Essays on European History

Works of art can communicate critical information on the times in which they were created. Different time periods and different cultural backgrounds provide the stylistic and media elements of a work of art. There may be no specific intent to portray the times, but that is what happens when the artist creates a work of art in a particular artistic period. Examples of art works from two distinctly different times and cultures will demonstrate how the art in the Medieval period of European history and Pop Art from the late mid-20th century differ. The Medieval period in art history ...

Council of Clermont was a church assembly, which was called by Pope Urban II in the French city of Clermont in 1095 to address church administrative and political issues. At the end of this meeting Urban II made a spirited speech, the results of which had a great influence on the whole European history. Although there is no accurate record of the words of the Pope, some versions of the contemporaries remained that can provide approximate interpretations of what was said during this assembly. The goal of this paper is to analyze these historical accounts and show the significance ...

The concept of the mental map, cognitive psychology, does not represent a vividly defined research theory. They are, however, stereotypes, cartographic history, discourse history and the history of travel. The developments in the field of geography and urban planning have tremendously contributed to the concept of cognitive map becoming a paradigm for interdisciplinary research on the on the spatial orientation capacity of humans. Mental mapping in academics, however, refers to the mental abilities that enable an individual to collect, organize, store, remember and analyze information about the spatial environment. It represented the spatial knowledge in the human brain and ...

Discuss the Rise of the States’ Decolonization, Independence/Secession Processes that succeeded in the Last Years as well as the Current Independence/Secession Processes going on in the World Now.

Historically, decolonization has been occurring in stages, from 1776 to 1991, designing the current global order of the states through revolutions. It is a term used to refer to the process of ending the colonial rule in all facets, including different political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of this process. For around 200 years, the colonial rule, represented by the European monarchs has impacted the relationship between similar and opposing forces ( ...

Introduction

The Getty Villa is a significant cultural and heritage center in the United States. Based in Malibu, it accommodates thousands of ancient pieces of artwork that marked important European era. Paintings are essential elements in this museum. Through this paper, I focus on two paintings I encountered during my visit to the museum. A critical analysis of the two artworks will be used to reinforce the arguments presented in the paper. Additionally, the similarities and contrasts of the two pieces of art will go a long way in shedding some light on the magnificence of Getty Villa’s inventory. ...

Impact of the Second World War on Western Europe

The war had a devastating impact on the social, economic, and political life of Western Europe. Psychologically, the people of Western Europe were tired of the war. It is perhaps the most significant difference between the aftermaths of WWI and WWII. Consequently, calls for retaliation and nationalistic sentiment were not as high. The severity of the psychological anguish is illustrated by the millions of people that the war left dead. Many more were displaced from their homes (White, 1953). Sickness and injury were the norm rather than the exception. Many, especially the Jews and those that survived the Nazi ...

Eugenics is usually a desire by the superior class of humans to create a society whose members are superior and have supernatural abilities. In the world of certain eugenics sections of the society who are considered defective and do not warrant to mix and interbreed. In an attempt to create a perfect society, the beliefs of the eugenicists took into consideration application of the theories of evolution in outrageous mannerism to thwart the influence of defective members of the society (Allen 314-25). In their quest, they supported the application of Darwin’s theories that projected survival only to the ...

Background

The US Wall Street Crash of 1929, otherwise known as “Black Thursday” occurred on October 24, 1929, and is the most damaging stock market crash in the history of the United States. According to the website of the London Times, It is said that this crash heralded a consequential depression of the US economy that lasted for 10 years. It is said that the antecedent reason for the crash of the stock market was the people continued to purchase stocks, as they were attracted to the continuous rising of stock prices owing to the growing industrialization of the United States. ...

With the development of educational thought, it is necessary, albeit very briefly, understand its current position. In Christianity, there are always two things: 1) Christianity is the doctrine of this life, and 2) Christianity is the doctrine of eternal life. The most important problem of Christianity - the problem of salvation - appears in this life, and in addition, Christianity represents a revelation given over not to somehow get through this life, but with love to carry your life cross. This explains the fact that Christianity has given an unprecedented flowering of human cultural forces in all areas: art, science, ...

Introduction

Renaissance formed a part of the European history that marked the beginning of the modern world. The process started in the fourteenth century and ended in the sixteenth century with the rebirth of rationalized civilization in Italy. Most writers appreciate the aspect of renaissance after Francesco Petrarch was crowned Poet Laureate, marking its beginning in April 1341. Additionally, the renaissance period was referred to as the transition between the dark ages and the modern civilized world. The period was of significance in history because it promoted scientific, intellectual, and artistic development and improved knowledge of world affairs. Renaissance formed a period ...

In human history, few pandemics can be compared to the Back Death. This pandemic took place between the years of 1346 and 1353 in Europe, killing between 75 and 200 million people. To date, there is no theory about the causal agents of the pandemic. However, research indicates that Yersinia pestis bacterium was the responsible pathogen for such mass deaths, causing many forms of plague. The origin of the Black Death is believed to be Central Asia’s arid plains, travelling along the Silk Road to reach Crimea by 1343. It was then carried by oriental rat fleas ...

Question 1. The Crusades are probably the greatest symbol of the religious enthusiasm of the age. What were the goals of the Crusades? Targets? What motivated people to go on a crusade besides religious zeal? How do we account for their general failure? How were the Crusades viewed by the Muslims, as indicated by the evidence from “Listening to the Past”? What lasting impact did they have? Answer 1. Modern history judges the crusades as severe and prejudiced and declares the celebrated period of Christian history as morally evil. There have been apologies for the crusades from many ...

The term renaissance was coined in the 14th and the 15th century by Italian intellectuals and was used by these intellectuals in describing their age or era the one which saw the rebirth of learning, literature and arts. This was after a long, vast and dark period through the middle ages. This period is the most disputed in European history. Ironically, though, it is the most interesting periods in the European history. Many intellects view this period as being unique and as having characteristics of its own variant with other periods in history. Another group of scholars are of the ...

Scientific advancements are generally associated with Europe at a point in history when superstition, fear and absolute devout to religious beliefs got replaced with reasoning and knowledge. Up until a change in people’s view of the world started by the help of the great scientists of history, the whole of Europe and the then discovered world saw its habitation, the Earth, and everything happening in it with the eye of religion, mostly the teachings of the bible, so their values were basically world-denying. Great kings and kingdoms of that age ruled and governed majorly by biblical teachings and the church ...

The scientific revolution of the 17th century is strongly associated with the name of a genius scholar Isaak Newton. His contribution to the world’s scientific thought can hardly be overestimated. Born in 1642 on the Christmas night in Woolsthhorpe, which is situated in Lincolnshire, England, the child was destined to change the world and become the culminating figure in the revolution of scientific knowledge. A genius as he was, Isaak Newton left his legacy in every fundamental area of that time science: mathematics, mechanics, optics and astronomy. Isaak stepped into this world in the farmer’s family ...

In his book, “Roman Law in European History,” Peter Stein takes up the role of the storyteller to narrate to his readers how Roman law developed from the Twelve Tables to the twentieth century, even after the demise of the ancient Roman society. This 133-page book might be short, but it is a splendid way to learn how ancient Roman law lived on, and to comprehend its importance. It takes readers back to when Europe was reviving from the Middle Ages, and the search for a common law or ius commune has been brought about by the European movement. The emphasis ...

The European history has been associated with the industrial revolutions that saw the development of trade and culture of the people. There is a lot that is said about the great leaders that are considered key in the transformation of the continent to what it is. Eric Wolf takes us through a different aspect of European history, which he considered key to the developments that have been experienced. This is all about the unspoken people whose contributions facilitated trade connections and gave Europe a name that it currently holds in the world. These are the poor peasants who were mostly migrants to ...

Abstract

Under the fairly broad topic heading of “Women and World War I”, this research paper discusses the roles of women in countries directly involved in World War I, the opportunities available to them to actively support their country’s war effort, and the effects on their lives in those troubled times. Predictably, there were differences between the women’s permitted roles in the various countries discussed (United States, Great Britain, Australia, Canada, Germany and Russia). One thing common to most countries discussed in this paper is that women earned a new respect and gained an increase in status as a result ...