Essays on Hedging

Carry trade is a means of trading where an investor borrows money from a financial institution then invests the same in assets with the hope of getting a profit from the assets. This means of trading is popular in the foreign exchange market. It involves borrowing from low-interest rate currency then converting that currency into that of a high yielding one. There are two ways in which an investor can earn for the carry trade. One can either invest in a high yielding currency or invest in an asset that has prospects of increasing its worth. These assets can ...

Abstract

When an organization has cash inflows and outflows of foreign nature, the cash forecast for every currency will help during the identification of the currency exposures. The format of the estimation should allow the users to determine the balance for every currency and whether there is a growing shortage or extra money over time based on reasonable cash flows. The increasing gaps between the cash inflows and outflows may need hedging, and the cash flows that offset over time represents the issue of timing effectively. The management of foreign exchange transaction can be achieved through the offsetting transactions to ...

Galaxy International operates in a niche market; this is because skiing is only possible in very specific areas, and only a limited number of the population skis regularly anyway. Despite this, the company has performed outstandingly well to be achieving the level of sales with a small staff. This being said, Galaxy International needs to raise capital quickly and in an efficient way to successfully continue expanding to fully capture its full market size. By offering a unique product that is flexible yet tough, Jeremy is likely to continue to increase the volume of his sales and therefore the ...

CONCLUSION

5. Conclusion The research was conducted complying with a predefined set of tools, techniques, and methods. It was accomplished without exceeding the limit of time and other resource allocated for this purpose. This chapter sets out to throw light as to what degree the study has succeeded in meeting research objectives and how it can be applied to managerial level. It is followed by detailed identifications of future prospects of research based on the current study. Finally, the researcher draws attention to some of the drawbacks of the research project along with an assessment of their impact on overall ...

Internal Analysis of Encana

Internal Analysis of Encana

Introduction

The oil and gas industry in North America is currently experiencing challenges and transition stage. The increasing need for the environment-friendly and sustainable forms of energy is affecting the industry negatively as more governments and companies are encouraged to use energy with no or low carbon emission. More companies are now developing solar and wind energy and create vehicles that can rely on electricity rather than oil. Such growing trend in the energy sector resulted to lower demand of oil and gas particularly in the North America. Many oil and gas producing countries and companies ...

Introduction to Convertible Bonds

Convertible bonds consist of the bonds that are easily converted into the stocks. These convertible bonds are issued by the company and like any other normal bonds it has maturity date and face value. The convertible bondholder has all the rights of converting the bond into the predetermined share numbers of the respective company in an identified period. The factors influencing the bondholder converting or not depend on the stock interest rates and prices.

Contract conditions and Payoffs

The convertible bonds market conditions are not standardized and hence making it differ depending on every contract case. The maturity date being one of the ...

Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines is the largest low-cost airline in USA and the 3rd largest carrier in the world (as per the number of domestically carried passengers). It was founded in 1971 and headquartered in Dallas – Texas. The airline operates an average of over 3,800 flights every day. Southwest Airlines offers its scheduled services to 40 states and 98 destinations. Its fleet size has reached up to 72 aircrafts that are comprised of Boeing 737s. (Dess et.al, 2014).

Mission Statement of Southwest Airlines & Its Appropriateness

The mission of Southwest Airlines is, “Dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, individual pride, ...

Based on the above discussion, recommend and justify the risk exposures that should be reported as part of an Enterprise Risk Management System for the Toyota Motor Company? (10 Marks) The first risk that Toyota is faced with is the investment in commodities. Commodities such as non-ferrous metals, precious metals, ferrous alloys, energy, and plastic resin from outside sources may be subjected to price changes. Changes in prices can have a negative impact on the productivity for Toyota because inflated prices may result in delayed projects and the inability to complete planned products based on a lack of resources. ...

Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines is the largest low-cost airline in USA and the 3rd largest carrier in the world (as per the number of domestically carried passengers). It was founded in 1971 and headquartered in Dallas – Texas. The airline operates an average of over 3,800 flights every day. Southwest Airlines offers its scheduled services to 40 states and 98 destinations. Its fleet size has reached up to 72 aircrafts that are comprised of Boeing 737s.

Mission Statement of Southwest Airlines & Its Appropriateness

The mission of Southwest Airlines is, “Dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, individual pride, friendliness and Corporate ...

QI: Difference Between Distributive and Integrative Bargaining

Purchasing and supply chain management in organizations is a complex set of relationships. Based on the size, scale and business strategy companies can choose to develop local, national, international and even global supply chain. This choice outlines the complexity of the purchasing operations along with the product and downstream operations of the companies. The role of purchasing department to adds value and optimizes the costs of the organization, but ensuring most effective and productive negotiation and purchasing process with the upstream and middle stream suppliers. There are two major approaches to the negotiation in any type of situations. These ...

Q1. If an asset is owned in Germany by a US company and the dollar loses value (Euro gains value) then the asset’s value would depreciate on the company’s balance sheet. Q 2. Foreign exchange risk is present because foreign exchange rates keep on fluctuating. Q 3. A currency correlation shows the relationship between the values for two currencies.

Q 4. Explain in 2 or 3 paragraphs what hedging is and explain a type of hedge? How does the hedge work?

Hedging is a foreign exchange strategy used by international traders where they aim at limiting losses and remain capable of making profits. It is therefore a way of protecting forex investments against possible losses. This is an essential ...

1.0. Introduction Every business is exposed to small and big risks in its internal and external business environment and risk management strategies are directed to eliminate, avoid, or manage these risks. An effective mechanism for risk management ensures the long term survival, growth, and profitability of an organization. The importance of risk management is peaking in the modern business climate that is much more characterized by uncertainties and risks than its classical form. Financial institutions, as well as all other types of organizations, are also faced with certain threats within their business life, and several of them, if not ...

Introduction

A global supply chain is composed of processes, interrelated entities, and resources that make and deliver products and services to customers across many countries (Drake, 2012). Due to globalization and increase in international trade, companies are operating and sourcing products and services in many countries. There has been a rise in multinational companies with plants or stores in different countries. This underscores the need for global supply chains to enhance the operations of these companies. Some companies use global supply chains to source for products.

Benefits of global supply chains

Global supply chains enable a company to compete all over the world. A company ...

Introduction

The main objective of entrepreneurs is to achieve profitability and growth of their ventures. Most of the entrepreneurs who have saturated their domestic markets seek to globalize their operations to increase profitability and achieve growth (Vinturella & Erickson, 2013). Globalization of business operations involves various considerations to facilitate the assessment of the viability of business expansion. Primarily, organizations seeking to go international must consider their financial capabilities and the risks involved (Vinturella & Erickson, 2013). Entrepreneurs can expand their businesses by increasing production and exportation or establishment of operating plants in different countries. This paper will answer various questions regarding the ...

Financial Institution Supervision: Insurance Companies

Introduction Insurance, in the simplest terms, means a transference of risk from the insured to the insurer. Around the world, individuals, families and businesses take advantage of the provisions of insurance so as to protect the possibilities of catastrophic losses that could occur due to loss of life or failure of a business. Over a period of time, the insurance industry has matured to throw up a multitude of products, and has grown into a multibillion-dollar industry. The management of risk is the key to the operations of the insurance industry. While insurance agencies have necessary internal checks and ...

Response to Question One

I agree with your assertions that risk management entails the process of identification, measurement, and assessment of the levels of a risk that a firm or organization can assume. Most firms establish the risk levels with the primary objective of mitigating the negative elements that they have on financial results and capital (Bessis, 2010). I also agree with your assertion that risk management entails different steps. The first step is the identification of the risk. The second step is the identification of the causes of the risk. For example, incomplete data, corrupted information, and unsatisfactory behaviour call all lead ...

International FinanceName of the StudentCourseProfessorUniversityDate

International Finance INTRODUCTION

British Airways is one of the leading airlines in the United Kingdom primarily dealing with vacations and flights internationally. They have several subsidiaries and have increased their fleet to 262 planes. British Airways now has flights to 169 destinations.

Company B: Volkswagen

Volkswagen, Europe’s leading carmaker and one of the most successful global companies, reported a 95 drop in 2003 fourth quarter profits which collapsed from €1.05 billion to a plain €50 million. For all of 2003, Volkswagen’s operating profit fell by 50 percent from the record levels attained in 2002. Although the profit crash had more ...

Currency Hedge

Over the few decades, the financial markets have seen explosion in the derivative markets. Even though notable investors such as Warren Buffet has called derivatives as the weapon of Mass Destruction’’, still, derivatives accounts for a market worth trillions of dollars as companies around the world use these instruments to hedge their risk exposures. Below we have discussed three traditional derivative instruments and how they are used by the companies to hedge their foreign exchange exposure:

Currency Forwards:

Currency Forwards are the derivative contracts as part of which, one party agrees to buy a predetermined amount of one currency for a ...

International finance

Question 1: Uses of the balance of payment data It is used in the recording of economic transactions of the residents of a particular country to the rest of the world within a given period. Current account shows the total net amount a particular country is earning if it’s in excess or spending when in shortage. It’s calculated by net income from exports fewer payments from the imports. While the capital account; deals with the recording of the ownership of the foreign assets. It involves the reserve account and loans and investments a country and the rest ...

PRESENTATION

PRESENTATION

Oil: West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil Spot Contract with a 40% share of the portfolio. The oil is the most important commodity in the world economy. It is used as the main source of energy in the world to empower the transport of goods and people, electricity generation and the use of its physical derivatives for polymer manufacture. The oil has always been attached to geopolitical tensions in Latin America and the Middle East, a very important factor in the price of the commodity. US Dollar: Dollar Index Spot with a 25% share of the portfolio. The US ...

Question 1

Sources of the problem facing Wight Despite Wright comprehend and being clear on his mandate as the Clearwater Seafood’s Chief Financial Officer (CFO) he had faced several challenges. As CFO, he was required to determine the best way to incorporate company’s foreign exchange risk management program into the overall growth strategy of the firm. The company has been benefiting from a weak Canadian dollar. However, strengthening of the Canadian dollar has become a source of the problem that Wight is facing. According to the article, as the Canadian dollar falls, the company’s foreign exchange risk management ...

(A case for a parent firm in a net oil exporting country with subsidiaries in a net importing country that has free market economy, politically stable, positive currency speculation and possibility of government defaulting on its debt)

Oil Prices and Exchange Rate

Oil price dynamics have a bearing on the ability of multinational to precisely model the future exchange rates. In most instances, in order to manage the foreign exchange rate risk that the firm is exposed in the international business arena, most multinational will hedge against the risks that are associated with exchange rate fluctuations. As a result, these multinationals minimize the possible ...

Part one

U.S president purchases a Mercedes Benz C230 Mercedes is made in Germany therefore it will have to be imported to the United States. This is a debit in the balance of payment account. Importing the Mercedes is a transfer of good meaning the current account will be the one to be affected.

U.S resident purchases Chevrolet Impala

Chevrolet is a U.S based firm. Therefore, this is a no entry to the country’s balance of payment statement.

Foreigner purchases GE dryer

GE is a company based in U.S. The country has to export GE dryer to the foreigner leading to a credit entry in the balance of payment. ...

Assignment : Essay based on Chapter 5 of “Beggar thy neighbour”.

Assignment number

Assignment –A (1238 words) Essay-1 Question: The economic consequences of lending at compound interest resulted in loss of productive yield of the society. How finance dominated over economics and politics by using this concept of interest (Geisst 193)?

Introduction

The question given above poses a mandatory evaluation of the harmful impact of the compound interest based lending and consequent ease of loans for the people of America. The author, Charles Geisst, used the viewpoint of John Maynard Keynes to explain that the American society was so possessed by the idea of easily availing the loans using compounded ...

BUSINESS FINANCING

Introduction Business owners and managers seeking financing encounters an essential decision regarding choice of whether to borrow money or to make use new equity capital. Given that equity and debts have very varied characteristics, each of them has different effect on cash-flow, earnings, and taxes as well as on balance sheet. They also have different impacts on any company`s dilution, leverage as well as a host for other financial metrics by which companies are measured. Lastly, each business financing options presents a different kind of relationship in relation to the financing source. Thus, a company`s plan on ...

China Stock Market and Currency

Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) is one of the largest stock markets in the world. The market has over a thousand listed companies, over 6700 listed securities, and over 1100 stocks. Chinese stock market has witnessed sporadic growth that is fueled by the fast economic growth that has been witnessed over the last thirty years. The economic growth was driven by the adoption of various economic reforms and opening up of China to the world. China is now integrated into the global economy and plays a major role in the stabilization of the regional and as well the world economy. ...

Reasons for the severe decline in Chinese Stock market in 2015

Between June 2014 and June 2015, the CSI 300 Index rose by 150%, reaching the peak at 5,166.3 on 12th June 2015. What follows was a severe decline in the stock index. Within just one month, the CSI 300 index had lost 30% to 3,507 on July 8. Several factors caused the fall.

Short selling

In the run-up to the stock market decline, investors were aggressively involved in short selling and margin trading. Short-selling and margin trading allowed investors to purchase shares using borrowed money thereby increasing the demand for stocks. Investors engaged in short-selling sell stocks borrowed from ...

Modeling Exchange Rates

Oil price dynamics will have a bearing on the ability of multinational to precisely model the future exchange rates of the foreign exchange in the countries that they operate. In most instances, in order to manage the risk that the firm is exposed in the international business arena, especially on the foreign exchange rate, most multinational will hedge against the risks that are associated with fluctuations in the exchange rate thus minimizing the possible negative effect that a firm may experience (Jain, 2007). Therefore, in order to take a position in hedging facilities such as currency futures, the firm ...

International Finance

1 a. Discuss the corporate control of your business. Explain why your business in Mexico is exposed to agency problems. b. How would you attempt to monitor the ongoing operations of the business? c. Explain how you might be able to use a compensation plan that limits the potential agency problems? d. Assume that you have been approached by a competitor in Mexico to engage in a joint venture. The competitor would offer the classroom facilities (so that you would not need to rent classroom facilities), while your employees would provide the teaching. You would split the profits with ...

Situation

Speculative Strategy: Currency options Option premium = 1,000,000 × 0.0005 = $500 As shown by the diagram, currency options will help ABC Corporation to mitigate the currency risk. It is speculative since it not only protects the firm from unfavourable movements in the exchange rate but also gives it an opportunity to gain profits. It protects the company from downward movements in the exchange rate since the minimum it can receive is $9,200 irrespective of how low the rate falls. However, the gains from forward exchange rate movements are not limited. If the exchange rate is more than the ...

Coca Cola most recent financial statements for the year the fiscal year ended 31st December 2015, addresses foreign currency exchange risk in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosers about Market Risk (Coca Cola, 72). The company faces significant foreign exchange risk because it operates in 72 currencies and earns $23.934 billion from operations outside the United States (Coca Cola, 72). Coca Cola operates in over 200 countries and faces three types of foreign exchange risk, transaction risk, translation risk, and economic risk. The company manages its foreign exchange rate risk on a consolidated basis. The transaction risk is the ...

Forward Hedge

Spot rate US$ 0.74 Forward rate US$ 0.76 US $ received = 800,000*0.76 = US$ 608,000. If Novena Ltd. takes the forward contract they will exchange the Singapore dollars at the agreed forward rate of US$ 0.76 per Singapore dollar. Under the forward hedge Novena Ltd. will receive US$ 608,000.

Money market Hedge

Step I Borrow in foreign currency 800,000/ (1.07) = SGD$ 747,663.55 In the first step Novena Ltd. Should borrow in Singapore dollars. The amount of money borrowed should be the present value of the expected receipt discounted at Singapore borrowing rate. The present value of SGD$ 800, ...

Article Review of Hedge Clipping

Article Review of Hedge Clipping The major issue that is being investigated in this article is about risk management as a result of clipping the hedge. Moreover, the article has presented several advantages of hedge funds over other financial institutions such as banks and brokerage companies. That is hedge funds are not regulated by the SEC, and this provides them with a considerable latitude for investing the money of their customers. This article applies the financial data between the years 1996 to 2003 because from the article; it is clear that Malkiel and Atanu examined the data between 1996 ...

Introduction

The performance of the business is critical for the investors as well as stakeholders. The discipline of corporate finance offers a variety of the techniques for reviewing the financial performance of the business. In the modern competitive world, a financial performance of the business is not enough for the success. Instead, it is critical to have success in multiple dimensions that ensures sustainability. The underlying report is a comparative assessment of the two brewing companies from UK FTSE 250 listing from the Travel & Leisure sectors and Restaurants & Bars subsectors.

Introduction of Greene King Plc and the Marston’s PLC

The selected companies include Greene King Plc and the Marston’ ...