Essays on Mucosa

The Relationship between H. Pylori Infection and Mitochondrial Microsatellite Instability in Gastric Carcinogenesis

Recent research has established that while there are a number of steps that take place in the development of gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays a major role. However, the mechanism of the influence remains unidentified. Researchers Ling et al. (2016) conducted a study to determine relationships between an infection of H. pylori, IL-8, and mtMSI and whether there is a trigger that causes the infection to progress to intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and ultimately to gastric carcinogenesis.   The method used by the researchers included fresh samples from resected gastric cancerous cells and comparison samples of potentially pre-cancerous mucosa; ...

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Introduction

Esophageal cancer is among the key health problems that is associated with numerous complications. As such, esophageal cancer is a form of cancer that typically occurs in any part of the esophagus and is among the most severe malignancies (Spechler, 2013). Essentially, this form of cancer is categorized into various types based of the cells involved whereby the most prevalent forms of esophageal cancer are Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) as well as Adenocarcinoma (AC). Among the major risk factors that usually increase the likelihood of developing this form of cancer are smoking, having GERD (Gastro-esophageal Reflux disease), obesity and ...

Introducing the Microorganism

Candida albicans is a human microbiome member. It is opportunistic in nature and exists as a non- harmful resident of the genitourinary tract in 70% and of oral cavity in 75% of humans. It has shown opportunistic behaviour leading to infections in case of individuals whose immune system is compromised (immunocompromised). C. albicans is mainly responsible for 2 types of infection: superficial candidiasis like vulvovaginal or oral infections and systemic life-threatening infections. C. albicans has been observed to cause vulvovaginal candidiasis in approximately 75% of women. C. albicans is an obligate and diploid organism possessing 8 pairs of chromosomes, ...

Healthy behaviors play a key role in daily life. Yet, certain unhygienic practices tend to interfere with the health and induce a risk to the overall life. These practices could be high-fat diet, alcohol, and smoking. There is a need to know much about these. In such context, the present description deals with a topic “ What will kill you first, a smoking, a high-fat diet or alcohol?”.

Health -related risk factors:

A risk factor is any quality, trademark or presentation of a person that improves the probability of building up an ailment or damage. A few illustrations of the more vital danger elements ...

Introduction

G. K is a ten-year-old that comes to the emergency room with his mother and complains of difficulty in breathing, coughing, running nose and a low-grade fever. The patient is diagnosed of respiratory distress with exacerbation, and poor control of asthma and a plan to manage the condition is addressed. G. K. ten-year-old presents with troubled breathing because of asthma exacerbation. The episode began a day ago, and it presented with fever, cough and a running nose with no other complaints. The mother mentioned that they had multiple family members with asthma. G.K.’s asthma began at infancy and ...

SOAP NOTE

Age in years: 42 Gender: Female Subjective CC (Chief Complaint): A 42 year old female presented to the Gynaecology clinic with the complaint of severe pain in abdomen with heavy menstrual bleeding (on the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle). History of Present Illness: The patient was apparently well almost 3 months back when she gradually developed extreme pain in the lower abdomen prior to and during the menstrual cycle. The cycles were normal before these three months. She never had such excruciating pain before. The pain used to commence a day or two prior to the cycles ...

Identify and describe a theory from nursing or from another discipline that provides the framework for your Evidence Based Practice proposal (Low income African Americans have higher risk for colorectal cancer). Explain your rationale for picking this theory. 

Statistics

For the modern civilized world, colorectal cancer is quite prevalent type of cancer and is the fourth largest among the others types of cancers. Every year in the global database 800 new cases of the disease are recorded, half of which are fatal. Interestingly, about 133 thousand of the victims are residents of the United States of America (American Canser Society, ...

Abstract

Stress is a dynamic and interactional process involving intricate body systems with formulations and operationalisation of the components at different levels(1).There is growing evidence that there is a positive correlation between emotional stress and oral health. As will be demonstrated from the literature reviewed in this paper emotional stress can be implicated in oral problems such as ulcerative conditions, inflammatory conditions, dental decay, TMD, RAS and others that continue to be linked to stress. Stress has also been found to aggravate some oral conditions such as oral lichen planus. In some of these conditions the precise mechanisms by which ...