Essays on Optics

The invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope, in 1982 resulted in the emergence of a whole new category of microscopic techniques. All these techniques fall under the family of probe microscopy, which basically involves the interaction of a sample with the sharp tip of a probe at distances of the order of a few μm to a few nm. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is one such scanning probe microscope that builds an image that describes the surface topology of a sample based on the atomic forces of interaction between the tip of the probe and the sample surface. ...

WINTER 2016

PURPOSE: APPARATUS: Fiber optics of various lengths Trainer boards Function generator and LED Circuits Radio Wood board and tape Reflective Material Paper Ac voltmeter Cables INTRODUCTION: Fiber optics refers to a field of study under both engineering and applied sciences. It deals with the designing and usage of optical fibers. The fibers are flexible and transparent manufactured through the drawing of plastic or silica (glass) to diameters slightly greater than those of human hairs. Most often, optical fibers serve in the transmission of light between the two fiber’s ends. They find a wide use communications since they can ...

Introduction

The fiber optic systems are systems which use light as a mode of communication. The system includes fiber cables which allow for the transmission of light through them. Inside the cable are special coatings for protection and also to enable the transmission of light through total internal reflection (Hoss and Lacy). The light is then converted into electrical signals through the use of light detectors having in mind that the signal was produced by a light emitting diode. The use of optics is very wide since the use of light is much more efficient and also flexible being that ...

Trigonometric computations are used in nearly all fields of geometry, physics and engineering. The triangulation technique has the great importance, which allows measuring the distance in astronomy and geography, monitoring the satellite navigation system. Also trigonometry is used in such areas as music theory, acoustics, optics, analysis of financial markets, electronics, probability theory, statistics, biology, medicine and so on. Daniel Bernoulli, Fourier and Cauchy made a huge contribution to the involvement of trigonometry and developed the idea of trigonometric series. In the middle of the XVIII century, appeared the most important in its consequences "argument of a string". Euler ...

- The color of light we observe is determined by the Wavelength or Frequency of light that passes through our eyes and interpreted by our brain.

- The only perceived wavelength of colors in the electromagnetic spectrum is the Visible Region, with red having the longest wavelength and violet having the shortest.

- Emission spectroscopy measures the wavelength of light emitted by electrons when they drop from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, while absorption spectroscopy measures the wavelength of light absorbed by a cooler material when a hot object passes through it.

- Properties of a ...

The history of glass can be traced back to 3500 BC in Mesopotamia and the first jar made of glass was made in 3000BC. The first historical archaeological evidence of glass was discovered in ancient Egypt along the Mediterranean coast where it is estimated that that the first glass like object was discovered from the slug waste that was used from extracting metals. Indigenous production of glass progressed commercially in 1730 BC, and in Ancient China took out late as compared to metalwork and ceramics. It later took a giant production root that saw it to become among the leading ...

Organization Culture

Sarros,Copper & Santora(2008) finds that most organizations concentrate in bringing the latest technological infrastructure to transform the procedures of work. In doing so, organizations tend to ignore the workers and organization culture which is the engine that has the most impact. An organization culture depends with the founders of the institution their beliefs and core practices. It is vital for an organization to engage the employees who design products to enable the organization become successful. Leaders’ decision-making criteria affect the behavior of workers. In this view Sarros,et al (2008) suggest that to ensure a high performance culture ...

A computer network or topology is how computers are connected to each other. This is the physical and logical connection of computers. The selection of a network is important for it determines the speed and efficiency of communication in the network. There are three types of networks which include the local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN) and wide area network (WAN). These are used in accordance to the size of the area. For instance the local area network is used in areas of radius not exceeding 30 miles. It is mostly used in offices and small institutions. Comparing ...

Introduction

When the first crude telescopes grazed the vast space, the 17th century and astronomers such as Kepler and Galileo was already making discoveries of such as the moon craters, the rings of the planet Saturn, and the giant planet Jupiter. These discoveries paved the way for a more extensive exploration of the cosmos, which was ultimately revolutionized by the birth of the Hubble telescope. In April 1990, word’s most advanced space telescope named after the astronomer Edwin P. Hubble was launched at 353 miles above the earth’s surface with a mission to see deeper into space and beyond. The ...

Lab Report

Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to show how prism separates white light into its component colors and to show how different colors are refracted at different angles through a prism. It was hypothesized that violet color would be the most refracted because it had the lowest wavelength.

Materials

- Light source - Trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit - Blank White Paper

Procedure

The light source was placed in a ray box mode on a sheet of blank white paper and a single white ray was selected by turning the wheel. Trapezoid was positioned such that its acute angle side faced ...

Abstract

This paper pertains to discussing the Schrodinger equation along with its historical background. The paper starts with an introduction to quantum mechanics and requirement of Schrodinger equation. The paper highlights the need of Schrodinger equation in light of progresses made in quantum mechanics. The paper also highlights the historical background of the development of Schrodinger equation after which the paper also briefly touches the development of the same through classical means. The paper discusses about the Schrodinger equation while presenting the same for a hydrogen atom. The paper ends with conclusion in which the importance of Schrodinger equation is highlighted.

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Biosensors emerged as an important technology that has gained much attention in different fields of study. Biosensor is "a self-contained analytical device that combines the biological component with a physicochemical component for the detection of an analyte of biological importance." (Hasan et al. 2014). Perumal & Hashim (2013) defined it according to IUPAC recommendation of 1999, which states that a biosensor is, "an independently integrated receptor transducer device, which is capable of providing selective quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element."The application of nanobiotechnology in the production of biosensors and various other applications is one of the most revolutionary trends ...

Artist of OP Art

Artist of OP Art

Introduction

Op art refers to the artwork that involves the paintings and sculptures based upon illusion. It is described as an “Optical Art” that revolves around movements and directly attacks an eye. It uses optics and by having an immense use of disorientating and optical effects, the paintings are finalized by using brilliant colors, geometrical shapes, and different patterns. OP art is mainly an abstract art in which forms, lines, and space play a major role of bringing out a painting of ambiguous nature. In other and simple words, an op art is an illusion of movement meaning ...

Executive Summary

This project is based on the combinational network design of the XYZ private school. Currently, the school has deployed hard-wired network connections, but now due to outgrown school network requirement, the administration has realized to upgrade the system. For this purpose, it needs a reliable, larger, and a unique setup for the school’s network. This project is meant to resolve the issues of students, teachers, and administration staff. The centralized database system will make it easier for the staff and students to communicate and share information with each other in the school campus. It will enforce CIPA standards to secure ...

<Student’s name> <Professor’s name>

Introduction Euclid (near 365 - 300 BC) is a Greek mathematician, lived in Alexandria, in the 3rd BC. The main work "Elements" (15 books), containing the basics of ancient mathematics, elementary geometry, number theory, the general theory of relations and the method of determining areas and volumes, which included elements of the theory of limits, has had an enormous influence on the development of mathematics. He worked on astronomy, optics, music theory. Information about the time and place of his birth did not reach us, but we know that ...

Impressionism refers to a period of art that existed in 19th century. It originated from the France based artists as they exhibited their work in the public in 1874. The origin of the word impression can be traced from Luis Leroy, an art critic, as he commented on Monet’s painting. He referred the painting to be just an impression and should not be considered finished, thus the named adoption of the name. The early impressionists were radical painters who used to changing the idea of the historic impressionists. Impressionism had certain characteristics that would define their painting. For ...

Newton`s contribution to physics

Newton studied all the basic questions of physics and mathematics relevant to his time. Mighty apparatus of Newton`s mechanics, its versatility and ability to explain and describe a wide range of natural phenomena, especially astronomical, had a tremendous impact on many areas of physics and chemistry. “His study and understanding of light, the invention of the reflecting telescope (1668), and his revelation in his Principia of the mathematical ordering of the universe are all represented on his monument in Westminster Abbey” (“Sir Isaac Newton”). Newton's influence on the further development of physics is enormous. Nowadays all scholars think the ...

(Course No.) (City & State) A recommended solution for Karaaka is fiber optic connection. Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds of up to gigabits thereby providing considerably high data rates. In addition, fiber optics has the advantage of transmitting signals over long distances unaffected. Analogue systems provide a host of challenges in transmission and distribution. In analogue implementation, the logical and physical connections are one and the same implying that most connections are point-to-point with each cable representing individual channels. Analogue audio for instance requires copper cables for signals, but these systems offer little flexibility to accommodate ...

Introduction

Thin-film optics is a division of optics that deals with the very thin structured layers of materials. The condition of exhibiting thin-film optics is that the thickness of the layers of the material should in order of visible light wavelength usually about 500nm. At this scale, layers can have remarkable reflective properties based on the difference in refractive index and wave interference between layers, the substrate and the air. The effects called thin-film interference alters the way the optic transmits and reflects light and they are observable in oil slicks and soap bubbles. A dielectric mirror also called is ...

Definition

Magnification refers to the process of making an object larger or smaller in size. It can be said basically to be the altering of the size the object. The magnified object is referred to as an image. Therefore the magnified object is shall only appear larger or smaller in size with the physical size maintained. This change is calculated and given in a numerical number referred to as the magnification.

Areas where magnification is used

Magnification is used in many fields of study and real life situations. In biology, small objects are magnified so as to be viewed properly. This involves the use of microscopes. ...

Healthcare personnel are increasingly incorporating and employing technology-based alternatives to support and improve healthcare delivery. Telemedicine programs are rapidly gaining traction all over the world. Telecommunication technologies are utilized to exchange medical information and data thus allowing seamless provision of healthcare across social, cultural, geographical and temporal barriers. Current technologies in fiber optics include baseband and broadband video fiber optic transmissions. Broadband fiber optic communication is the latest technology that encompasses applications that utilizes high speed and high bandwidth consumption. Such applications such as fiber optic CCTV transmission and VOSCOM’s fiber optic transmission systems for transmitting multimedia ...

Write a 700-word essay exploring the intellectual gifts of Islam. In the end, what was Islam’s attitude towards the discoveries of ancient scholars and how did that relationship spark the Renaissance Perhaps, when thinking over what Islam gave essential to mankind, the first item comes to mind is a giving a significant unity to people practicing this religion. According to Islam, all of humanity comes from God, being a kind of a single family. All people are equal. People differ in a national belonging, skin color, eye shape and origin, as Allah has divided the people on these grounds only for distinguishing each ...

Our modern thoughts on science were brought about by what is known ad the scientific revolution. It transformed the fields of all the sciences including, mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry. Many believe this period in time began during the renaissance in Europe and continued on through the 18th century. Two main figures in the scientific revolution were Sir Issac Newton, who was an English physicist and mathematician, and Galileo Galilei an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 and was an Italian mathematician and physicist. His work included the construction of a ...

INTRODUCTION

The internet is termed as a revolutionary change in every society because of the technological and societal changes it brings about. The ease of access and exchange of information has become a phenomenon that is replacing old concepts. Companies are outsourcing their services to companies located overseas through the internet. The place and time of working has been greatly impacted by the internet. People work from the comfort of their homes at any time of the day and night possible through improved internet connectivity thanks to technologies such as fiber optics. The paper will review some of the current fiber optic ...

Introduction

A rainbow can be defined as both metrological and optical phenomenon which is seen as a result of the reflection of light in the water droplets more so when it is raining.(David K. & Livingston, W. 67). This phenomenon occurs in the earth’s surface where by a spectrum of light is formed in the sky resulting to a multicolored arc. Usually, rainbows caused by sunlight are seen in the section of the sky which is directly opposite the sky. Whereas in the primary rainbow, the outer part of the arc shows red while the inner part shows violet colors. This type ...

Isaac Newton also called the father of all science has vastly influenced the science world greatly. He came up with theories and advancements in science that have been used since then to solve problems of the modern day science. His discoveries and theories have had an effect on the fields of mathematics, mechanics, optics, astronomy, alchemy, experimental chemistry, and theology.

Mathematics

Newton at a time worked in Cambridge as a mathematics professor. It was when he was at Cambridge that he came up with calculus which was a new mathematics field. Newton came up with infinitesimal calculus to be exact with whom he ...

The technique of low coherence reflectometry has been extended to tomographic imaging in the systems of the biological. The light from the coherence property which is reflected from the retina provides the required information from the reflective boundaries of the delay on the time-of-flight. This delayed information helps in determining the longitudinal site location of the reflection. This is achieved by the use of OCT system’s scans providing the location of the reflected site map in a two-dimension. It uses a mode that operates in the analogous which is then converted to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging . The resolution of the ...

The scientific revolution of the 17th century is strongly associated with the name of a genius scholar Isaak Newton. His contribution to the world’s scientific thought can hardly be overestimated. Born in 1642 on the Christmas night in Woolsthhorpe, which is situated in Lincolnshire, England, the child was destined to change the world and become the culminating figure in the revolution of scientific knowledge. A genius as he was, Isaak Newton left his legacy in every fundamental area of that time science: mathematics, mechanics, optics and astronomy. Isaak stepped into this world in the farmer’s family ...

Technology is taking an important role in each and every aspect of our lives. It has ventured in virtually aspects of our lives impacting heavily on three main aspects of our lives. The text elaborates clearly on our dilemma between three technological pillars that make our lives fully intertwined with technology. These pillars are: computers, communication and digital entertainment. The book extensively elaborates what a computer is, communication within the various forms of networks and consequences of digital world alongside the advantages (Beckman, 4). Among the many issues discussed in this book is the issue of computer hardware. From a ...

Technology

Discussion on Inclusion/Exclusion of Fiber Optics and UTP Cabling Design for Gates Widget Company

Fiber Optics an UTP Cabling in Design

Mr. B. Gates the owner of Gates Widget Company has ordered to design a cable network that will be used for the three buildings in the companys premises namely, Day care, factory and the administrative building. The focus of discussion in terms of inclusion and exclusion of cabling technology is for the administrative building. There are two types of cables that will be used in the design. First is the UTP or unshielded twisted pair which has a maximum VDV ( ...

1.0INTRODUCTION This project proposal seeks to explain how the expansion of the use of mobile technology in the University of Toronto can be achieved; by the use of fibre optic cable. Fibre optics is a very useful mode of communication. Basically, it is a technology wherein glass threads or plastic is used to transmit information. Such a cable consists of a bunch of glass threads and messages are modulated into light waves. With a higher bandwidth, fiber optic cables are capable of carrying more data than any other mode of communication. The demand for education, all over the world, is increasing with ...

Isaac Newton was an English scientist who not only studied but made stupendous discoveries in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. However, he is also a well-known astronomer, natural philosopher and theologian. Sir Isaac Newton was born in three months after the death of his father and when his mother remarried he moved to his grandparents. These were the people that raised him from his youth. On reaching the proper age, Newton attended Cambridge University where he stayed until the plague hit. Even though he called his age of the time of the plague "the prime of my age for invention", ...