Essays on Parthenon

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Perhaps no other number has fascinated scientists, mathematicians and artists alike as the Golden Ratio. Also known as the golden mean or golden section (depending on its application), the Golden Ratio is observed by many people to occur naturally, manifesting itself in many natural shapes and geometry. This interesting phenomenon has resulted in an almost cult-like fascination among many people. In fact, there are people, including notable scientists and mathematicians with the likes of Johannes Kepler, Leonardo Da Vinci and Fra Luca Pacioli, who refer to the Golden Ratio as the ‘Divine Proportion,’ suggesting that the Golden ...

Material Marble

Technique Doric Parthenon: Gallery of Images Description of the work of art. The Parthenon which was constructed between 447-432 BC during the height of the Athenian Empire. It was a Doric style, post and lintel temple that was made up of a rectangular floor that had a series of low setting steps on each side. The Architects incorporated the Doric ration of 9:4. The Doric design also consisted of a series of Triglyphs and metopes that were situated on the entablature or the roof. The metopes were accompanied by a panel that was made up of a relief sculpture. ...

There is little doubt that the internet has changed much of how the world functions. The term “Post-Internet” was coined to describe an idea that how society interacts with both arts and criticism has changed significantly since the internet has been adopted so widely. Keep in mind the word “post” is not meant to mean after, but rather about. The term came from a discussion by Artie Vierkant, Marisa Olson, and Gene McHugh about the internet and art. Although the term has been accepted, the movement behind the term is not fully defined. It assumes the center of network ...

Example A

During the Holocaust many pieces of art were stolen from the Jewish people by the Nazi party. One of these paintings is known as The Women in Gold. The painting was originally known as Adele Bloch-Bauer, but the Nazi’s changed the name so it could be displayed (Stamberg, n.p.). In changing the name they in essence stripped the painting of its Jewish identity just so they could excuse the fact they wanted to hang the painting for themselves. The subject of the painting, Adele Bloch-Bauer was the wife of the wealthy sugar tycoon, Ferdinand Bloch (Stamberg, n.p.). During ...

The arts reflects the society and the thought process of who creates them. The sculpture of any civilizations is closely associated with its architecture and culture. The temples, sculpture, and pottery incorporated a fundamental principle of the culture and era when they were made. The purpose of the essay is to compare “The Statue of Zeus at Olympia” Vs “Mandala of Shiva and Shakti” and assess as to how they are similar and dissimilar in their looks and usage.

Mandala of Shiva and Shakti

The meaning of the term “mandala” means circle, and it refers to a plan the cosmos vision. In the middle ...

The ancient was once a thriving civilization and their great achievements were recorded in the history and thus became a legend. Yet, many historians and archaeologists still try to study the ruins on their previous locations. Here are the following architectures that had been considered as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The first edifice from the list was the handsome marble temple dedicated to Artemis also known as Diana in the Roman mythology. Artemis was the Greek and Roman goddess of hunting and the moon. Both the Romans and the Greeks worship her as their ...

Abstract

In this paper, we will discuss and describe the application of mathematics in architecture. Starting from the explanation of the meaning of architecture, we will consider the relationship between architecture and mathematics since ancient times. One of the most significant contribution of mathematics in architecture is strengthening the building constructions. This property can be traced in many ancient structures (for example, the Parthenon, the Colosseum, Stonehenge). The evolution of the types of construction design was tightly related to mathematics. In our research, we will discuss various designs, such as pyramidal, post-and-lintel and carcass construction systems. Special attention will be ...

Define the word autochthones in your own words and how it is related to the Athenians/Athens. Why was this concept so important to the Athenians and how did they demonstrate this belief in either art or architecture? Give me at least one example Autochthones refers to the people who are regarded as the original residents of a land/territory/country. This is so much different from the settlers who came afterwards to find the original inhabitants. This term is quite related to the Athenians, who lived between 5th and 4th Century, claiming to have the pride of existing as an autochthonous ...

Marta Minujín is a conceptual artist who created works of art that are specific to pop art current, depicting, through the use of irony or humor contemporary events, which she referred to as “happenings”. Her artistic career reflects different historical and creative movements that define her versatile, free floating style. Two different artworks that summarize Minujín’s challengeable and pliable artistic style, while also illustrating her creative singularity, are “Parthenon of Books” and “Sweet Bread Obelisk”. The works of Marta Minujín debate social happenings, aspects that have influenced the reality of Argentina and Buenos Aires in ...

When Greece defeated the Persians in the Persian Wars, a new style of government had begun to emerge in Athens which is the rule of the people: democracy. In the 5th century B.C., the great king Pericles had commissioned Iktinos and Kallikrates to construct a building that will reflect the new style of government; this was the start of the Parthenon construction on the top of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates were merely architects who designed the Parthenon layout but it was Phidias who executed the creation of the luminous and humanistic marble sculptures depicting many ...

Parthenon remains relevant to this day, and it seems that some things never go out of style. The fifth-century Athenian art has not become passé and cliché even in this new millennium, as there are always some questions raised about it and those need to be answered. The essay looks at the architecture of Parthenon and the culture during its era. It studies the institutions that possessed the power in the society and the cultural ideas circulating at the time. During the 5th century, Greece went through rapid and intense political change. Ancient commentators have described the change from ...

This summer vacation, there is a lot of places in Europe which can satisfy one’s cravings especially in history. This paper will explore, compare, and contrast three of the highly recommended sites for history lovers out there. KNOSSOS- was also known as Konoso based from the old 14th century B.C. Mycenean script tablets; it was already a thriving city way back in the New Stone Age approximately inhabited from 7000-3000 B.C. Minoan civilizations flourished in these far island of Greece with their lavishly decorated temples and castles featuring paintings that depict the old Mycenaean way of life doing ...

Introduction

Parthenon's symmetrical and idealistic architecture is the result of the continuous changes of styles and ideologies in the past (see fig. 1); despite the ruined state in the modern age, Parthenon temple still continues to be the role model for all architects throughout the world. The role of the Parthenon was not only limited for priests’ rituals and to appease the deities of the Olympus. Historically, the Parthenon itself was the center of the commercial and civic activity of the ancient Greeks since many people visited the temple to worship to their Gods and this was also the perfect ...

The floor plan of the Parthenon is peripteral (see fig. 1) which means that moving inside is easy. It consists of a single entranceway at the center outside and connected directly towards the naos where the statue of Athena is preserved. On the left and right sides, colonnades enclosed the naos but the columns were placed at equal intervals to allow the traffic inside. On each side, small openings in the walls were the entrance ways towards the other rooms within the temple. The style of the Parthenon is Doric (Green 53; Fergusson 104; Sayre 428). The evidence of ...

Le Corbusier was an architect famously revered for his modern building designs. Despite the fact that he lived in an era wherein horse-drawn carriages, gaslights, and restrictive society norms, he already envisioned a future in which architecture and art can break separately from its traditionalist origins. Le Corbusier was the second son of Georges-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris a Swiss watch engraver with his wife, Marie-Charlotte-Amelie Perret whose father was also a craftsman. They married in 1883 and after three years, Marie gave birth to their eldest son named Albert in February 6 1886 (Flint xvii; Weber 22). Le Corbusier was born ...

Large spaces within the Parthenon were reserved for important sculptures (see fig. 1) and they were distinct because of their sizes; the smaller ones were either reserved for other temple rites. Furthermore, spaces were separated by walls. The most important and notable architectural elements of Parthenon are the rhythmic arrangement of the columns; alternate triglyphs and metopes (see fig. 2); bilateral symmetry characterized by the equal and same arrangement of pillars, repeated flutes on columns, and harmonic arrangement of solids and the voids (see fig. 3). The temple was built based from peripteral design (see fig. 4); taking up ...

Parthenon is a Greek temple dedicated to the Greek Goddess Athena. The temple was built by two architects; Iktinos and Kallikrates (Cartwright et al.). The temple was erected with the aim to preserve the monumental statue of Athena. The statue was made up of ivory and gold. The statue of Athena is surrounded by 23 small Doric columns. They are arranged in a two storey. According to Neils (88), the Parthenon is a remarkable building. . The huge construction of this architecture has used mainly the limestone, while the columns are erected in marble. The Parthenon is an exquisite specimen ...

The PBS Nova video, Secrets of the Parthenon, brings into focus ongoing efforts to rehabilitate the Parthenon, an ancient Greek temple. The restoration program for 2011-2015 focuses on rehabilitation of both the two corners on the west side of the building. Architects have removed 111 blocks from the building but will reset them on the building after they complete the structural reconstruction of the building(Beard, 2010). They have also removed seven metopes and taken them to Acropolis Museum where they will be protected and displayed to the public. Architects have also taken measurements of the original marble stones ...

- Paleolithic cave paintings and the Neolithic Susa vessel have a common subject matter; they both illustrate the animals, hunting scenes and cuneiform writings. The Paleolithic art which was made during the old stone period has two styles: Franco-Cantabrian which was attributed to the Cro-Magnon man whose designs depict horses, bison and cattle for their art subjects. The Neolithic art on the other hand was a new art formed in the new stone period. The style of Neolithic art was portable art is characterized of its ability to be moved from one place to another either by humans or by environment. ...

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Like all ancient people, the Greek thought of temples as houses for the gods. While in Greece the temple plan was derived from the megaron found in Mycenaean palaces, Roman temples were derived from Greek and Etruscan precedents. The Greek temples were decorated with an exterior colonnade, and the statue of the god was housed in the main room (the naos) facing the east where an outdoor altar for sacrifices was placed. The Roman temples borrowed the podium (base) and the frontality of the temple from Etruscan temples. From Greece came the columns, the cella (central room), the porch ( ...

The classical Greece period spawning between the fourth and the fifth centuries is one of the most syndicated periods in Greek art. This period had an immense influence on the foundation of western civilization, therefore, influencing to a large extent, the Roman Empire. In our study for instance, the Romans continued in the worship of Nike Athena, the goddess worshiped in the Nike Athena and renamed her Victoria. Athens became a gathering place for great artisans, for they brought their works together in an area of Athens known as the Acropolis. The entrance is a giant gateway called the Propylaea. Stepping through ...

Architecture of every country embodies the history, traditions and the spirit of a nation, especially when it stays within a country it was created. The history of Elgin Marbles, a piece of magnificent art of the Ancient Greece, takes its origin between 1801 and 1805 when the lord Elgin illicitly robed the Parthenon and took away the beautiful sculptures that were later sold to the British museum. Several decades later there appeared a debate either Elgin Marbles should be returned to Greece or not? On the one hand, these sculptures are an integral part of Greek history and culture. Even if they ...

OF THE GOLDEN RATIO

This paper explores the applications of the golden ratio in different aspects of civilization such as art, engineering, architecture, nature and science. The golden ratio (represented by the Greek letter φ) is also referred to as the divine ratio, golden section, and Phi. It is the ratio that can be described by the golden rectangle (See Figure 1). The golden rectangle has sides which measures x and x+1 respectively. The ratio (x+1)/x = x/1. Rearranging the expression to quadratic equation form, this becomes x2-x-1. Solving the equation yields two irrational numbers. The two solutions are (1+5) ...

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The Secrets of the Parthenon The Parthenon is a popular temple dedicated to the goddess of Athena. People of Athens considered Athena as their patron goddess. The Parthenon is seen as a symbol of endurance of Ancient Greece and its democracy. It is also regarded as one of the world’s greatest cultural monuments. It is said that Parthenon replaced an earlier temple of Athena, which historians refer to as older Parthenon that was destroyed in the Persian invasion in 480 B.C. Almost like all Greek temples, Parthenon was used as a treasury of the ...

The Greek government claims that the British Museum does not have the lawful right to possess the Parthenon Marbles. The main reason for it as they say is that Lord Elgin received the permission for the export in very dubious way. At the time when this event happened the whole territory of Greece was under the Turkish occupation, hence the Greek people had had to be consulted about the removal of the Parthenon Marbles. The British government contradicts to this claim and proves this right by the international legislation that existed at that time. The British side paid full ...

The Amazons also referred to in Iranian as Olorpata was a nation that constituted of the female warriors during Greek mythology. Herodotus had placed this group in an area that bordered Scythia in the boundaries of Ukraine. Some of the Historiographers placed them in the Asian population which is the present day Libya. Some of the notable queens of the Amazons were Penthesilea, who earlier participated in the Trojan War accompanied by her sister Hippolyta. She had a magical girdle that her dad Ares gave her. During classical times, the Amazonian raiders were often known for the battle with the Greek ...

Presentation and Analysis of Ancient Greek Art in two specific periods of time – Presentation and analysis of Ancient Greek Art in the Ancient Geometric Period – Presentation and Analysis of Ancient Greek Art in the Ancient Classical Period – Comparison and contrast of these two periods in terms of sculpture and ceramic creations [The author’s name]

Abstract

This paper will present you with an analysis of the basic characteristics of Ancient Greek Art as it evolved in specific periods of time. It will focus on the presentation of the characteristics of Art in the Ancient Greek Geometric period and in ...

In relation to the works of art, man has tried to express his beliefs in several ways with the use of different themes. The use of art and architecture is a vital tool through which human beings expressed their spiritual or religious views with respect with the day to activities in their environment. Different works of art have therefore been used to depict the religious views and beliefs of people concerned depending on the way they perceive their supreme beings. This involved the use of paintings, drawings as well as monuments indicating the aspects of religion by the people in ...

Build in the honor of the Goddess Athens on the top of the Athenian Acropolis between 447-438 BC, the Parthenon is a majestic temple, which reflects the Greek artistic power and architectural ingenuity (Jenkins 76). This construction was built under the reign of Pericles for celebrating the end of the war between Athens and Persia, but its historical significance comprises many more scenes that left the scars of various dominations through time, such as the bombardment during the Ottoman domination, when, in 1687, the Venetian troops fired the Parthenon, which served the Ottomans as the fortress and the place where ...

Introduction

Famously quoted as saying, "Architecture is the masterly, correct, and magnificent play of masses brought together in light" Le Corbusier, one of the famous architects of the 20th century, was a versatile genius (Tomas, 2009). Besides being an architect, he was a designer, writer, urban planner, painter and one of the founding fathers of modern architecture. A pioneer in modern high design with his buildings scattered across Europe, America and India, he contributed to better living arrangements for people in crowded cities. Born in a small city in Switzerland in 1887, Le Corbusier’s actual name was Charles Édouard Jeanneret. He adopted ...

The awakening of art and architecture began to take place around 520 and 420 B.C.. This awakening spawned a competition between artists and architects of the time to produce greater works than ever before. Athens became a gathering place for great artisans. They brought their works together in an area of Athens known as the Acropolis. By looking at the different architectural and artistic styling’s one can gain a better understanding of Greek culture. The Acropolis is one of the well-known architectural wonders of the world. The entrance is a giant gateway called the Propylaea. Stepping through this gateway almost seems ...

The Pantheon is a building located in Rome, Italy that was originally constructed for the devotion of all ancient Roman gods and completed in about A. D. 128. Although it mainly served as a temple, it was also a place of business for emperor Hadrian who was the power behind its construction. Later on, it became one of the Roman Catholic churches for the Virgin Mary and the martyrs. Today, it remains to hold the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. It is often confused with another famous structure: The Parthenon in Athens, Greece. While their names are almost the ...

NameInstitution

IntroductionThe Greeks were so much interested in designing and arts. Parthenon was a temple that was at the pinnacle of Acropolis. It was built during the golden age as a dedication their goddess. It was built during the reign of Pericles. Parthenon represents the Doric temple in a way that appears to be pleasing from virtually every point of view. The base of the temple is not fully rectangular but slightly resembles a rectangle. Its sides known as sylobates were slightly curved. The columns of the Doric are also slightly swollen a scenario they term as entasis. These two features make the Parthenon ...

Ancient Greek Architecture is dated from around 600 BC to the 1st Century AD. The temples, theatres, gateways, tombs, stadiums and other buildings built around this time in the areas under the Greek empire and later, the Hellenic lands constitute the bulk of ancient Greek architecture. This report is a look at some of the best work of that time, the technical and architectural commentary on these structures and the present day relevance of these architectural marvels. Among all, the correctness and strictness of the Greek architectural structures are their most distinctive characteristics. Unlike architectural styles of the past ...

Though in history, Rome conquered Athens when the Athenians were never capable of conquering Rome; still Athens conquered Rome culturally and said to have a greater cultural and philosophical legacy than Rome. In fact, much of its religion and philosophy is influenced by the Greek culture; it is only after the arrival of the foundational philosophical works of Greeks such as Socrates and Plato has Rome had his own philosophers. To simplify, Rome was a society of power and was superior in most aspects of society, while Athens was the center of philosophy and was ahead of everybody in learning and ...

According to The Greek Revival Architecture in America, The Greek revival refers to the period between 1820 and 1850, when Greek Architecture was on the rise across the world. Most historians consider their as the last phase of neoclassic architecture, and it has influenced many buildings across the world. In the United States’ City of Washington D.C, the evidence of the influence of Greeks architecture is still evident. Some of the outstanding building in Washington D.C that portrays the influence of Greek Architecture includes the Lincoln Memorial and Jefferson memorial. This paper will compare and contrast two architectural sites ...

They worshiped the perfect physic. They achieved the highest pinnacle of architecture and set a standard that people are still following today. They perfected the portrayal of the human figure. Even in their politics they tried for perfection. Yes, the Greeks were idealists. They had a general ideal: an ideal of perfect balance, harmony, and order to create the perfect lifestyle and the perfect art forms. How did the ancient Greeks seek after perfection in all aspects of their civilization? Did they achieve their lofty goals? The Ancient Greeks had a general ideal: an ideal of perfect balance , harmony, and order ...

- Who is Octavian and how does he come to power? What are some of the things Octavian does once he is in power? Why is Octavian so important in Roman history? Octavian or Augustus as he later became known was the first Roman Emperor, the man who ended the civil war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. Although adopted by Julius Caesar Octavian came to power after defeating his main opponent Antony and his ally Cleopatra of Egypt at the battle of Actium in 31 BC. He then established the Principate, in which ...

The Parthenon and the Pantheon were considered the most magnificent architectures of all time. Though they both have cultural significance in their history, there were differences as well as similarities between them in terms of construction and purpose. The Parthenon in Athens, Greece was built by the ancient Greeks, Callicrates and Ictinus during the Athenian empire between 447 and 438 BC. The temple lies on the Acropolis of Athens and was built to honor the Greek goddess of wisdom, Athena. On the other hand, the Pantheon in Rome, Italy was constructed during the reign of Emperor Hadrian but ...

Introduction

A dentist is a medical professional trained in the field of dentistry. He is a medical practitioner that is also referred to as a dental surgeon. A dentist specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and management and treatment of diseases involving the oral cavity which means that the anatomic structures that will be covered by this field would be the teeth, gums, and the tongue. The idea stating that dentists are only concerned with the different pathologies involving the oral cavity is rather conventional and could be actually being considered invalid as of today. The field of dentistry has evolved in the past ...

Ancient Athenian Architecture and Sculpture

The term ‘classical humanism’ refers to the philosophical ideas which emerged within ancient Greek and Roman society around the 5th Century B.C. Classical humanism places its emphasis on the importance of man, who, through his ability to think and reason, is at the center of importance. Humans, according to philosophers such as Protagoras, are the source in establishing values and standards – “Man is the measure of all things” – rather than gods. This interest in values and standards led to a fascination with the idea of perfection – mathematics and geometry were studied almost religiously. As a result, the philosophy of humanism expanded ...

Parthenon: The Culmination of Doric Temple Design

The Doric order was one of the three main Greek orders and also the oldest amongst them. The Doric Order has its beginnings, in 7th century BC Greece and exemplifies simplicity and elegance. Basic Greek architectural structure was divided into two, the Column, which encompassed the shaft and the capital; and the Entablature, which encompassed the Architrave, frieze and cornice. The Parthenon is often regaled as the culmination of the Doric order. We will see how the Parthenon with its Doric elements and subtle Ionic influences is still the greatest example of the Doric style of Architecture.

Parthenon as a culmination of Doric Style

When looking ...

A photo1 of the Roman reproduction of the bronze sculpture, Diskobolos, housed in the Glyptothek in Munich helps us imagine how realistic the sculpture might feel upon viewing. The disc thrower’s right foot is flat on the ground indicating a stable connection with the earth so the thrower can push down on his leg for more power and support. His left leg is lifted at a right angle from the knee with the foot maybe two inches above the ground. His left lower leg and foot are turned in a way which is parallel to the right angle formed from the ...