Essays on Totalitarianism

In order to ensure peace and prosperity of a country, most governments have employed the use of stringent rules and regulations to govern people. However, some people stray away from the common perception of government and embrace anarchy. Anarchy is basically opposite of what the government stands for, anarchism is a political ideology (Carter, 1971) that holds the state undesirable and harmful while advocating for stateless institutions. The view of anarchists stray away from the commons masses and more often they tend to go extreme and cause social disturbance and unrest (Gage, 2009)as was the case of the ...

Essay

Democracy, for all its empowering aspects, isn't still practiced by every nation on this planet. Much like the Soviet Union, which collapsed on itself in the early 90s, there are a number of states in today's world that continue to be totalitarian in nature. For those living in democratic countries, this term might not be familiar and its practices even more so even if a business might want to expand to emerging markets that are controlled by their respective governments very different from the model that the United States among other democratic countries. While the definition of democracy is ...

Fascism and National Socialism

Political theorists, historians and and scholars have long tried interpreting and defining fascism but the definitions have either been too narrow or too wide as each interpretation of fascism is distinct and based on the ideological and political leanings and thoughts of the scholar or the theorist. According to Roger Griffin, fascism is "a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a palingenetic form of populist ultra nationalism". He goes on to say that the fascist ideology has three core components- the myth of rebirth, decadence and populist ultranationalism. Paxton in his book, The ...

English

The seeds of totalitarian ideologies were primarily planted by Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) during the French Revolution, in his criticism of private property. He promoted egalitarian and communal ownership of property. Francois Noel Babeuf (1760-97) another Frenchman believed ignorant masses have “to be organized to be made aware of their own interests and rights” (Kreis. The History Guide) by military means; those in power were justified in using “terror against the people, for the people’s own good” (Kreis). Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia were “both clearly totalitarian in practice” (Adams). National Socialism under Adolf Hitler is a prime ...

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Promising for the future is an endeavor set for at least unqualified disappointments. The factors involved in the dynamics of reality cannot be totally controlled, oftentimes have their own lives or evolutionary stages to follow, to conform to someone’s idea of how things should be. The idea of ‘should be’ is a visionary’s dream and a realist’s joke. The promise of imperialism in Conrad’s time and perspective as J. Hillis Miller understood it can either be a contrived promise from the imperialist power to deceive the dominated people into ...

Arendt and Nietzsche, both of who were political thinkers, in expression of their thoughts have capitalized on the issues of remembrance in their various articles, essays and writings. Though both thinkers have had divergent thoughts on various issues, their expression on the issue of morality in human beings in based on the remembrance of past experiences rather than the study of established laws; Arendt’s praising the significance of memory in politics while Nietzsche considers forgetfulness as a virtue. The experience of totalitarianism in her life is one the major reasons that pushes Arendt to lay her emphasis strongly ...

Question two

Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is a political structure whereby the state does not recognize the limitation of its authority from any sector and it monopolizes power hence regulating all aspects in its jurisdiction such as the public and the private perspectives. This kind of political system is characterized by some elements which are opposed to a democratic environment. Totalitarianism is associated with autocratic were nobody can resist the power and authority of the president since that is a criminal issue highly punishable by law (ppt.2).

Features of totalitarianism

Absolute military control is an aspect which is experienced in Totalitarian State whereby citizens are not ...

Plato’s Allegory of the Cave

Plato is one of the greatest philosophers of antiquity. He is the founder of the theory of ideas, and in order to explain it, he created the allegory of the cave. This myth has become a symbol of metaphysics, epistemology and dialectics, as well as ethics and mysticism: the myth that expresses the whole life and works of Plato.

There are four meanings ​​of the allegory:

1. The idea of ​​the ontological gradation of existence and about the types of reality (sensible and supersensible) with its subtypes: shadows on the walls are a simple appearance of things; statues are the things perceived by senses; stone wall ...

Totalitarian political system is based on the unlimited authority and power to ‘rule’ every dimension of the social and even private life of the individuals, which is in direct contrast of democracy. Such governments maintain their rule by regulating a comprehensive propaganda campaign that is communicated through the television channels and print controlled by the state. Public at large is the major party that has to go through the tyrannical control of the state over economy, media, surveillance, and freedom of speech and thought. The use of terror is common and widespread in totalitarian states, to keep the opinion ...

Hannah Arendt (Oct.14, 1906 - Dec. 4, 1975) was a German born American philosopher. The subject of her works is the nature of power. They deal also with politics, authority, direct democracy, and totalitarianism. Her best work Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) gives full retrospection of the phenomenon totalitarianism. She followed it to the anti-Semitism in the nineteenth century, imperialism, and the decomposition of the traditional nation-state. Her flowing style of writing allows even the non-professional readers to apprehend her ideas and to ask themselves questions as how far can man go in losing the possibility to distinguish what is ...

Today, there is a broad consensus among policymakers and mainstream economists in developed countries and international institutions that a secure property rights regime (defined in terms of the transparency, impartiality, and competence of the judicial system) plays a critical role in economic development. Yet this view is a recent phenomenon; it is only in recent decades that the importance of property rights has entered the economic literature. Of course, throughout much of the early history of modern economics, the existence of private property rights was a presumption that underlay the work of leading economic thinkers. It is no wonder ...

Sovereignty: The word sovereignty means having paramount authority over a polity. The concept is, if a land is sovereign, then no external force has the right to intervene in the internal matters of the land.

International Organization: International organization has international presence, scope and membership. Such organizations operate across various nations. There are two categories of international organizations: INGOs and NGOs.

Actor: Any force that takes part in any political scenario, and has a role to play in it is known as an actor.

Anarchy: Anarchy is the absence of any government or the condition of disorder that ...

When the Cold War commenced, the United States and the Soviet Union occupied different spheres of influence. On one hand, there was the Western Bloc that encompassed the Americans and their allies that advocated democracy in all spheres of society, particularly the economy. On the opposition side, there was the communist Soviet Union and its supporters forming the Eastern bloc. As per the words of the then British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, “an iron curtain has descended across the Continent” and involved countries were to choose a side (Sinews of Peace, 300). For that reason, more territories meant more economic ...

Liberalism is an important part of societal development and this is obviously part and parcel of the history of Europe in the early part of the 20th century. Perry is insistent that liberalism comes together from a variety of sources but is especially espoused in the left wing doctrines of socialism and communism.

After the First World War, Europe was swept through with what could have deemed to be a wave of liberal ideas. With the fall of the monarchy in various countries, old ideas went out of the window and this also meant that more liberal ideas were invading European ...

The two narratives, The Lottery and The One Who Walk Away from Omelas take us through the stories of two villages each with unique traditions that involve human sacrifice. These are rituals that have been blindly followed by the villagers, who even though understand why, are compelled to follow them. It appears as if people they never met, as they died long ago, designed the rules, which the villagers have to adopt and follow. Such traditions were passed onto them, and since those who understand their original meaning are not alive to witness, the suffering for them to undo ...

People in all countries have always been attracted to youth groups because they can identify with the activities of that group. This paper will demonstrate how one youth movement called the Wunderbirds created a place to belong for many German youth after World War I. The idealism and propaganda used by such German Youth groups created an identity by reacting to a common enemy in the years leading up to the war (1922-1939). The Youth of Germany were challenging the status quo; reacting against an older generation of Germans that were accused of the country’s social problems after World War ...

Introduction

Overview of Nazism National Socialism or Nazism is a political ideology which was the doctrine of political leadership in Germany at the time of the Third Reich, and in several other countries. According to many political propagandists has much in common with fascism and communism and usually classified as one of its variants. The term "fascism" is used to refer to a wide range of political movements that have existed in different countries, while the term "national socialism" is used most often in connection with the Nazi Party and the Third Reich. The first systematic and critical analysis of Nazism ...

The terms modernism and modernity have presented a lot of ambiguity in the literature world. Modernism refers to the reactions people had to modernity. Modernity symbolizes the changes that came about in the world in the 19th century. Most of the major changes that came to the world happened in the years 1890-1960 the period from the occurrence of the First World War to the Second World War (Haferkamp and Smelser 26). The First World War brought about major change in chemical weaponry, rise of wireless communication, machine guns, aircraft and armored vehicles among other changes. The First World War ...

Two novels Blindness by Jose Saramago and The Road by Cormac McCarty show the society’s breakdown. These two books have much in common. They leave some sense of emptiness, alarm and imperfection of the world. The main point is to see which one gives us more hope that there is nothing lost for the world. In the beginning of the book by Jose Saramago is the first case of blindness. There is a man, who became blind being in his own car, which stands on the crossroads and waits for the green light. Then the man becomes a victim ...

George Orwell’s book, ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four,' most of the times published as ‘1984’ is a fascinating book. Published in 1949, the book talks about how the ‘Inner Party’ elite persecute individualism. In addition, independent thinking, described by the writer as ‘thoughtcrimes’ is also depicted. The leads character is called Winston Smith. Winston Smith is a man who works for what the writer calls ‘the Ministry of Truth.' The name that he uses for this Ministry is ‘Minitrue.' Tyranny is a theme that is also explored by the writer (NovelGuide). Psychology is defined as ‘the scientific study of human behavior and ...

Research paper

Ia)Short XX century was a historical period , which lasted , according to precipitated British Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm , from 1914 to 1991. In the beginning of this period was the First World War, which resulted in liquidated German, Russian , Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires , and end - collapse of the USSR . It was the onset of total war , the Russian Revolution , the Great Depression, the decline of liberalism and the rise of dictatorships , combining anti-fascist forces in World War II , decolonization and the end of empires , the "golden era" of post-war recovery and the subsequent period of economic crisis , the development ...

The crisis of modern society is expressed in a crisis of identity as an individual social individual (man) and individual communities. The relationship between global, „world „society of individual communities is mediated by the so-called . Mega - trends: scientific and technical progress, economic integration , information and communication revolution , the movement for human rights and the practice of globalization, exposes contradictions identity of traditional and modern society , and identity of human existence in general . Where is the social process role and place of politics and religion - working on new content identity of a man and society , or maintaining the status quo ...

Humans. We have six feelings and we use all of them. We can hear, smell, sense with out skin Sometimes we need to hear and smell something for out own pleasure and not to survive. Art. This is what we call things that exist for our pleasure. Music to hear, pictures to watch, sculptures to touch. There are different kinds of arts. We have theatres to present please to our ears and eyes at the same time. We have operas and ballets to please ears, eyes and the feelings of beauty. Art can be classified according to different ...

Chapter 1:1. Define the State. 2. Define Power Power - is a capability to impose one`s will, to affect the activities and behavior of other people, even in contradiction to their resistance. Political power – is an ability of one individual or a group of individuals to control behavior of citizens and of society on the basis of state aims. 3. Distinguish Authority from Legitimacy Legitimacy – is consent of the people with power, when they voluntarily recognize its right to make binding decisions. Authority – is limited responsibilities and rights, formally granted to anyone in order to let ...

The countries that were defeated in the World War I, and especially Germany, had additional reasons for the rise of fascism. One of them was a sense of humiliation experienced by the nation due to payment of reparations to victorious countries for the damage caused, which in official propaganda and in everyday life was regarded as the greatest shame of the German nation, which could be cleaned only by a new blood. Fascist leaders successfully used this moment and deliberately fueled the revanchist sentiment. In Germany, which suffered from the crisis stronger than other countries, intensified the revolutionary movement. As a result, ...

Benito Mussolini of Italy and Adolf Hitler of Germany were two leaders of the world who initiated and established an air of totalitarianism in their respective countries. Both of them came into power after WWI. Their tactics and ideologies were more similar than some may think, sharing only few differences. Both Mussolini and Hitler took part in WWI as corporals from their respective homelands and later on when the war ended, established their own national parties. The government in Italy and Germany could not stand against the postwar consequences which brought unemployment, poverty, political instability. These factors led the ...

Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian novel written by George Orwell in 1928 and printed in 1949. The story takes place in Oceania and the main character is Winston. The book presents the negative side of the Utopian society which was controlled and ruled by rigid totalitarianism. This book seemingly gives the reader an idea of what will be happening in the years to come as the world will be under a totalitarian form of government. The book carries a warning to the world on totalitarianism. George Orwell creates a government in his novel ruled by one dictator, Big Brother. The Party, ruled ...

George Orwell was a novelist and a journalist who rewrote passages from the bible. His work was marked by wit, intelligence and clarity of democratic socialism beliefs, social injustice awareness and totalitarianism opposition. The passages both meant the same thing but every line in the passage was written indirectly or directly for democratic socialism and against totalitarianism. Orwell also used his journalism as well as his fiction writing to defend the political convictions. In his “English Language and politics,” George Orwell in particular parodied passage from Ecclesiastes that is from King James. George Orwell uses language that is metaphorical yet ...

"it might be a mistake to assume that the inconstancy and forgetfulness of the masses signify that they are cured of the totalitarian delusion, which is occasionally identified with the Hitler or Stalin cult; the opposite might well be true." (Chapter 10)

Arendt, in this quote, is referencing the tendency for totalitarian leaders to be forgotten and quickly abandoned after their own deposing, and that much of the time the totalitarian ideals go with them. To that end, it can be assumed (or at least implied) that people tend to follow the leader more so than the position; however, Arendt ...

1) - Totalitarian movements are mass organizations of atomized, isolated individuals. (Chapter 10) - It was recognized early and has frequently been asserted that in totalitarian countries propaganda and terror present two sides of the same coin (Chapter 11) - Totalitarian propaganda raised ideological scientificality and its technique of making statements in the form of predictions to a height of efficiency of method and absurdity of content because, demagogically speaking, there is hardly a better way to avoid discussion than by releasing an argument from the control of the present and by saying that only the future can ...

Introduction

The animal farm is a book written by George Orwell during the Second World War and published during the rise of the Russia. This short novel is a satire on totalitarianism as was practised in the Soviet Union.. The book is a fable whose casts is Mr. Jones and his farm particularly the animals. It depicts how he oppressed them continuously. The animals in the farm, motivated by Major’s (an old pure breed pig) death and tired of oppression from their farmer, Mr. Jones, planned a revolution to overthrow him. The revolution was based on the insights of Major and the ...

1984 - Freedom

In George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, one of literature's most potent and well-known dystopian futures is realized. The Party, a dictatorship that controls every aspect of the world called Oceania, keeps its people in line through the use of surveillance, strict rules about society and behavior, and huge gaps in class and income. Big Brother, the so-called leader of the Party, is always watching - as a result, people are less inclined to rebel or step out of line. Sexuality is repressed, as is religion and free thought. In the midst of all this, Winston Smith wishes to rebel ...

1984 - The Women, the Party, and Identity

In George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, one of literature's most potent and well-known dystopian futures is realized. The Party, a dictatorship that controls every aspect of the world called Oceania, keeps its people in line through the use of surveillance, strict rules about society and behavior, and huge gaps in class and income. Big Brother, the so-called leader of the Party, is always watching - as a result, people are less inclined to rebel or step out of line. Sexuality is repressed, as is religion and free thought. In the midst of all this, ...

Discuss the system of alliances that emerged during and after the Congress of Vienna. What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna and was the Congress successful in implementing these goals? Did the system of alliances remain intact a century later?

The congress of Vienna was convened by the four powers that had contributed the most to conquer napoleon. These four powers included Russia, Austria, Britain and Prussia. This congress was convened in an attempt to make stable the map of Europe following the mayhem caused by war that had lasted for more than twenty years. This congress was ...