Essays on Reflexes

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

In Behavioral Psychology, the term ‘conditioning’ is used to refer to a theory that learning can allow a human being or animal to modify the response (reaction) to a stimulus (event/object) (Hill, 2001). There are two types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning with distinct characteristics. When the two types are contrasted, it is easily noticeable that both approaches involve diverse learning patterns. As far as classical conditioning is concerned, it involves “learning by association, and refers to the conditioning of reflexes – how animals learn to associate new stimuli with innate bodily reflexes” (Hill, 2001). According to operant ...

Running Notes

The observation was that of child #111. #111 is a five year female. She has been enrolled in the kindergarten class for five months. I observed child #111 for two forty five minutes sessions. Over the course of the two sessions, a range of physical, social, emotional, cognitive and language development aspects were evaluated. Child #111 has an approximate height of 40 inches. She is white in skin color and her overall physical appearance appears to be generally in line with children her age. In essence, from her physical appearance, she is generally healthy. After being introduced to the ...

The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the negative effects of prolonged diabetic treatment in adult patients. In particular, the assignment focuses on the effects of insulin infusion on patient suffering from diabetes with high potassium counts in his body Additionally, the patient's history shows that he had diabetes as well as chronic heart conditions. As a result, the patient has a history of high sodium levels as well as potassium levels in his blood system. The diagnostic treatments adopted by the clinical include insulin infusion and digitalis. This led to the patient developing abdominal pains and cramping. ...

Introduction

Cognitive development in my view may be described simply as the process how an individual changes how they think. This change in how the person thinks may come in different perspectives, from how the person processes information, to how the person perceives other things in life and this change will always tend to increase as the person increases in age and experiences various things over time . This change or rather advancement, how I am able to understand, may be really dependent on my experiences, the knowledge that I have been able to learn in class and life in general. ...

(Author Name) (Course Name/Number) The human brain is simply fascinating, and although it is at the very core of all human reasoning, intellect, and ability, it is still largely unexplored and misunderstood. The physical and social sciences have collaboratively conducted hundreds, if not thousands, of studies aimed at understanding the connection between the brain and human behavior, but even more interesting are the physiological processes that are intertwined to create a roadmap of human behavior, response, and consciousness that drives our very existence. These physiological processes are comprised of nervous systems functions, sensory system functions, and brain functions, which ...

Analysis of Ethical Dilemma

Analysis of Ethical Dilemma The healthcare system encounters a variety of ethical dilemmas, which sometimes have an impact on the social, legal, and professional world. An ethical dilemma is a situation that doesn’t have a right or wrong solution, but is rather determined by the outcome or the rationale behind the actions taken. While some ethical dilemmas resolve quietly, others arouse much conflict among the stakeholders. Voluntary/assisted euthanasia is one of the controversial issues in healthcare that affects various aspects of the profession. This paper will discuss the ethical dilemma of euthanasia and assisted suicide with reference to ...

Introduction

Perhaps the most important factor in case of providing healthcare services to clients is that of efficiency . This efficiency is dependent on a number of factors and, it needs to be mentioned, it depends on the infrastructure of healthcare facilities as well. This presentation will focus on this aspect as it highlights the importance of identification and reduction of fatigue in the nursing workplace environment which are psychological in nature. Fatigue can be of two types – physical and psychological; psychological fatigue, which is invisible , is in fact a serious threat which can harm the overall service quality to clients. ...

Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia, in the year of 1849, in the family of the Orthodox priest. In 1875, he graduated from the University in St. Petersburg with the Life Sciences degree. After graduation, Pavlov studied medicine and was admitted to the Institute which specialized in Veterinary. He was in Germany and Belarus. There he was making experiments in the laboratories, researching digestion. But after coming back to Russia he began to study glandular secretions. His experiment animal was the dog. Pavlov applies surgical techniques to those dogs that is why it was difficult to make the ...

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), stroke is the fifth leading illness that causes death in the United States. It is described as one of the primary causes of adult disability (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Approximately 800,000 people in the U.S alone suffer from a stroke annually. This figure translates to one American dying after every four minutes (Caplan 19). Owing to the serious prevalence the disease represents, the illness has received requisite attention regarding prevention and treatment techniques in an attempt to reduce its incidence. As a result of its quick ...

The advancements in modern medicine in the last few decades are responsible for new treatment methodologies in treating deadly diseases. However, there are some areas of the human body that still remain a mystery. The human brain is one of the more complex organs and there is no forseeable outcome irrespective of the infirmity. The medical community faces hard choices whenever they encounter a difficult situation involving brain damage. The chances for recovery from a severe brain damage are slim. Hence, during such times, a hospital staff will request the family for consent to withdraw specific medical treatment or ...

Patterns of development can be referred to as the emotional, psychological and biological changes that happen in human beings from birth and until the end of adolescence stage (Shaw et al. 677). It is a perpetual process with foreseeable sequences though it is valuable for every child. Typically patterns of development do not advance at an even rate, and every stage is impacted by the previous type of development. Development in human beings occurs due to genetic factors leading to maturation. Also, learning and environmental factors play a role in the development of children. Typically, the first five years ...