bases. Other authors have defined them as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. They are therefore proton donors (Brent 10-11). Acids and bases have become important components in biological and environmental systems and industrial processes. In fact, most of items found at home contain either acidic or basic substances. Acidic substances, which include grapefruit, lemons, vinegar and lime, taste tart or sour (Lew 1). Acids can be either diluted or concentrated. Concentrated acids such ...
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Digestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of large food particles to smaller molecules that can be taken up into the blood (Winfred, 2005). The breakdown of large food starts in the mouth, through chewing, and goes all the way to the anus. The presence of saliva in the mouth that contains saliva amylase helps mechanical breakdown of food into bolus. The bolus then enters the stomach through the esophagus by a wavelike movement called peristalsis to the stomach. The churning of food and mixing of food begins in the stomach where both hydrochloric acid and gastric juice are ...
Acids
There are three scientifically correct definitions that define an acid substance. Arrhenius defines an acid as a substance that made up of hydrogen that when dissolved in water breaks apart increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid as a proton (H+ ion) donor. Lewis describes acids as substances that accept electron pairs. Acids have a sour taste and are highly reactive with metals (Brent, 2009). Nitric acid is used as fertilizers, and hydrochloric acid is used to bricks.
Bases
A basic substance can also be described using definitions from the three authors. Arrhenius ...
Hydrochloric acid is a clear, pungent solution of hydrogen chloride that has been mixed with water. It is also commonly known as muriatic acid. It is a highly corrosive acid with many industrial uses and can cause burns when it comes to skin contact.
It is a highly concentrated acid with a high pH value and thus maximum care must be taken when dealing with it. It can easily cause burns to the skins and eyes if not properly handled. It is, therefore, important to use protective material such as gloves and eye glasses when handling it. Wearing of a lab coat also ...
Introduction
The activities that take place in a living organism are mainly controlled through the use of enzymes. Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. An enzyme as a protein molecule has three main characteristics. First, an enzyme has its basic function is as to increase the reaction rate and this makes most of the cellular reactions occur more than million times that they would have if the enzyme was absent. Second, almost all enzymes act in a specific manner with only one substrate in order to produce the ...
