Sentencing Term Papers Samples For Students

Introduction

Death penalty which had been abolished in 1970s was quickly restored during 1970s itself. There have been charges of racial discrimination in the application of death penalty both before and after abolition and restoration of death penalty. Research on the subject suggests a pattern of racial discrimination. Since 1976, percentage of blacks executed has been 35 while, the blacks form just 12 % of the total population. Research indicates that blacks are four times more likely to receive death penalty than if the defendant is white. In 2000, percentage of blacks on death row statewide were 46 % in Alabama, 36 % California, ...

Abstract

The project deals with the problem of juvenile justice and court punishment provided for juvenile offenders. The research gives a full coverage to the reasons that motivate the youth to commit crimes. There are various types of offenses and punishment considered based on the information provided by the finest law experts who represent international organizations and the collegiums of lawyers, addressing the problem of juvenile justice and the ways of overcoming the issue in their respective reports, reviews, and programs.
Key words: juvenile justice, crime, offender, court, delinquency
Adult delinquency is high enough while that of youth is ...

Criminal law

Is risk a gendered phenomenon?
Criminologists are in consensus on the universality of gender gap in crime. Women are at an average statistics less to commit criminal acts. Patterns of offences committed by women and male are noteworthy both for their differences and for similarities. This variation of risk-taking depends on organizations of gender, motivational factors, context of risk, as well as biological factors. The issue of risk being a gender phenomenon varies in diverse content domains, this include financial, recreational, social, ethical, as well as safety.
In the past decade, a lot of study has been carried out on ...

Criminal Justice: Sentencing

Every civil society has it sets of rules, whether written or unwritten. These rules are based on the beliefs, regulations and the virtues valued and upheld within the society. With modern civilization, most nations around the world have constitutions to govern the conduct of its citizens, thereby maintaining law and order. Defying these regulations is termed as criminal offence and is punishable by law. Sentencing of law breakers is therefore meant to play a given role in the society. It also comes with its costs, as discussed below.

According to the Law Reform Commission (2008), most offenders are brought before a ...

While the Civil War may have legally ended slavery, remnants of slavery and racial animosity continued to exist, and perhaps still do, in many parts of the country. Even after the passage of the Reconstruction Amendments, which attempted to empower newly freed African American slaves and give them equal rights of citizenship, states managed to find ways to disenfranchise blacks from exercising their newly acquired rights of citizenship. Racial prejudice was especially pervasive in the South. The era of Jim Crow laws, which controlled nearly every aspect of Southern public life, maintained strict separation of whites and blacks (Welke, ...

A victimless crime refers to those acts of crime, which, although declared illegal, do not directly violate or threaten the rights of other individuals. Some of the examples of victimless crimes include prostitution, gambling, suicide, and illegitimate drug use (Schur, 1965). These acts are considered crimes under the laws of most of the countries around the world. Though homosexuality and sodomy were considered to be crimes, even a few decades back, in all the democratic countries around the world, since the late 20th and 21st centuries, however, these acts are no longer considered as crimes in many countries. The determination ...

The founding fathers of this nation pieced together Constitutional guarantees for the citizens of the land to protect them from anarchy and tyranny. They had just overthrown the yoke of the most vilianous colonial regime in Great Britain. They were also determined that no American citizen should ever be subject to such tyranny especially in the name of the law. Hence, we have our Constitutional Amendments. The Fifth Amendment allows a citizen not to testify in court if the information would be self-incriminating. The Sixth Amendment allows citizens to the right to have their day in court. They are entitled ...

In New Jersey, the Department of Children and Families will be responsible for handling the case after Diane’s disclosure. After Diane tells of her abuse by her father to her friend who then tells the mother, the alleged abuse will be reported to the Department of Children and Families either in person or through the hot line phone number provided by the department. The department will send a social worker to the Diane’s home to investigate the allegations. Since her mother refused to accept these allegations, it will be upon the department to involve other parties to determine ...

Introduction

Over the past decade, drug crimes and drug abuse have garnered a lot of attention. It is estimated that every year about $110 billion is cost to the country through drug related accidental injuries and deaths, health care, criminal behaviors, dependency treatment and so on. Both the state and federal laws prohibit the manufacturing, possession, and the sale of certain controlled substances such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, and ecstasy. Drug's relation to crimes is through the effects drugs make on the user's behavior by influencing him to commit violence and other illegal action connected to drug trafficking. In 2004, ...

Significance of parole and probation in criminal justice in the United States

I will start by defining the key terms in this question-parole, probation, and criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system is defined as the set of organizations and methods established by the administrations to perform and fulfill special goal- imposing penalties on those who breach laws and at the same time controlling crime. It is important to note that the United States is not made up of a single criminal justice system, but it is made up of many similar personage systems. The famous question that continue to revolve in our minds on how the criminal justice system works in ...

Several people are incarcerated in the United States prisons as well as several other correction facilities in the world. The number of prisoners is in fact increasing as activities that are more criminal continue to be reported. Even so, every person deserves equal treatment notwithstanding where he or she lives, or where he or she is staying. This has brought about the ethical concern that should prisoners be treated like other population outside custody? This ethical concern has elicited several views from different stakeholders including the prisoners, the prison authorities, and several interest groups. The ethics of caring for ...

In the history of criminal justice, there were various approaches to system’s functions and meaning of punishment in it. In the beginning of the modern criminal justice development, the main goal of punishment was to prevent crimes; therefore, laws and measures were strict and sometimes even unfair. This refers mainly to the times of the Wild West colonization and development of the first laws and institute of sheriffs’ service. In the last century, during the supremacy of liberal thought, an emphasis was placed on rehabilitating function of criminal justice and punishment itself. The prevalence of this approach in ...

Introduction

In the recent years there has been a high growth in the number of people who are getting incarcerated. This has led to a lot of debate on the legitimacy of the penal system. Is it really working to reduce or deter criminal behaviour? Is there anything in the punishment system that needs to be changes? The penal system should be revisited in order to address the high incarceration rates in the country.

The Legitimacy for Penal Punishment

There are theories that have contributed to the penal system. The choice theory in criminology has contributed over the years to justifying and specifying penal punishment. Each man ...

Now it is time to give careful consideration to the nature of corruption that is the case in the USA. Pepys (2) notes that corruption within the system of justice may be defined as the use of management reserves or public authority to one’s own advantage or for personal gains resulting in an inappropriate legal protection of citizens and delivery of judicial services. In a broad context, the system of justice embraces judges, police, prosecutors, public defenders, court personnel, private bar, and a variety of court decision enforcement agencies, such as, for example, penal institutions. Whatever the variety of justice ...

Synopsis

The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town, is a nonfiction book written by John Grisham in 2006 telling the false arrest story of a former minor league baseball player, Ronald ‘Ron’ Keith Williamson from Ada, Oklahoma . He was falsely convicted in 1988 for murdering and raping Debra ‘Debby’ Sue Carter in Ada and sentenced to death. After serving for 11 years in prison as a convict on death row, he was found not guilty after new technology DNA tests were done and other materials introduced by Innocence Project in 1999.Before Debra’s death Ron Williamson had returned in his hometown ...

In the case involving Snookie P and the plaintiff, the defendant was caught coming out of the plaintiff’s store, having stolen juice, cigarettes, some razors and a few other items. This was after a hurricane that had struck the locality, meaning that businesses had to remain closed.
Snookies argument was that her children had gone without food and water for some time and she had been left with no alternative than to break into the store and steal these items. Notably, the defendant has been convicted of burglary on three other occasions meaning that she is a habitual offender.
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Rehabilitation is defined as something that inspires positive change in someone during their confinement period (Foster 2006). Rehabilitation is seen as a humane and progressive form of punishment that intends to reform a convict to lead a productive life. Rehabilitative theories believe that prison is not the ideal way to achieve corrective behavior of offenders because it seeks to isolate offenders from life’s realities which in essence they should be trying to learn how to cope with. Prisoner imprisonment encompasses drug rehabilitation behavior change and vocational training.

The origin of rehabilitation in the United States goes back to the late 18th ...

Introduction

There are two types of prisons systems in the United States which are the State and Federal Prisons systems. When did these prison systems begin? Throughout history, man has had to deal with deviant behavior in several ways mostly punishment or death. However, with the passage of time, there was a need to have a location where these people could be separated from society, monitored and even rehabilitated.
The Federal prisons in the country began in the 1890’s. However, the actual buildings were built in 1930 (Nutall, 1980). President Hoover signed a bill that authorized the commencement of the buildings. ...