Expansionary College Essays Samples For Students

INTRODUCTION

Economies these days face the challenges and combat with the rising inflation continuously. The structure of the macroeconomic policy encourages the economic growth. The tools used for the stability of the economy are in some of the cases referred to as the expansionary economic policy. The fiscal and the monetary decisions of the economy determine the policies which end recession. These policies are usually formed by the central banks which determine the increasing or the decreasing money supply. The expansionary policy is considered as an effective tool for managing the low growth periods which arise in the business cycle. ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

INTRODUCTION
The economy management of the country has two kinds of policies to intervene and regulate the markets in case of market failure: Fiscal policies and Monetary policies. Fiscal policies are the responsibility of the government, and the monetary policies are implemented by the Federal Reserve System (FED). The economic policies can be implemented in two ways: expansionary and contractionary economic policies. Expansionary policies stimulate the economy and expenditures of consumption and investment increases as the result of these policies. Contractionary policies slowdown the economy, and the expenditure level decreases. In this essay, the definitions of the fiscal ...

Introduction

Monetary policy is the endeavor by the federal or state government to control the amount of money circulating within an economy. These control measures are undertaken to cub the instances of inflations or to control the interest rates to sustainable levels. Monetary policies can either be expansionary or contractionary. Expansionary monetary policies are meant to expand the supply of money to the economy thereby boosting the economic activities (Afonso, 2012). Expansionary monetary policies also lead to a reduction in average interest rates. Contractionary monetary policies, on the other hand, are macro-economic tools used by the federal or the state ...

Recession refers to short period associated with decline in economic activities such as decrease in stock market business, high unemployment rates, poor housing facilities, high cost of due to low purchasing power of the country’s currency and general failure in the financial institutions. Recession may vary in terms of magnitude and in terms of how long it may persist (Gaston, 1994). Most economists’ belief on this subject is that recession differs from depression only by the degree of their severity. The implication is that depression is more severe form of recession-though with similar consequences.
Usually, recession happens after ...

Abstract / Executive Summary

Summary of Article
The minister from the United Arab’s economy reported that it is anticipated that the GDP of UAE will mark Dhs 1.6 trillion in the current year growing over 3.5%. Sultan Saeed Al Mansouri commented in an interview to the WAM (news agency), elevation in the growth rate evidence that the region is capable of maintaining economic competence and has gained sufficient success with the help of diversification. He further clarified that industrial zone of the UAE is continuously advancing and is positioned presently between 10%-14%. Additionally, Sultan Saeed delivered his expectation for the investments ...

Introduction:

Monetary policy refers to the strategy undertaken by a country’s monetary authority to control money supply usually by targeting the interest rate to facilitate economic growth and stability. The Australian government charges the Reserve Bank of Australia with the responsibility of maintaining sustainable economic growth, high employment rate and steady prices. In other words, the RBA strives to achieve the goals of full employment and non-inflationary level of total output. To accomplish these objectives, the RBA closely monitors the economy and puts in places policies to either increase or decrease the amount of money circulating in the economy. Consequently, ...

The depression of 1930’s was known as the great depression because its ripples were felt in all countries of the word. It originated from United States and its spread was attributed to the forged relationship between United States and European economies. The further spread to primary producing countries is attributed to the trade interrelation which had developed between these countries and the already developed countries. The primary producing nations included Latin America, Asia and Africa states. This depression strongly pressed countries like Britain and Germany because they had a lot of loans obtained from United States. Employment in these ...

ABSTRACT 3

INTRODUCTION
Background 4
Information Sources 4
Limitations 4
ANALYSIS
Presidential Election and the Economy 5
CONCLUSION
Summary and Interpretation of Findings 12

REFERENCES 13

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the article entitled The Growth Recession of 2012 and the Presidential Election published by Forbes.com in October 2012. The purpose of the paper is to present a recently published article and provide an analysis in light of the principles and theories of economics.
The discussion involves the analysis of a recent article by relating it to the theories and principles of Economics specifically ...

The most recent event in the country that I can think of is the 2012 Presidential Election. What has this to do with the economy?

The most obvious connection between a presidential election and economic activity is that, if the incumbent government is eyeing for a reelection, then pre-election programs include execution of expansionary fiscal policy since such policy (either increase in spending or a tax cut) tend to increase economic growth, reduces unemployment and increases the political support for the politician.
I learned that fiscal policy pertains to discretionary changes in government spending and tax collection with the goal of ...

Great depression occurred after the Second World War. Its effects were felt all over the world. Both poor and wealthy nations felt the effect of this event. The time when each country was affected by the great depression varied from one country to another. It is argued that the depression origintated from united states whereby the stock market prices had fallen largely. The event resulted to a decline in economic activities in many nations. It is usually used as an example to show how economies can be greatly affected. Many lessons were learnt from the depression hence policy makers are ...

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

Fiscal Policy refers to the federal government use of spending and taxation to meet the macroeconomics goals. At the time of recessionary periods, the federal government, in order to smooth the economic cycles, reduce the taxes and increase the government spending g. Important to note that each of these measures has an important effect on the aggregated demand, GDP and employment and the same is discussed below:

Effect of reduced rates of Taxes:

As a general phenomenon, income taxes reduce the incentive to work by creating a tax wedge between pre-tax and after-tax wages. Thus, at the time of the recessionary period, the federal government in order ...

Monetary policy refers to actions of the government, through the country’s monetary authority, to regulate the economy by influencing the supply of money and credit, and the prevailing interest rates. The Federal Reserve is the monetary authority of the U.S.A. Therefore, it is in charge of formulation and implementation of monetary policy in the U.S.A. Monetary policy seeks to achieve the five macroeconomics goals; full employment, economic growth, favourable balance of payment, price stability and income redistribution. In the U.S.A, monetary policy has been effective in regulating the economy and in pursuit of the chief macro-economic goals of ...

1-How Was The Economy When Obama Took Office? (Unemployment Rate, Inflation, and GDP)

When Obama took office, the economy of the United States of America was in a great depression, which had not been experienced since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The economy was in a bad shape, and each sector was being faced with various problems.
The levels of unemployment had gone up, and the Obamas’ administration was afraid that if they did nothing then, the problem would be much bigger than they thought. The unemployment rates had escalated to levels of even 9%. The situation was worse because the levels of inflation in the economy had risen. The mortgage ...

Question 1

The federal reserve bank is a major institution in the American’s economy and society designed to offer financial stability by maintaining currency flexibility. The Fed as consistently played a significant role in the Untied States economy and monetary policy since its establishment. The Fed established in 1913, therefore, its the roles and regulations go back only to the early years of the 20th century. For instance, the Fed came into play when a harsh economic crisis started in 2008. During this period the GDP shrank, unemployment increased and millions of Americans were worried about their futures. It was the role of ...

In all economies, policy makers have a significant role in the regulation of activities relating to macroeconomics with a general aim of maintaining and sustaining economic stability (Blanchflower, 2008). A stable economy is, therefore, the primary goal for all economic policy makers. This is essential in enhancing the growth as well as social welfare of the economy. The US economy is currently facing a number of tribulations (Karanassou & Sala, 2010). This has further been augmented by the fact that this economy is yet to heal fully from the recently concluded global financial crisis in 2009 (Daugeliene, 2012). The crisis adversely affected all ...

Sequestration refers to the reduction of budgetary costs by the United States federal government. In 2013, the federal government cut spending in particular categories of expenditure. Primarily, the cuts were on account of the Budget Control Act (2011) that were similarly deferred for some period by the American Taxpayers Relief Act (2012) till March when the law was implemented. According to Demaree, sequestration can be described as the practice of reducing obligatory spending in federal government budget (1). These cuts are occasioned when expenditure for the government surpasses the total income the government receives in one financial year (Sequestration ...

This is a gap that arises when an economy maneuvers at a level below the probable full employment stability level. It implies, therefore that the Gross Domestic Product achieved is lower than the one that will be achieved at full-employment level. The recessionary gap, therefore, causes the prices of commodities to drop in order to achieve balance. There is also a possibility that recession causes inflation which reduces revenue from exports.
Full-employment equilibrium, on the other hand, is the degree to which the economy performs if unfettered by other external forces. If the economy is operating above the full-employment equilibrium level, ...

I am interested in writing about economic growth. This topic is so timely because the economy of US was reported to grow in the third quarter of this year. The growth in the economy was due to increases in inventories and export, thereby raising the gross domestic product to 2.7% during the third quarter.
Economic growth is a very important indicator of the economy as it signifies increase in the productive capacity of the country over time that leads to increases in national output and income. It is the increase in the total output of a country over time and ...

The recent global economic crisis exposed most of the world economies to recessionary pressures, stemming from the collapse of the subprime mortgage markets in the US in 2007, which reverberated across the world owing to the international reach and interdependence of financial markets. The UK’s economic suffered the pressures with the near collapse of Northern Rock, coupled with the faltering profitability of some its businesses. The UK grew by 0.5% in 2010 far below the country’s historical average of over 5%. The modest growth is however, a remarkable increase over the performance in 2010, which posted a 1.2% fall ...

Money and prices in the long run and open economies dictate the financial market. As such, that is why factors such as domestic variables and foreign monetary policies are over-emphasized. Demand for money is thus affected by the domestic variables, which include interest rates, price expectations, and permanent income, among others. As such, this paper explores the financial market to reveal the viable strategies the US can adapt to secure reliable money and prices in an open economy on a long-term basis.

The state of US Financial Market

Over the years, the economy of the US has been in good shape, especially when compared to ...

Introduction

Economic management is the most critical function of any government. It requires critical approaches through the adoption of efficient macro-economic policies that lead an economy in the desired direction. Inefficiencies in public policies result in poor economic management, which results in economic problems such as unemployment, inflation, and other forms of economic instabilities (Galí 98). This essay will answer questions that address some of these economic problems.

Government measures to increase the level of aggregate demand in the economy and their effectiveness

The level of aggregate demand is an essential factor in the determination of the economic position of an economy. It determines critical factors such as investment that indicate the GDP of a ...

Introduction

In 2008, the entire world was rocked by the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression. The crisis first affected the entire financial system of the United States before then quickly spread globally. The casualties of the crisis included the whole investment banking industry of the US. Other casualties were the US largest insurance company, largest mortgage lender, among other firms in the financial services sector. The US auto industry was severely hit leading to loss of jobs. The US unemployment rate increased by 4.9% points from the third quarter of 2007 to the third quarter of 2009. The ...

Keynes proposed economic ideas that saved the economy during the great depression of the 1930s. He encouraged government intervention into the economy to rescue it from the excessive recession. His ideas were against previous views held by an economist that the government should allow the economy to adjust back from depression to recovery as per the business cycle. The previous economic ideas were not working during great depression because the economy was showing little signs of recovery. The depression created a huge recession gap. Thus, real GDP was quite below the full potential output (Blinder 1).
Keynes believed that ...

American Public University

Abstract
The global financial crisis started in 2008 opened a new era for the economy managers in the developing countries and the United States. Using the conventional tools and strategies to cope with the financial crisis will not create the desired results anymore. This new experience indicates us that the economy managers and the governments need to develop more complex and detailed strategies to overcome the issues in the economies. The Federal Reserve is one of the responsible institutions for the economy management. The FED has always been blamed for not developing a proper response against the economic and financial ...

Private investment has great significance for the growth and development of an economy specially that of a developing country. Changes in the economic policies are equally important for the investment as it is for the growth of the economy. Fiscal policy has a strong relation with the growth of economy and the most important element for this relation is private investments. Fiscal policy refers to the use of revenues collected by the government through the taxes and the spending by government to affect the economy. With the interaction of the government activity with the private sector, a positive effect is seen on the ...

Sequestration and the Government Shutdown of October 2013

Sequestration is a budgetary process in the United States under which limits on the federal budget are imposed. The process of sequestration involves setting a cap on the amount of spending that the government can undertake at any given period of time. The capping of the government spending is not a blanket one and it targets specific categories of expenditure.
Budgeting in the federal government of the United States is carried out through a process which involves both the executive and the congress. The executive arm of the government prepares a budgetary estimate of expenditures covering a specific period of time and the congress, ...

The Largest Actor in the Economy: Government

Government is an organization founded by the collaboration of all people in a country which is assigned to organize country management, protect its citizens’ rights, provide public services to its citizens and develop country economy and welfare level.
Governments are mostly elected organizations for a certain time period and they need citizen votes for being on power. They make economic, social and political development plans and present it to citizens; and if people gives them power, government can implement its plan strategies.
Government is the largest organization in all countries. To do its duties spends a lot of resource and ...

Introduction. 3

Expansionary monetary policy.3
Contractionary monetary policy3
Australian monetary policy3
Objectives of Australian monetary policy.4
Australian Monetary policy framework4
The decision process in monetary policy...5

Monetary policy implementation in Australia5

Transmission of Monetary policy to Australian economy.6
Conclusion .7
Introduction
The monetary policy is a policy that is used by the monetary authority of a given country to control the money supply in the economy. This policy frequently targets a certain interest rate with an objective of promoting economic stability and growth in an economy. The official goals normally include relatively low unemployment and stable prices. This policy can either ...

Introduction

International trade refers to exchange of services and goods across countries. Increased globalization has increased cross border trade. The numerous advantages that accrue from international trade have also stimulated growth of international trade. However, there are certain limitations of international trade that has made it necessary or countries to protect their local economies from the adverse effects of international trade. On the other hand, monetary policy refers to decisions that are undertaken by the central bank and the government in order to influence the country’s economy by manipulating credit cost and availability of money. This paper discusses the ...

Writing Assignment #3:

EconS 102
Thee Downward Rigidity of wages
This paper answers the following questions prtaining to the downward rigidity of wages: (1) If prices are broadly flexible, wages are flexible upward, but wages are sticky downward, what are the implications for how long it takes the economy to return to full-employment equilibrium when there is a recessionary gap versus how long it takes to close an expansionary gap?; and (2) Suppose the government sets tax rates and transfer payment eligibility requirements so that the budget is balanced when the economy is at full employment, in surplus when inflationary gaps ...

Introduction

Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the performance of an economy, in aggregate terms. It helps in assessing the health of an economy and its prospects in future based upon analysis of important macroeconomic indicators. The paper attempts to understand the current macroeconomic situation of the United States using aggregate economic indicators and implications for monetary and fiscal policies. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the current macroeconomic situation of the nation using key macroeconomic indicators. The second section delves into the implications of the current macroeconomic situation on monetary and fiscal policy ...

Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the structure, behavior, and the performance of the economy in its entirety. The major goal of macroeconomics is to achieve price stability, economic growth, full employment and external balance. The United States economy has not been doing well in the recent past. Statistics from the Federal Reserve indicate that the economy grew by a mere 1.7% in the year 2009 and although everyone attributed the dismal growth to the infamous economic recession, things are not looking any better this year. Unemployment rates stand at a high of 9.6% and the consumer price index ...

Analysis of the current macroeconomic situation

Macroeconomic analysis entails the study of the behavior of the aggregate economic phenomena that include economy growth rate, inflation, price levels, gross domestic product, national income and the unemployment levels. Currently, the utmost concern of the US government is on the high unemployment levels. Dating back from the great recession, the labour conditions have been deteriorating where the unemployment rates increased from 5% in the last quarter of 2007 to 10% in the final quarter of 2009 (Katz, 2014). In early 2012, the rate was at 8.3% but ended at 7.8 %, and the declining trend has been seen with ...

U.S. Fiscal and Monetary Policy

Fiscal policy

Fiscal policy denotes the use of government spending and taxation in order to steer the economy to the desired direction at a point in time. There are two types of fiscal policies, and they include the contractionary and the expansionary fiscal policies. In contractionary fiscal policies, the government enacts policies aimed at reducing the production in the economy. These could entail an increase in tax and lowering the government expenditure in the economy. On the other hand, the expansionary fiscal policies entail the policies adopted by the government with a view of increasing the overall output ...

THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN A MARKET ECONOMY

Introduction 2
What is Different Happened in 2008? 3
The Monetary Policy’s Contribution 6
Looking for Guilty Agents or Guilty Ideas in the Economies 7
An Important Example for the Developing Countries: the Egyptian Economy? 8
Conclusion 9

References 12

THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN A MARKET ECONOMY
Introduction
The first economist believed in the full competition. Adam Smith expressed that there is a perfect system in the economy similar to the perfect system in the universe. As the God does not intervene the system in the universe after the creation, the state or ...

Fiscal policy is an intervention in which the government uses its spending and taxes to influence economic activities in desired ways. It is concerned with the allotment of resources between the private and the public sectors with the aim of attaining the desirable level of growth and stability. The national government plays a vital role in regulating activities in the economy through the use of fiscal and monetary policies to influence various economic indicators such as inflation, investments and savings.
Discretionary fiscal policy pursues the Keynesian hypothesis where the central government manipulates demand to influence price levels, output and ...

# 1. There are two types of fiscal policies i.e. expansionary fiscal policy and contractionary fiscal policy. The expansionary fiscal policy is applied when there is a need to keep the economy growing. This is because it helps in creating more employment opportunities across the country by stimulating the aggregate demand. The expansionary fiscal policy can either be implemented by increased government spending or tax cuts. However, increased government spending makes more sense than tax cuts in a growing economy because when the economy is growing it is likely that many people are able to afford basic commodities therefore, government must look ...

The American Economy has faced one of the most destructive economic crises in 2008. The crisis started in the sub-mortgage markets has expanded to the financial markets, and the largest financial institutions have declared their bankruptcies. Subsequently, the collapse of the financial markets has spread to all the industries in the country.
What the American lost in the global financial crisis and what made the recovery from the crisis tough was the loss of trust for the American Economy among the agents in the economy. Until 2008, the economic development in the US was based on the consumption economy. ...

Three methods exist for measuring national income – the output, income, and expenditure approaches. The output approach measures the value added or intermediate output at the industry level in a year (Yin). Nations estimate the gross output in various sectors, the intermediate output, and the decrease in the value of assets from depreciation. The GDP then results from either adding up all the different components of intermediate output or subtracting the value of depreciation from the gross output or the intermediate output. For instance, if the cost of pig iron, rubber, steel, and other components used in making a car ...

Q1. Identify two strategies based on the fiscal and monetary policy that would encourage people to spend money in order to create economic growth.
Fiscal and monetary policies are demand side policies that can be strategically employed for realizing economic growth by motivating consumers to spend money. It can be made possible by brining an increase in aggregate demand (AD) if the economy is passing through recession or growth is below the expected level (Pettinger, 2012).
Monetary policy can be the most randomly used tool for impacting economic activity. To encourage AD, the Central Bank of a country can ...

Issues of Economic Crisis

The recent recession and the financial crisis have paved the way to uncommon and hostile actions by policymakers of fiscal and monetary policies. Secular stagnation is for ensuring achievement of full employment, for lowering and stabilizing inflation rate, and for maintaining financial stability. Current macroeconomics failed to analyze financial crisis because of its incapability of envisaging current issues prevailing in the economy. Analysis of these topics is essential because they help in determining and then solving the problems of economy by taking adequate measures in a timely manner.
There are several causes of recent Great recession. Major causes include ...

Credit rating of a country is mainly the ability of a country to repay the loans that it borrows both domestically and from other countries. It is mainly determined by the economic conditions that are prevailing in the country at a certain time. There are other factors that affect the credit rating of a country. This research paper will evaluate the credit rating of South Africa. The research will evaluate the cause of the current credit rating of South Africa and its effects to the country in various sectors of the economy (KRUGMAN, 2009).
South Africa is a country that has a very good ...

Chapter 10

Question#1: Use Keynesian cross to explain why fiscal policy has a multiplied effect on national income.
Answer: The equation for calculation of national income under Keynesian model is Y=C+I+G+(X-M). In this formula, the Y denotes national income, C denotes level of consumption, I denote level of investment done in the economy, G denotes government’s expenditure, X denotes imports, and M denotes imports of an economy. With the help of this formula, the governments drive fiscal policies for the economy. With the help of this equation, it has been said by Keynes himself that when the ...

A budget is an integral part of any economy. It outlines the financial plans of a country to facilitate economic growth. Most countries, including the United States of America prepare a budget comprising a one fiscal year financial plan. The US budget has indicated a deficit since 2008; this indicates that the government’s expenditures exceed the amount of revenue collected from the tax revenue. The federal government borrows funds to achieve its expenditure needs, and the interest rate increases annually. The borrowed funds are paid using the tax receipts from the taxpayers; the US government usually pays off the interest rates exclusively, ...

In deliberating about economic issues, economist agrees on particular goals, which include economic growth, decrease in the unemployment rate and low inflation. In order to attain these goals, the federal reserve can take action via fiscal or monetary policies. Fiscal policy concerns taxes and spending while monetary policy involves the supply of money and the level of interest rates. Therefore, when either of these policies is not implemented properly, it can result in an economic downturn as reflected on the last year of the Bush Administration.
The last year of the Bush Administration experienced an economic downturn because ...

Introduction

Economy experiences macroeconomic fluctuations over time that affects economic growth. The aggregate output, consumption, investment, net export, and employment may tend to grow over time but then drop suddenly. Economists continue to discern the current condition of the economy and where it is heading so that they can effectively deal with future economic events. Macroeconomic fluctuations mainly involve changes that occur in the demand-side of the economy, which determine the gross domestic product.
GDP= C+I+G+NX
Gross domestic product is never constant, but change due to many reasons like changes in government policies mainly in ...

Article Review

Article 1
Published on: October 22, 2014

The Summary
The tax cut policy followed by Kansas has led to a shortfall in the revenue this year. The tax revenue collected in the fiscal year 2014 was $700 million less than that of the previous year. According to the director of taxation Steve Slotts, this revenue shortfall is temporary in nature. This temporary deficit is being met through the expenditures from the reserve fund. But the revenue shortfall in the first three months of the fiscal year 2015 that began in July 2014, suggests that this shortfall is permanent. ...

Fiscal policy is a crucial economic tool that is used by governments to maximize optimum employment and output levels. Earlier emphasis was laid only on monetary policy to stabilize economic and growth indicators. According to me, a fiscal policy should be used by the economy not only to smooth business cycles but control factors like interest rates that slow economic growth. An expansionary Fiscal policy can reduce government debt and raise employment. The US economy has recently suffered recession, and its Fiscal policy helped it in increasing the aggregate demand and pulled the economy out of the grim situation. The current ...

Austerity

a). The current deficit panic and the debt, which are associated with recession has created an alarming situation in most of the countries, and threatened the economies of countries. They are however, a staple of the politics of several countries. In order to cope with the problem of fiscal deficit, and debt, the governments of many countries are adopting austerity measures. The republicans are demanding cuts and the Democrats are demanding cuts, and an increase in the tax. But, as a matter of fact, the budget cuts are not the right thing to do at such moments. In this regard, if the ...

IS-LM model also known as the Investment Saving-Liquidity Preference Money supply model is a macroeconomic tool that shows the interrelationship between interest rates and the actual output, in the money market as well as the goods and services market. The point at which the IS and LM curves intersect is known as the general equilibrium. This is an extremely fundamental tool and has been used by different economists in a bid to explain the various macroeconomic concepts that define how activities flow in the goods and services market and monetary market. As a critical tool among monetarists and Keynesians the IS-LM model ...

Introduction

In general, markets do not adjust automatically to bring about equilibrium. Thus, historically, many economists, including John Keynes, recommended the need for government intervention. In his book, ‘ The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money’, Maynard Keynes asserts that the government should intervene actively in order to manage the level of aggregate demand in an economy so as to bring about desired level of employment and output. His argument is attributed to the fact that wages are rigid and, thus, may not fall enough to clear the market and solve the unemployment problem. Broadly, the government can intervene in ...

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Abstract

Recession in economy (particularly in macroeconomics) - This term refers to a relatively mild, non-critical production decline or slowdown in economic growth. The decline in production is characterized by zero growth in gross national product (GNP) (stagnation), or a decline for more than half a year.

The recession is a phases of the economic cycle (conditions) that follows the boom and is replaced by depression.

A recession often leads to a massive drop in the index on the stock exchange. As a rule, the economy of a country depends on the economies of other countries, so the economic downturn in a particular country may lead to a slowdown in the economies of other countries, and even to the collapse ...

Introduction and Background

The go green debate is gaining currency in the business world. It is no longer the preserve of governments to regulate the market for purposes of sustainability. With the emergence of environmental awareness, business units have been roped forcefully into the go green bandwagon. Closely intertwined with the go green course, is ethical consciousness in which organizations, employers and employees are required to make informed and ethically conscious decisions. In the United States of America, after the Enron Scandal, the ethical course has taken a statutory footing with the enacted of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. It is on that premise ...

John Maynard Keynes founded the dominant school of economic policy in the Western world from the 1930s to the 1970s, and argued that an expansionary fiscal policy through deficit spending was essential to stimulate the economy in a recession or depression. During this period, social welfare spending, strong labor unions and regulation of capitalism were part of the social democratic consensus, but all of this came unraveled in the stagflation and oil shocks of the 1970s. Stagnation and decline in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union of the planned economies were evident and began to crumble under the pressures of inflation, ...