Essays on Transcranial

Introduction

Migraine is a common type of headache disorder which is characterized by moderate to severe recurrent headache. Migraine headaches are generally severe and could last up to 3 days, wherein the pain affects half of the head but the pain is pulsating in nature. People with acute migraine headache may have suffer from sensitivity to light, vomiting, nausea, and sensitivity to smell and sound. In some cases, the pain may become severe and worsen after physical activity. In 1/3rd of patients with migraine, a short period of visual disturbance or aura occurs which is an indication that the pain ...

Electromagnetic induction can be defined as the production of electromotive voltage or force across an electrical conductor when it dynamically interacts with a magnetic field. There are numerous uses of electromagnetic induction, for example, in electromagnetic elements such as transformers and inductors, electric motors, generators, and transcranial magnetic stimulators.

Applications of Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction is an extremely useful phenomenon with various applications. It’s applied in the creation of eddy currents, which are swirling currents set up in conductors in response to changing magnetic fields. Electrons in the field swirl in a perpendicular plane to the magnetic field causing loss or transformation ...

Summary: In the article titled, “Abnormal Cortex Plasticity in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy”, the authors investigate the role of defective motor plasticity in the pathogenesis of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (Strigaro et al.). Prior to this study, JME was linked to motor cortex hyper-excitability and to the abnormal function of thalamic networks. This study, identifies a new mechanism that can cause JME, a common form of generalized epilepsy seen in children. The motor cortex plasticity was studied using an interesting technique called the Paired Associated Stimulation (PAS). The details of this technique are discussed in the methodology section. The role of ...

Summary: The study titled: “The Role of Prefrontal Inhibition in Regulating Fascial Expression of Pain.”, examines the role of pre frontal cortex in the control of fascial expression of pain (Karmann et al.). Expression of pain is determined by a certain factor in the environment (like the availability of caregiver) and also on factors that exist within an individual. Expressing pain is a form of communicating once feelings to others. Understanding expressions may help in assessing the pain in a patient (Craig). Presently, assessment of pain in an individual, is done based on the verbalization of pain by the ...

Brief summary

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is considered to be a health problem because of the millions of people who are using it worldwide. The article states that excessive cocaine use will cause changes in the prefrontal Cortes (PFC) (Terraneo, p.37). The reason for this is because PFC plays a significant role in the addictive cycle such as the inhibitory control, reinforcement learning as well as cravings. Many types of research that have been conducted show that the loss of inhibitory control is brought on by drug behaviors. The article looks at the animal studies that have been carried out in ...

Summary of the article

This article is about a study that was conducted to check the abnormal short latency synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex of subjects with Becker muscle dystrophy (BMD). Before the research could take place, the author indicates that the assessment of the cortical function especially with patients with BMD has brought about contradicting results. The researchers used the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) so as to explore the excitability of the motor cortex. Therefore, the participants of the study were thirteen patients suffering from Becker Muscle dystrophy. Out of the thirteen patients, six of them are stated to have ...

Patients with Post-Stroke Hemiparetic Upper Limb

Abstract The US and Europe are both experiencing the coming of age of an elderly population which is prone to strokes and will need health care focused on post-stroke therapies. The most promising therapies are robot-assisted motion exercises coupled with Non-invasive Brain Simulations (NBS) such as Transcranial Magnetic Simulation (TMS). At this time the most attractive combination for both effective and affordable therapy is the use of simply designed, easily manipulated robot systems coupled with TMS. Since 2003 the area of neurorehabilitation has been growing with many effective and exciting designs in robotics. It hasn’t been very ...