Essays on Feedstock

Introduction

The cost of manufacturing ammonia using the Haber process plant constitutes the following components: the cost of energy, raw materials, equipment, labor and sparking substances (catalysts). Energy (gas or electricity) costs are incurred to maintain the temperature of the reaction. The Harber process is operated at very high temperatures, and pressures thus higher costs of energy are incurred. Some of the raw materials consumed in the Haber process such as nitrogen and hydrogen are recovered at the end of the process. The recovered materials are recycled back to the system to reduce the cost of raw materials. Starting and ...

Introduction

Coal is a very cheap and abundant provision of energ. In fact, it is the most abundant fuel in the United States; U.S. has the highest coal reserve in the world, with up to 25% of the known world coal present in America and being mined in 26 out of the U.S. 50 states (fe.doe.gov, 2013). However, this abundant energy is seldom used because it is a very dirty energy. According to Hong & Slatick (1994), up to 204.3 pounds of carbon dioxide per million Btu is emitted when coal having 78% carbon content is completely burned to attain a ...

As the population grows, the scientists try to search for the new sources of food. In the XXI century, biotechnology is able to provide the solution for the food problem. The biotechnology products use various types of feedstock, therefore it is a prospective trend for development and implementation into food industry. There are three aspects for assessing the food quality: nutritional value (composition), safety, taste & flavor, and nutrients availability. The nutritional value of milk is about proteins, sugars, fats, and energy content. The safety refers to presence of potentially hazardous chemicals (heavy metals ions, pesticides, fertilizers residuals, etc.), as ...

ABSTRACT

The research argues that although a gas flaring stoppage is not successfully in-place in Nigeria, fitting the appropriate technology with complementary economic and institutional factors can lead to near-zero or zero gas flaring. Nigeria is a developing country with a unique culture of many tribes and one of the largest growing urban populations in the world. Infrastructural, political and economical challenges to meeting the goal are introduced. Reinjection of gas back into wells is not available as an option to gas flaring because a large region for gas production is wetlands (Buzcu-Guven et al. 2012). Wetlands ...

Executive Summary

The oil industry is one of the most dynamic and robust sectors that contribute to the economic growth of a country. Due to the lucrative nature of the oil industries’ production performance, oil producing organizations have continued to attract a wide array of personnel. Employers have the obligation to provide remunerations that are commensurate with the demands of the job. Since oil industries have been identified to be one of the most hazardous, risks have to be assessed, managed, and appropriately controlled. One of the largest and most productive oil organizations in the world is Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO). ...

Background Information

Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) is a state-owned oil organization of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Figure 1) . Saudi Aramco was founded in the early 1930s with headquarters at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The President and Chief Operating Officer is Khalid A. Al-Falih since 2009. A total of 3.4 billion barrels of oil were produced in 2013 or 9.4 million barrels per day (bpd) . Forbes ranked Saudi Aramco as number one in the list of the world’s biggest oil companies .

Aramco Operations

There are different stages in oil operations. The current section expounds on oil exploration, production, refining and marketing, and finally, ...

Resource-Based View Analysis

Physical analysis Husky Energy Inc. is omong one of Canada's biggest incorporated vitality organizations, headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. It is merchandized on an open market on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the images HSE and Hse.pr.a. The Company works in Western and Atlantic Canada, the United States and the Asia Pacific Region, with Upstream and Downstream business sections. Husky Energy is controlled by Hong Kong elite rich person Li Ka-Shing who possesses a larger part imparts of more or less 70% as per Bloomberg and Financial Post information. Husky's establishment is in Heavy Oil and Western Canada, where it ...

EWB Challenge 2014Plan Timor Leste

Sustainable Engineering Practice South Australian Institute of Business and Technology Executive Summary This report provides details on the project that aims at facilitating for the creation of an anaerobic/biogas digester in in Codo town. This is a small town that is situated at Lautern District in East Timor, and it has a population of approximately 500 people. This town lacks a system that can allow them to dispose and manage their waste in an effective manner. They bury their waste underground, and they use burning wood to serve as a means of cooking. The report will suggest various ways that ...

After over a whole decade since the first genetically modified crops were approved an increasingly fiercer debate has emerged as to whether the genetically engineered (GE) crops will promote the sustainability of agriculture. This debate shows no signs of ending with proponents emphasizing on the potential of the robust technology to promote productivity in the agricultural sector with the possibility of decreasing the utilization of the costly and environmentally hazardous inputs, as well as the potentiality of the technology to address the climatic conditions that are very dynamic and unpredictable. Even though the implementation of this technology in the future ...

The use of alternative energy has been adopted not only to improve our energy efficiency but also to counter the wide range of environmental problems caused by burning fossil fuels. Our primary sources of energy which derived from coal, oil and natural gas are not renewable, are easily depleted and can substantially harm our environment due to carbon dioxide emissions. Reducing or eliminating these carbon emissions can be resolved by using alternative or renewable resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric and biomass. Renewable resources provide a cheap and efficient energy system, however some experts are skeptical and have argued ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass. Non-fossil wastes that are ...

A biofuel is made from a biological process known as carbon fixation. These biofuels are gotten from the conversion of biomass, solid biomass, liquid fuels as well as biogases. The biofuels are continued to be known because of the high prices of fossil fuels and also for the purposes of ensuring fuel security in various countries. (Caye, D. & Terry W.2008). The biofuels are produced from two distinct ways; that is through metabolic by-products or from living organisms. Examples of biofuels include; bioethanol which is an alcohol made from fermentation process. Another example of biofuels is biodiesel which is made from ...

Introduction

Alternative energy is a general term that is used to refer to any source of energy that is serviceable and is intended to be used as a substitute for other fuel sources without undergoing any undesired consequences. Hydrogen is therefore ideal alternative fuel energy for Army after Next (AAN) platforms. However, considering the current technology, use of Hydrogen as a form of alternative energy, has two setbacks that hinder its use as substitute energy. One of the setbacks is that, Liquid Hydrogen which is the ideal form of hydrogen needs four times storage space of convectional petroleum –based fuels. The other ...