Essays on Immunogenicity

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body in order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Introduction

The pharmaceutical industry has for a long period developed small molecule drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid. However, the period after 1970, has been characterized by a revolution in biotechnology resulting in the development of biologic medicines. One of the major biotechnological advancement has been mapping of the human genome leading to therapies such as stem cell and gene therapy. There has been a great investment in biologics. In 2009, the most five prescribed pharmaceutical products were large molecule products (Rozek, 2013). In United States, over a hundred different biologic agents have been approved for use (Pharmacy Practice News, 2013). According to Amgen ( ...

Cholera Toxin Enhances Vaccine-Induced Protection against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Challenge in Mice

This experiment is an animal experiment made in accordance with the basic guideline the UK Animal Act 1986. Methods use was by collecting mice of 6-8wks. BCG Pasteur vaccine administered. Others vaccines are MVA85A and cholera toxin. Intradermal agents administered are the anti-IL-1A blocking antibody and the isotype IgG2a. Animals were then challenge with Biaera AeroMP aerosol nebulizer at a targeted pressure and dose. Organ harvest and stimulation for immunogenicity was then done. The lungs and spleen are the organs harvested aseptically. The organs were then processed with different steps such as mincing and digestion with DNase/collagenases. The cells collected ...