Essays on Intelligences

PART A- Operant Conditioning Theory

Operant conditioning is a theory on behaviorism that was formulated by behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner. It focuses on an individual's changes in observable behavior. According to B.F. Skinner, once a behavior is followed by reinforcement, it is more likely to be repeated; however, if it is followed by punishment then it is not likely to be repeated (Plotnik, R., & Kouyoumdjian, 2014). Bobby is a seven-year old child who is used to getting gifts from his parents every now and then right from a tender age. Every time his mother decides to go to the mall, she takes him with ...

LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT INTELLIGENCE

Perhaps, there is no a person, which has not, at least at once, considered the issue of intelligence from a particular angle. Schools and universities, employers and business companies are said to choose people, according to their intelligence quotient, etc. Is it admissible to compare intelligences of different people? Are there any kinds of intelligence, or instead, there is one standard, to which all should be equivalent? In fact, there are different approaches, so-called various theories of intelligence. To begin with, intelligence is defined as the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences (Santrock, 2015, ...

Linking Past Practices to Current Education

Erikson, Piaget, and Vygotsky have presented helpful insights that guide us to developmentally appropriate learning theories. Children’s interests and learning styles place the individual children at the center of the learning process as they are involved in rulemaking, hence the need for a DAP and child-centered teaching approaches. In DAP, the teacher respects the child's sequential patterns of development and individual differences to include developmentally appropriate practices. This means children should be left to be active participants in the learning process based on their interests rather than having a narrowly defined curriculum or pattern of learning. An important ...

Introduction

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is one of several instruments that will investigate the personalities in people and assess them and give results that are easy to remember (in this case, the result is a four letter designation that lists preferences, or styles, in descending order). There are eight of these preferences, listed as pairs of opposites: Extroversion (E) or Introversion (I), Sensing (S) or Intuition (N), Thinking (T) or Feeling (F), and Judging (J) or Perceiving (P). Since one of each of contrasting tendencies will be listed, that results in 16 possibilities to describe the person's personality. It is ...

Challenges of Multiculturalism

In a world with a large number of issues undergoing the complicated process of resolving like racial and gender discrimination, it is of no wonder that heated debates and arguments have been happening in all corners of the society. Philosophers, sociologists and even functionalists have mustered up enough grounds to curiously question the origins and possible answers to these arguments. Moralists like the famous teacher-student duo, Socrates and Plato, have stimulated the intelligent minds of the people regarding the morals and virtues concerning the significance of the challenges that discrimination presents. Sociologists like Karl Marx and Max Weber have ...

Multiple intelligence theory suggests that IQ testing is quite limited in order to evaluate the level of students’ intelligence with the help of it. Single ability of intelligence is not a primary focus of the theory. Howard Gardner is a person who came up with this idea. Eight criteria for the intelligence have been considered. They are “potential for brain isolation by brain damage, place in evolutionary history, presence of core operations, susceptibility to encoding (symbolic expression), a distinct developmental progression, the existence of savants, prodigies and other exceptional people, and support from experimental psychology and psychometric findings” (Thirteen.org, ...

<Institution> The development of human intelligence is a complex process, and many factors are involved in it. The following are some of the important concepts and theories that are helpful in understanding more about human intelligence.

Concrete-Operational Period and Formal-Operational Period

Concrete operations stage is the third stage of cognitive development that was formulated by Jean Piaget. Children ages 7 to 11 years go through this stage, which is further divided into two sub-stages: the concrete-operational period and the formal-operational period. During concrete-operational period, a child develops the ability to apply logical thinking about an object as long as it can be manipulated (“ ...

Before Gardner developed his theory of multiple intelligences, there was just one paradigm for determining competence at accomplishing tasks – or deciding that one had competence to do so, anyway. The traditional system used cognitive tests to determine whether someone was “intelligent” – and if one’s particular brain didn’t necessarily fit the way that the questions were designed to test, then that person’s intelligence simply went unnoticed. Then those people ended up being marginalized (and demoralized) when it came time to dole out the opportunities in society. When Gardner came along and recognized that there were multiple ways ...

This activity will explore the concept of intelligence and some of the methods of measuring intelligence.

Intelligence and Adaptability • What does it mean to say that intelligence is a social construct? Intelligence is a social construct because it was created by Western civilization as a means to measure how smart an individual is. It has been deemed a racist measurement tool for the way it has been used throughout history to report that Caucasians have a higher intelligence than other races. Basically the idea of intelligence is man-made, therefore a social construct. • What do two children from dramatically different cultures (a boy working on an arrow and a girl working on a computer) have in ...

According to John Medina, “every brain is wired differently” (Medina 86) which means that the experience we get during our lives creates quite different connections in our brains. In our life experience we can find a lot of examples which support this idea. We all speak English and all of us know how to spell English words but how we feel, how we perceive them is quite different. When I say table, I imagine a small round table made of glass on which we usually put newspapers, books and magazines. When one of my friends says the same word, ...