Essays on Human Brain

Introduction

Artificial (computer) intelligence is one of the most promising development vectors in computer science and computer engineering. Work in the field of artificial intelligence is aimed at the development of methods, tools and technologies of designing computer systems with a specific function such as training, expert advising, robotics, and others. Unlike conventional programmers, who are involved in the development of well-specified software, artificial intelligence experts are additionally able to formulate specifications, which is one of the biggest challenges in the design of any product. However, the issue remains, as questions continue to arise as to whether human-equivalent artificial intelligence ...

Introduction

Memory is defined as the multitude of abilities and capacities which human beings depend on to perform various life functions. This implies that the concept of memory is important in people regarding the way they remember life experiences hence every challenge that presents itself in understanding the functioning of the brain needs to be researched, and credible findings generated to improve the performance of human memory. Many people still wonder about the operation of the human brain and memory regarding the various functions performed and the way it influences forgetfulness among individuals. While other researchers have viewed the human ...

The concept of "social brain" is one of the challenging and advanced concepts of the modern neuropsychology. In addition, the "social brain", as a concept, forms a completely new approach to the study of social psychology and brain pathologies. Research and development of this concept contributes to the discovery of the social and psychological development of a person. The thematic justification of this study is important because it allows tracing the relationship between the social cognition and social behavior of a person, which is basic in the context of psychology, sociology, and neuropsychology. The development and use of the " ...

The brain is the most important organ in the human body since it is the one responsible for the interpretation of senses, intelligence, controlling behavior and movement. However, most of the neuroscientists have been unable to conclusively determining the relationship between the various parts of the brain and the outward behavior. For instance, many neurosurgeons have used studies on the preferred hand in the prediction of the dominant part of the cerebral hemisphere. According to Weiten and McCann (2013), cerebral hemispheres are identical in appearance. However, they differ significantly in terms of the structure and functions. The brain lateralization ...

The human brain is a complex organ tasked with different cognitive functions. There are various categories of mental processes among them include, thought, perception and attention. The brain is able to perform several tasks simultaneously; the cognitive functions of the brain, which are both voluntary and non-voluntary, can happen at a go. However when performing specific tasks, and especially those that require concentration more of our attention is required. Research has shown that even the slightest distraction in the fraction of a second can make quite an impact on our lives. Whether one is out driving, or even something ...

It is claimed by the scholars that for major part of people, the core reasons of this type of disease are represented by the integration of lifestyle, genetic and environmental factors, which make their impact on the human brain over time. In accordance with statistical data, the major reason for less than 5% of patients with this disorder is the specific genetic changes, predicting development of this disease (Mayo Clinic 1). Even while the major reasons of the Alzheimer’s disease are still not fully investigated by the scholars, it is possible to trace its clear effect on the ...

(Author Name) (Course Name/Number) The human brain is simply fascinating, and although it is at the very core of all human reasoning, intellect, and ability, it is still largely unexplored and misunderstood. The physical and social sciences have collaboratively conducted hundreds, if not thousands, of studies aimed at understanding the connection between the brain and human behavior, but even more interesting are the physiological processes that are intertwined to create a roadmap of human behavior, response, and consciousness that drives our very existence. These physiological processes are comprised of nervous systems functions, sensory system functions, and brain functions, which ...

Introduction

David Eagleman’s (2015) book entitled The Brain details scientific discoveries about the way the human brain processes information. The book details the ways in which one’s sensory capabilities and sensory processing activities formulates the way in which one interprets the external environment. It is the combination of sensory capabilities and the processing of sensory input that is largely responsible for the “reality” that one experiences (Eagleman, 2015). The external environment or what humanity would collectively call “reality” is not necessarily what truly exists. Reality may in fact be more subjective or internal than previously thought. Therefore, one ...

Creative cognition involves the analysis and comprehension of the processes and mental representations within creative thought. Creativity refers to the ability to create original, useful and appropriate work. Creative thinking, however, never follows the same pattern. Psychologists have presented data to the effect that discoveries, inventions, and original ideas originate from insight, others, however, are of the view that discoveries originate from the cumulative application of expertise or prior knowledge (Smith et al., 1997). The two schools of thought have led to a contention among psychologists on whether creativity involves prior knowledge and expertise or simply, insight. The dominant ...

The human brain is the most complex part of the human body that is very hard to understand. Our brains behave in a way that neuroscientists and psychologists have never understood. Its ability to control body functions and consciousness is one of the most challenging section that these individuals are still struggling to figure out. The human brain capacity of 1350 cc and it is made up of a very complex network of neurons that develop during the last three months of development (The Function of the Human Brain, 2016). The way we perceive the world around us is ...

Abstract

The progressive loss of structure and function of neurons together with their death is called neurodegeneration. This process often causes such an illness as Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the main causes of dementia that has different symptoms, among them, are language problems, disorientation, rapid mood changes, indifference to life, loss of short memory, strange behavior and inability to manage self-care. Scientists have not discovered the exact factors of the disease yet. Genes, obesity, head injuries and depression can be the ground. Unfortunately, there is no any cure of Alzheimer and elderly of 65 and ...

Individual Reaction to the Advent of Artificial Intelligence

Introduction Through advancements in science and technology, human beings have managed to create machines that work more or less in the same way as the human brain, performing tasks like mathematical calculations and language translations. This is what has come to be known as Artificial intelligence (AI) which is the kind of intelligence that machines exhibit when certain manipulations and programming is done to them. Some of these machines like the IBM computer, Watson, are capable of mimicking or performing certain cognitive functions that are normally associated with the human brain only. Artificial intelligence research thus deals with problems ...

Introduction

For centuries they have been tormented, tortured and isolated, considered as outcast of the society. Witches, sorcerers, shamans or magical doctors have been misunderstood and burned at the steak for heresy, because their practices overpassed the human understanding. Through a combination of herbal mixes or psychedelic substances plus a thorough understanding of the human mind, the magical methods of these traditional practices have been analyzed across centuries (Haule 17). While in the modern societies the conventional science, medicine or human psychology are largely preferred, discoveries show that shamanic, witchery, sorcery or magical practices have pragmatic basis and scientific value ( ...

In any conflict, argument or even debate it is standard practice to call for rational thinking and presentation of points. Irrationality is perceived as a negative attribute in a good negotiator. However, Robert Benjamin in his paper series, “Irrationality of Being Rational” argues that human beings are inherently irrational perhaps because of evolution, and therefore the expectation rationality is actually irrational. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and analyze the articles by Robert Benjamin where he explains his concept of the irrationality of being too rational. It is common knowledge that human beings are never truly rational ...

Social media has now become the medium for connecting to friends, family and even people from the workplace; this has become more so now that access to social media is increasingly mobile. Statistics show that 76% of internet users are on social media and 70% logon to Facebook at least once a day . People between the ages of 18-40 use social media more than others. But why do people spend so much time on social media? What does excessive involvement in virtual social networking mean for the actual social lives of people? This essay will argue that while social ...

Secrets of the Mind by V.S. Ramachandran Secrets of the Mind with V.S. Ramachandran The secret functions carried out by our brain first came into the attention of Dr. Ramachandran while examining the case of an amputee, Derek Steen, who lost his right arm above the elbow in a car accident. His condition garnered a curiosity in Ramachandran when he (Derek) reported that he had felt tingling and stroking sensations in his right arm (that was removed surgically) while shaving the left side of his face. This opened an opportunity for Dr. Ramachandran to study phantom limbs in detail. ...

The nervous system (NS) denotes a collection of human body organs as well as connections, which have expressly differentiated cells referred as neurons or other specialized biochemicals, tissues, and supportive cells that assist in the normal working of the human body NS (Swanson, 2015). The human nervous system helps in addressing acquisition, processing, understanding, storing, as well as coordinating or transmitting signals in the body. Therefore, many body organs, as well as sensory organs, possess discrete and different roles. The nervous system (NS) can be categorized into two, that is, peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as central nervous ...

The elevation or lowering of an individual’s mood can be attributed to one or more disorders that affect the psychological well-being of the affected person. Mood disorders can cause depression, anxiety, and generally create a personal environment for the affected individual that is difficult and even impossible at times to handle. Many people who suffer mood disorders seek therapy or medication, or both, to help get through each day. From a psychological standpoint mood disorders are a debilitating effect that can have a great impact on an individual’s life. There are several types of mood disorders, and ...

In everyday life, an average human being interacts with so many experiences, some of which significantly influence our response. In a college party for instance, several people are having conversations and loud music is playing: and yet each groups of people conversing can still make out what the other person is saying despite the noise. In morning traffic, it is typical to see a corporate employee communicating through a hands free device, taking coffee and driving at the same time. In college rooms, it is typical to find one student reading while the other plays music. How is all ...

INTRODUTION

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the metabolism of dopamine (DA) and amounts to approximately 60% or more of DA breakdown in the frontal cortex . The gene expressing the COMT enzyme could affect cognition and functioning of the brain via its action on dopaminergic function. A polymorphic variation occurs in the coding area of the COMT gene (a Guanine to Adenine replacement), changing the amino acid from valine (Val) to methionine (Met) at the codon position 158 (Val158Met) and consequently influencing the thermal tolerance and stability of the enzyme. Allelic discrepancies in enzyme ...

Semantic knowledge includes general knowledge of things such as basic facts, knowledge of people, and meanings. Semantics are almost always taken for granted because it is an innate element of human beings. Meaning-making and meaning-sharing is a natural part of our day to day discourse. The meanings that people attach to words, objects, and even people are highly subjective(Hornsby, Stanley, 2005). The meanings that we have for the things around us speaks highly of our experiences, personality, and beliefs. The practicality of semantics is also what makes it a difficult topic to study. It is difficult to study ...

The process of becoming fluent in writing and speaking a second language is a complex process that relies on a number of influences; individual personality characteristics such as maturity, past experiences, exposure to the new language, learning environment, motivation, and natural inclinations to adapting to new skills are some factors that promote or hinder progress. Research involving experimentation, investigation, and empirical studies has been conducted to describe individual factors that influence the quality and speed of children’s learning a second language and will be examined. Some children are born into multilingual families with different cultural backgrounds and it ...

Abstract

In the recent times, scientists in the discipline of artificial intelligence are confused which approach closely imitates the structure of a human brain. The best two approaches are bottom-up, or the top-down, and they comprise of both their advantages and disadvantages. The top-down approach has the capability to perform high-level tasks since it is programmed (Russell et.al 27). On the contrary, the bottom-up approach is capable of modeling the lower-level human functions such as motor control, image recognition, and learning capabilities. Each method operates perfectly where the other method is imperfect. Therefore, to establish the advantages and disadvantages of ...

During the last century, scientists involved in research and studies on drug abuse were governed by the powerful misconceptions and fabricated stories about the addictive nature of the drugs and the reason behind drug addiction. Proper scientific studies on drug addiction started in the 1930s when the research was done to learn the behavioral aspects of addiction. People who were addicted to drug usage were considered as immoral individuals and those who lack willpower. During that time, these viewpoints shaped the response of the society towards drug abuse, considering it as an immoral act rather than treating it as ...