Essays on Postmenopausal

Disease pathophysiology

Definition of breast cancer Breast cancer is a malignant growth of cells in the breast. This type of cancer arises in the milk-producing glands when cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. The most common neoplasm in breast cancer is the adenocarcinoma of the cells covering the terminal lobular unit (American Cancer Society, 2016; Stephan, 2016).

Prevalence of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer to affect women in North America, with more than 200,000 new cases each year, and worldwide, counting up more than 1,200,000. It is the second cause of cancer ...

The first indication of menopause is a broken thermostat. It’s either that or your weight. In any case, if you don’t do something, you could be dead by August.“ - D.B.Frank Discuss health challenges experienced by women in the menopause transition with reference to current aetiological theories, underlying mechanisms, and how it affects women’s lives.

Introduction

Menopause occurs when a woman reaches the age at which she is no longer in her reproductive prime. However, menopause does not have a sudden onset; rather, it occurs gradually over time as hormone balances shift. This period of time, when ...

INTRODUTION

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the metabolism of dopamine (DA) and amounts to approximately 60% or more of DA breakdown in the frontal cortex . The gene expressing the COMT enzyme could affect cognition and functioning of the brain via its action on dopaminergic function. A polymorphic variation occurs in the coding area of the COMT gene (a Guanine to Adenine replacement), changing the amino acid from valine (Val) to methionine (Met) at the codon position 158 (Val158Met) and consequently influencing the thermal tolerance and stability of the enzyme. Allelic discrepancies in enzyme ...

Two Benefits and two risks of hormone therapy

For the relief of menopausal symptoms, hormone therapy (HT) is an approved treatment. Two basic typed of hormone therapy are estrogen-only therapy (ET) and estrogen plus progestogen (EPT) therapy. ET is prescribed for those women without a uterus while the EPT is prescribed to women with a uterus because it works against endometrial cancer ("Menopause Hormone Therapy (HT)", 2016). Hundreds of studies have supported the effectivity of hormone therapy in controlling menopausal symptoms. It helps in hot flashes, night sweats, bone density loss and vaginal dryness. If these symptoms are controlled, this can lead to better sleep and improved ...

Abstract

In the current health scenario, the old adage ‘prevention is better than cure’ is outdated ("A New Vision of Wellness", 2011). Health costs are increasing day by day, but diseases have become more prevalent than before. Incidences of impaired mental health are on the rise. Isn’t it high time that we stop and take a look at the current medical scenario? People are suffering from chronic diseases like asthma, depression, diabetes, heart disease, pain, and even attention and learning problems. Moreover, the pharmaceutical companies are always introducing newer and better medicines and expensive ones too, but still, there ...

SECTION 1

(a) Blueberries for High Blood Pressure & Hardened Arteries Wilson, J. (2015, January 9). One cup of blueberries per day helps relieve high blood pressure and hardened arteries - NaturalNews.com. Retrieved from http://www.naturalnews.com/048381_blueberries_blood_pressure_medicinal_food.html (b) This article was about the potential use of at least one cup of blueberries daily to counter high blood pressure and hardened arteries in a human body. Blueberries play a crucial role in lowering blood pressure and arterial rigidity which are closely related to cardiovascular disease illness (Wilson, 2015). Frequent consumption of blueberries by individuals can assist to defer the progression of prehypertension to hypertension, and ...

Abstract

Obesity and breast cancer are key health issues for American women. Obesity has approximately reached epidemic percentages in the United States and is more widespread among American women. The breast cancer mortality rate persists to mount in Americans. A review of the recent literature was conducted to bring into focus the relationship of these two health problems as they relate to American women. The review is separated into three subjects, obesity prevalence and incidence, breast cancer incidence and mortality and the relationship between obesity and breast cancer. The two studies reviewed are facts of a connection between obesity and breast ...