Essays on Electron Transport Chain

Biology Assignment

- Cellular respiration is the metabolic process through which glucose is broken down in the cells to produce energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic respiration or glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into ATP, which requires no oxygen. This process involves removal of hydrogen and electrons from glucose to generate NADH, pyruvate and energy equivalent to two molecules of ATP. In the absence of oxygen pyruvate undergoes fermentation, whereas in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is siphoned into the mitochondria and is completely broken down. The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and ...

- Describe two features that make all enzymes catalysts.

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reaction between substances and remain unchanged in the reaction. Enzymes are vital to several bodily functions and make possible such processes like metabolism and catabolism. Two features that make enzymes catalysts is their ability to lower the activation energy and their inherent tendency to combine with coenzymes and cofactors. Activation energy is the minimum energy required to activate the molecules of reactants in order to initiate a chemical reaction. Some substrates have high activation energies that would need very high temperatures to activate ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

[Student] [Professor] 1a) Name and describe sex-specific forms of obesity with regard to body shape. What are the differences, if any, in health risks, associated with each shape? Answer : There are various forms of obesity that are signified by age, gender and genetic predisposition. The sex-specific forms of obesity include Android obesity and Gynoid obesity. Both are in contrast with each other with respect to human tendency of developing adipose tissue in the body. The Android obesity is signified by fat deposit in "apple-shape" including shoulder, nape of neck, chest in the upper abdomen which ...

Enzymes as Catalysts

All known enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes have a number of properties that make them catalysts. To begin with, enzymes accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up them or altered by the reaction (Luciano, 1983).similarly; enzymes accelerate rates of chemical reactions without changing the equilibrium between the products and reactants of the reaction.

Metabolism of Fructose in the Liver

Once fructose is absorbed, it is rapidly taken up by the liver by glucose transporter, GLUT2(Bozzetti,2006).The fructose in the liver is rapidly metabolized by the enzyme fructokinase into fructose -1-phosphate.Aldolase B enzyme acts on the substrate fructose -1-phosphate.The enzyme metabolizes fructose-1-phosphate ...

Part A

How Enzymes Act As Protein Catalysts in Biochemical Processes Catalysis refers to the speeding up of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but does not undergo a permanent chemical change in the process. Enzymes are catalysts whose building blocks are amino acids: they are proteins. Enzymes also exhibit a defined three-dimensional structure. In addition, they have a cleft on their surface called active site. The active site is the region where substrate interactions take place. Enzymes play important roles in fructose metabolism. The first step of fructose metabolism in the liver is the phosphorylation of ...

A1. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis); A2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance; A4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B during the breakdown of fructose; A5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction. Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts in reactions. A catalyst is something that is neither created nor destroyed during a reaction. Instead, an enzyme is shaped such that when the substrate reacts with the enzyme the ...