Essays on Restorative Justice

Incarceration is used to deter juveniles from committing crimes, making the juvenile system more punitive. Serious juvenile crimes are those of a violent in nature, as reported in the FBI Uniform Crime Report. Juvenile arrests for robbery were alarming as this increased more than 30% since 2004 (Roberts 3). Female offenders for robbery have also increased, as reported in 1985 to 2002. Drug abuse violations rank next, but could also be the reason for committing robbery and violent crimes. This kind of juvenile offenses can be considered serious and needs more severe punishment. However, the question here is the ...

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

Abstract Encountering the information about a crime, we tend to find out the allegedly basic issues concerning one’s guilt and the accountability of an offender in the form of just punishment. Such approach is not an exception or a rare case, instead – it is an overwhelming thought. However, in fact, the committing of a crime is far more complicated issue than the mere interrelation between illegal act and inevitable punishment. Nevertheless, people are still likely to neglect the accomplishments of restorative justice as one of incomprehensible novelties. Therefore, this paper is dedicated to the revealing of the truth ...

Essay in English Law Whether it is Unfair for Criminal Justice Insiders to Sit On Jury

Most likely, it is unfair for someone who works in the criminal justice system to be chosen to participate as jury selection-members, in the British legal system. Prior to the time of the Global Recession of 2008, one report discussed several aspects of the UK-defined protocol of what a jury-system process entails. Commentary was made regarding the UK jury system historical roots, trial-jury size, secrecy, independence, and selection (“Jury Service – Crown Prosecution”). One set of erudite Australian Professors noted that the advent of social media had fundamentally caused problems, especially during trials (Wallace et al. 2011). Consider, however, the ...

Yes, I agree with this decision, and the court was right to hold that capital punishment or capital punishment cannot be applied to the case of rape of minors for various reasons which I will set out in the subsequent sections of this paper. The law on the capital punishment in the US is found in the individual criminal codes of each state, but the jurisprudence of the death penalty has largely been shaped by the US Supreme Court. The law in this area was enunciated by the same court when it made it clear in Coker v Georgia ( ...

Introduction

Restorative justice occurs when the offender accepts accountability, and the victim agrees to enter into a reconciliation process. This research paper analyzes the efficiency of restorative justice in Canada.

Values and principles in the society

The restorative justice in Canada is based on four primary principles. The Encounter is the first value, which aims at creating an opportunity for the victim, offender, and the society to meet and discuss the crime (Restorative Justice, 2011). The encounter also aims at creating a forum whereby the parties can examine the consequences of the offense. The second one is Amends, and offers a chance to the offender to ...

Theoretical Essay

In the world of law punishment (alternative name – penalty) is considered as an “infliction of some kind of pain or loss upon a person for misdeed (i.e., the transgression of a law or command).”1 Penalty may take different forms and vary from forced labor, flogging, body mutilation, fines and imprisonment to the capital punishment. The punishment has been very retributive, mostly in the form of revenge, during the pre-modern ages and usually the prosecution was executed by the victims or their families. There was not any proportion between the quantity and quality of wrongdoing and the punishment. The ...

The death penalty remains a most controversial topic not only in the ‘US but the rest of the world for many years now. It was in 1622 that the first execution took place in the United States in Virginia for a criminal in the American colonies as stated by Marcus (838). Many oppose while several others support the death penalty. What adds to the debatable issue are the process, mistakes, and costs involved. The last execution in the US took place in 2015. The paper considers all those issues related to the death penalty and if it is the ...

The latest criminological theories are considered critical because, first, they introduce a new paradigm in the interpretation of reasons why people commit crime. Secondly, these latest criminological theories introduce new perspectives of looking at criminal behavior in a total departure from the traditional criminological theories. Further, these criminological theories represent post-modernism, that is, reflect modern scientific or technological knowledge of crime and criminal behavior. Lastly, these theories are considered critical because they represent a new era of studying crime in light of new developments in the society (Lanier, Henry & Anastasia 106). Postmodernism is a recent movement in criminology studies ...

Introduction

Correctional reforms are an important part of the criminal justice system. The reforms can reduce recidivism or have the opposite effect depending on its implementation based on cultural beliefs. Every region of the world has its unique philosophies. Despite changes in political paradigms, the cultural values find their purpose even in the new laws. Eventually, all penal systems aim to achieve an intolerance for criminal behavior from their respective civilian population. The success of any reformist drive must have the potential to derive a law that will work for the entire community. Although this criterion might seem difficult, it ...

Human Rights for Prisoners

The prisons in developing regions such as Africa are viewed as the worst rehabilitation systems in the world due to overcrowding, violence, and a host of other issues. The institutions do not uphold human rights based on their deficient conditions and practices. However, many rehabilitation systems are under crisis all over the globe (Cavadino, Cavadino & Dignan, 2005). The number of inmates has risen to devastating levels in the developing nations and the United States. The countries need to develop secure prisons that uphold human rights to ensure that the justice system acts as an effective weapon in fighting crime ( ...

Abstract

Rising rates of recidivism in the United States have developed concerns pertaining to the effectiveness of prisons as correctional facilities. In this study, the focus is to assess the suitability of faith-based correctional methods in promoting inmates reentry into the society. Some discussed methods include Inner change programs, prison chaplaincy, and meditational strategies. Several studies have indicated significant declines in recidivism rates among inmates who participated in these initiates. For example, Duwe & Johnson (2013) found that inmates who engaged in Inner change programs in Minnesota were less likely to be arrested by at least 8% compared to their counterparts ...

Introduction

In the modern world, criminal cases are on the rise and the government is not taking any chance for the victims to go unpunished. It is due to this emergence that a Criminal Justice System was formed by lawyers for the lawyers themselves, and the resultant solution was that victims and offenders for their first-time trial should deny the guilt charges against them even when the guilt of the offense. Through research, it was evident that most of the crimes committed were due to poverty, low education, severe murder and unemployment (Canadian Resource Centre for Victims, 2011).

Considering the rights of Victims in Restorative Justice.

Proper restorative ...

(Institute/College/University)

Executive Summary

Recent news reports on racial minorities being shot and killed by the police, or by those taken into custody and are reported to have died while in that situation, pose a grim reminder that the relationship of law enforcement and the racial minorities in the United States have been one filled with tension and conflict, mistrust and suspicion, fear and force, and domination and struggle. This is not a civil rights position paper; rather, this is a research geared to proffer that the instance of encounters between racial minorities and the police have been generally characterized by conflict ...

Justice is the principle and the process of being fair, righteous and equitable (Tonry, M. H., 2011). It is concerned with the result of using the law somewhat so as to punish and judge criminals and their crimes. Justice comes in different types. These are customary adversarial, retributive justice, and restorative justice. Retributive justice emphasizes on finding a wrongdoing and punishing it. It stresses that a crime deserves a penalty as long as it is an equal reaction to the offense committed (Van, Strong, 2013). Conversely, restorative justice aims at rehabilitating the victim, the offenders and the community that ...

Retributive rationale and Utilitarian Rationale

In retributive rationale, the idea of retribution is to ensure that an act of wrong is balanced in the form of punishment inflicted on the offender (Blackburn, Fowler and Pollock, 2012). It is important to note that retribution does not involve a revenge mission as the people giving the punishment have been given the authority to do so by law. The process of deciding the punishment to be done on the offender requires a certain specific procedure to be followed (Blackburn, Fowler and Pollock, 2012). The victim cannot be granted the power to provide punishment for the offender as ...

Restorative justice is an approach to justice that focuses on the needs of the victims and offenders. It gives a different approach on how the society deals with justice. It contrasts with more punitive approaches where the primary objective is to punish the offender and satisfy legal principles. Van Ness and Strong text emphasize four different restorative justice (RJ) values which the authors believe to be “corner posts” of restorative justice practice. These values include inclusion, encounter, amends and reintegration. It is important to give a brief description of what these values. For instance, inclusion is indicated as a ...

Introduction

Restorative justice as a concept in criminal justice is gaining impetus and popularity in workplaces, schools, and even in the criminal justice system. Restorative justice as a concept helps the parties involved in a crime whether as victims or perpetrators understand the impact of the crime through the art of facilitated communication (Wallis 2). Restorative justice arguably restores the social fabric by proactively eliminating conflicts or mending relationships. Restorative justice also enables the perpetrators understand the consequence of their actions, entrenches accountability and responsibility while also giving closure to the affected (Wallis 2). The Canadian justice has benefited from ...

Corporal punishment is considered inflicting of physical pain upon a prisoner as a punishment for violation of a prison rule or regulation. Such forms of conduct include, but are not limited to whipping, cold shower, electrical shocking devices and suspension from cell bars by handcuffs. The use of solitary imprisonment as a system of punishing violations of prison discipline is not included within corporal punishment definition. Most states have no statutes that specifically forbid the use of corporal punishment. Other states, however, prohibit corporal punishment in detention facilities by the statue. The use of corporal punishment to reinforce prison ...

I. While person gets to know something regarding crime or related issues, the offender, the victim are the two parties that necessarily come to mind. The victim, generally, refers to the party that was harmed as a result of the offender’s violation of a criminal law. The key underlying element in this definition is that a person, the offender, is motivated for financial or personal gain to violate a law, rule, regulation or custom. This violation then leads to the injury of another person, the victim. In this sense, the victim is often seen as an unfortunate consequence ...

As a general rule, top-level answers should be a minimum of one paragraph of moderate length. Expect this to be a minimum of 150 words, usually requiring 10 or more sentences. Top-level posts less than 150 words will not be considered for full credit. Opinions are great and should be included! However, when possible, please support any opinion in the discussion with factual information or theory of substantial weight taken from some quality source or sources. For these top-posts you should avoid more than two sentences of direct quotes from any source. For the remainder of the post you should include a combination ...

Introduction

The way how a correctional department handles inmates may vary from state to state. However, these state correctional departments may have something in common. Australian and British correction department authorities usually assign incarcerated individuals in areas that require human resources for community services, public projects and other civic-related works . Now what makes this idea great? Is it beneficial? Can it be considered ethical or a direct violation of human rights? Either way, that is what this presentation will be all about.

Community Service Sentencing among Low Risk Inmates

Some sources argue that community service cannot really be termed as a punishment because it is not something you assign to ...

Question 1

Anne Marie’s view of the situation changed the moment that she met the killer of her father. Initially, Anne had been harboring anger and resentment towards the killer of her father. She had made it her life mission to ensure that he was always in custody. It is only after she met her and knew of his situation that she decided to forgive him. It was only until Anne met the killer of her father that she realized that it was not only her who had been affected by the incident. The killer ...

Restorative justice demonstrates a shift in perspective in terms of law and justice. Traditional criminal justice systems have in the past focused on identifying a crime, the person who committed the crime, and the ideal punishment that the offender should be subjected to. However, it is important to understand that the punishment of an offender either through jail term or subjecting them to other capital punishments such the death penalty does not help solve the problem that faces the persons affected by the crime.

In the light of this, restorative justice works to obtain a long term solution to the injuries ...

The United States of America criminal justice system remains in state of continual change. Often, the system is ready to adopt reforms aimed at addressing pertinent issues. The overall objective, however, remains that of delivery of justice. It is on that context that this paper shall discuss the place of victimology in the American criminal justice system. It must not be lost of us that the resolution of crime entails three cardinal players. These are the victim, the state and the criminal. While the law has over the past concentrated on the latter two, it has had little time ...

Question One: Four Modern Sentencing Options

Sentences are punishments for convicted defendants. The prescription of punishments for crimes is found in both federal and state statutes. There are four traditional sanctions that can be imposed in the modern criminal justice system are; the death penalty, imprisonment, probation, and fines. They are discussed in the ensuing sections.

Death Penalty, this is the most extreme sentence option. In the United States, 38 states have laws that can impose capital punishment. Majority of these states use lethal injection while some use electrocution to end the life of the accused. The death penalty is usually reserved for very serious ...

Introduction

Restoration is a process whereby the different parties that have a stake in a particular offence collectively resolve the best way to deal with the offence’s aftermath and the implication that it might have in the future. The purpose of restoration is to essentially restore into the community a group of offenders and victims who have resolved their conflicts.

As a crime prevention response or tactic, restoration strives to understand crime in its social context. It challenges the legal authorities to examine the root causes of violence and crime so that such cycles can be broken. The restoration approach towards crime prevention is ...

Restorative justice is a justice theory that focuses on repairing the harm resulting from the criminal behavior. Conventionally, justice system has concentrated on issuing punishment to the offenders without giving them opportunity to face their crime and apprehend the effects that their actions have caused on the victims. However, restorative justice allows the victims to be included in the process thus concentrating on the offender’s action to the community and the victims (Great Britain, 2008). Therefore, this theory is built to help the offender to have compassion and understanding with the victims and also provide closure to the victims.

...

Retribution is a theory of criminal punishment that states that society must punish those who have committed a crime. There is no further justification needed for the punishment except that the offender deserves to be punished because of the crime he committed. According to Immanuel Kant, punishment is a condemnation of the wrongdoer because of his wickedness.

What is the history behind the use of retribution?

The use of retribution is part of any civilization which aims to punish those who have done wrong. Its history can be traced as far back during the biblical times through the middle ages . Even in these modern times, retribution still has a place in the ...

Restorative justice is a process in which all parties involved, in an offence or crime consent collectively to repair the aftermath of the criminal act and its subsequent, future implications (Johnstone, 2011). This process often occurs in the form of face to face meetings depicting a powerful method of not only resolving physical and material injuries arising from the crime, but also addressing critical aspects such as relational, psychological and social injuries. This often leads to the desired outcome of transformation of individuals, communities and relationships within our societies.

The pure restorative process involves a series of organized and defined activities that ...

Restorative justice refers to the idea that the simple punishment through incarceration of a criminal may not necessarily end or satisfy the harm, injury or pain of the victim. Moreover, restorative justice argues that punishment by itself is unlikely to change the behavior of the offender in a way that guarantees he will not commit the same act(s) again and that he will feel remorse for the act(s) that he did commit. Accordingly, the aims of restorative justice are threefold. First, it aims to bring closure to the victim, whether it is through allowing them to fully participate in ...

1). Introduction This section should introduce the topic that you plan to research. You should detail the specific question you seek to answer (e.g. what is the nature of the relationship between CCTV installation and burglary reduction?) and set out a short list of clear aims and objectives.

Please enter Introduction in below text box*

Zimbabwe has one of the most notorious crime statistic worldwide. With more than 75% of unemployed people in the country (Sunga, 1997), a variety of violent and nonviolent crimes became the only means of survival for many young citizens of Zimbabwe. Several international studies demonstrated that while walking in the daylight an ...

In restorative justice, parties that are involved in the specific case could collectively resolve the outcome of the crime or offense and its further effects. Victims can actively participate in the seeking sanction from the offender, and likewise offenders are encouraged to take responsibility on their actions. Offender can either correct those offenses through community service, by apologizing or by giving monetary equivalent to the offense made (Restorative Justice Council, 2012). Restorative justice provides an alternative to legal rules and regulations and punishes the offender through imprisonment. It can also be asserted as a new way of addressing crime and ...

Should Children Who Commit Crime be tried as Adults?

Before the introduction of Juvenile Court System in 1899, individuals under 17 years who committed a crime were subjected to a similar system as adults. However, psychologists discovered that contrary to the perception that juveniles were hardened criminals, they are youths who have lost their way. Thus, the main objective for the introduction of the Juvenile Court System was not to imprison and punish the juveniles, but to rehabilitate them. This system works under the same viewpoint as the other justice system, which concentrates on encouraging good behavior instead of punishing bad. Victims are given a number of opportunities such as receiving ...

A growing number of probation officers, judges, prosecutors as well as other juvenile professionals are advocating for a juvenile justice system which is greatly based on restorative justice. These groups of people have been frustrated by the policy uncertainty between retribution and treatment as well as unrealistic and unclear public expectations. As a primary mission, the balanced approach or policy allows juvenile justice systems together with its agencies to improve in their capacity of protecting the community and ensuring accountability of the system and the offenders. It enables the youths to become productive and competent citizens. This guiding philosophical framework for ...

Introduction

Recidivism occurs when an individual repeats a bad behavior they have suffered negative consequences before, even after undergoing counseling and training to leave the bad behavior. This behavior is experienced most in former prisoners who get rearrested for the same offence. One suggestion about the possible cause of behavior is failure of the corrective measures to prepare the offenders on how to handle difficulties when they re-enter society.

Restorative justice and recidivism

Restorative justice is the way of approaching justice, which emphasizes on the basic needs of the offenders (Tyler, 2006). It is an approach to justice with an aim of correcting harm caused ...

Psychology

In the article of Eckholm, he focused on the importance of juvenile courts by explaining how the juveniles face lifelong sentences despite the Supreme Court decisions that are favourable to the minors. In fact, the U.S. Supreme Court in its recent decisions in 2010 and 2012 prevented to use the mandatory life sentences on youth offenders who had been convicted with murder by explaining that they are less culpable compared to adults. This is in accordance to the concept of restorative justice, where the juvenile delinquents should be given the chance to redeem themselves (Eckholm, “Juveniles Facing Lifelong Terms ...

The article: Juvenile Drug Court Program Admission, Demeanor and Cherry-picking: A Research Note by J.C Barnes among other authors examines how demeanor of either a parent or a juvenile influences the admission of the juvenile into the Drug Court program for purposes of treatment. It does a critical analysis of 76 case files so as to get a picture of the case whether demeanor indeed influences the admission of juveniles into the program. The second concern of the article is to explore whether the source of such demeanor whether parent or the child is determinant of whether a juvenile is so admitted. The article ...

‘Instructor’s Name’

Book: The count of Monte Cristo The Count of Monte Cristo is a novel written by Alexandre Dumas and was first published in the year 1844. The plot of the story was expanded by Dumas in collaboration with ghostwriter Auguste Maquet. Along with the ‘Three Musketeers’, this novel is one of the most anthologized works of Dumas, and as critics opine the novel has become a permanent fixture of Western literature. Dumas was a French novelist and dramatist, and during his lifetime he produced a number of literary outputs like dramas, novels, memoirs, travelogues and historical studies. Mostly self-educated, Dumas actively ...

Rehabilitation versus Incarceration

JUVENILE OFFENDERS 2 Introduction Crime is a prevalent factor in American society, and is committed among all individuals regardless of age, race, gender, or socioeconomic status. The majority of American juveniles, individuals under the age of eighteen, have admitted to committing some type of crime throughout their young life. While the majority of crimes by juveniles are considered petty, non-violent, and overall minor offenses, youths also commit dangerous and heinous acts of crime identical to what we see in the adult penal system. In the last 30 years, Sociologists, Criminologists, and Penologists have witnessed both major and minor ...

Professional or Personal

There are various situations where as an administrative office there is a dilemma pertaining to the decision making on ethical conduct in a professional environment. There are biases that cannot be avoided at times, which may be due to certain situations that are unavoidable however at the same time the emphasis on genuine corrective action cannot be ignored considering the fact that an honest and impartial approach should be taken at all times. The above can lead to severe conflicts if a decision is taken in either of the directions and therefore it becomes important to take actions keeping in mind restorative ...

Crime is about much more than a law being broken and there are generally multiple parties affected by a crime, including a victim or victims, so justice must involve both the criminal as well as parties to most effectively ensure that justice is obtained. This belief is at the core of the restorative justice approach. Proponents of the restorative justice approach find flaws in conventional mainstream criminal justice practices and advocate a more comprehensive approach. Conventional criminal justice can make citizens or victims feel powerless and apathetic and there is, according to Umbreit and Peterson Armour (2010, p.1), “an overreliance on punishment ...

How does higher education go about punishing and judging individuals and educate our nation’s children about plagiarism? Scott Jaschik is a leading voice on higher education issues, and is quoted regularly in The New York Times, The Boston Globe, The Washington Post, and Salon. Jaschik discusses the desperations of undergraduate professors attempting to educate our nation’s children on academic integrity in his article “Winning Hearts and Mind in War on Plagiarism.” The audience that Jaschik is targeting is the academic community; these views presented from students and teachers will help the academic community decide what can be done ...

Restorative justice is concerned with the interrelatedness of the human involvement, and it further offers an alternative framework for resolving different conflict and the resulting harm. It seeks to with the issue of how to make things right. Within the context of criminal justice, the implication of making things right simply means identifying the harm suffered by the intended victim, making the offender accountable for his actions, as well as reestablishing social interactions within the society. It provides the involved parties a chance to repair the harm suffered. Each stakeholder has a story to tell (Jane and Carol 130). This method ...

Sleepers is an American legal drama film written, produced and directed in 1996 by Barry Levinson. This movie is based on the book written by Lorenzo Carcaterra. This movie is about four boys who got involved with the criminal justice system due to their reckless behavior in name of a joke on a hot dog vendor. They decided to knock off a hot dog vendor just because they were bored. Shakes ran off with a hot dog making the hot dog vendor to chase him. While he was chasing Shakes, Michael, John, and Tommy started feasting on the remaining hot dogs since the ...

Introduction 3

Method 3 Context 5 Youth Justice Facility Background 7 Discussion 10 Reflection 15 Summary/Conclusion 15

References: 22

Youth Justice Education Introduction Young people, who have been in youth justice residences and are released into the community when their stipulated term is over experience a lot of challenges like stigma, failure to fit in and generally have to contend with a completely different way of doing things in day-to-day life. The bigger challenges are in getting favorable opportunities to continue with education, vocational training or even employment placements. The shame associated with having been in a youth justice ...

Retribution

Retribution is a penalty enforced on a criminal for an offence. It is designed to provide some form of compensation to the victim while at the same time punishing the offender (Johnston, 2007). The idea behind retribution is not to rehabilitate the offender but also to make them pay for the wrong committed.

The appropriate type of sentence is fines.

The rationale behind it is that once a criminal is punished, even if an offender is really sorry for the wrong committed and has assured people that he has changed and will never repeat the mistake, punishing them will make them feel the consequences of their actions and will ...

Introduction 3

Method 3 Context 5 Youth Justice Facility Background 7 Discussion 10 Reflection 15 Summary/Conclusion 15

References: 22

Youth Justice Education Introduction Young people, who have been in youth justice residences and are released into the community when their stipulated term is over experience a lot of challenges like stigma, failure to fit in and generally have to contend with a completely different way of doing things in day-to-day life. The bigger challenges are in getting favorable opportunities to continue with education, vocational training or even employment placements. The shame associated with having been in a youth justice ...

Criminal Law

Mara Salvatrucha Gang or the MS-13 Gang Based on the report of the Committee on Internal Relations of the House of Congress (2005), one of the famous notorious gangs known all over the world is Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) gang. MS-13 is a violent gang that is composed of Central America Immigrants who originated in Los Angeles, California and has spread across America. The gang members come from various parts of the world including Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. The National Drug Intelligence Center estimates that there are 8,000 to 10,000 members of MS-13. Although such group is ...

Restorative justice is an approach of fixing the harm caused through an illegal behavior. It emphasizes on satisfying the needs of the community, offender and the directly affected victims instead of just punishing the wrongdoer. Restorative justice involves identifying the best approach to repair the offense while actively involving all parties concerned. Currently, restorative justice is becoming common and gaining support from criminal justice experts as well as the community. Criminal justice professionals vies restorative justice as a way of solving problems in an informal manner, but the involved parties have their needs met without causing more harm on another. ...

Criminal Law

The program for youth offenders involved in gang-related problems has been designed to solve that policy on juvenile crime, drug uses and the role of community corrections to rehabilitate their deviant behavior. The juvenile program is intended to give the youth offenders the opportunity to correct past mistakes. Del Carmen and Trulson (2005) argued that imprisonment of youth offenders will result to a traumatic experience since it will separate them from their families. This action on the part of the community is related to the rehabilitation theory which will benefit the juvenile delinquents to have a better future. For non-violent youth ...

Executive Summary

This case study looks at the increasing numbers of as yet unsentenced (and therefore potentially either innocent or guilty of any offence) young people on remand in Queensland, where – in common with other states in Australia – “Efforts are primarily focused on the rehabilitation of young offenders so that even after the establishment of guilt, detention is seen as a last resort.”(Mazerolle & Sanderson, March 2008) (p.1). Because custodial remand brings young people formally into the justice system and into close contact with what Mazerolle & Sanderson refer to as “deviant peers” (p.1), it can increase the possibility of (re)offending, too. ...

Should a teacher who has broken a serious law unrelated to teaching such as impaired driving, embezzlement, assault, among others be prohibited by teaching? This paper disagrees and wishes to express the position that such a teacher ought to be allowed to teach and that a clear distinction must be delineated between the teacher and the person in the teacher. This paper asserts that barring the teacher from teaching would be against the spirit of the law, would be equal to committing an injustice and would equally set a high bar for teachers that is absent in other professions thereby discriminating against teachers; a process ...

Introduction

Death penalty debate has been around for quite long. Arguments for and against have provided platforms for justifying decisions taken. Adherents for death penalty have had their various reasons for supporting their positions. Efforts to determine public opinion on death penalty has been based on opinion polls. There has been little or scanty research methodologies on death penalty which has limited substantial research on capital punishment. After the Furman vs Georgia case in 1972 in which justice Marshall ruled against death penalty citing violation of U.S constitution’s 8th amendment (Cruel & Punishment clause). Based on justice Marshall’s judgment, ...

5 Major of Goals Corrections

5 Major of Goals Corrections The courts and corrections, they have the joint obligation towards the attainment of five (5) goals: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restoration (Smallbone, Marshall and Wortley, 2013, p. 16). The allocation and administration of punishment is the cornerstone of criminal justice policy because punishment is applied for retributive purposes. Although punishment may be viewed as a form of retribution, it does not in itself serve the crime prevention purpose. The recent study of Smallbone et al. (2013, p. 20) has shown that punishment is effective in suppressing target behavior, ...

1. Please describe in DETAIL the Community- Based Nonresidential and Economic Intermediate Sanctions Community corrections form a critical part of the criminal justice system. Community corrections are in the form of sanctions that are intended to ensure that offenders serve all or a part of their entire sentence in the community. There are a number of community-based sanctions which include residential programs, economic sanctions and nonresidential sanctions. Economic sanctions hold offenders accountable for their actions and they include fines, fees, forfeiture and restitution. Intermediate sanctions are sentencing options that fall between probation and incarceration. Nonresidential sanctions increase supervision levels while allowing ...

Abstract

The criminal justice system is actually a far-reaching and large segment of the legislative and judicial branches of the United States. Intellectuals, lawmakers, and attorneys have essentially identified various points of interest, which needs discussion, action, and change. These are in fact all challenges, which put excessive burden on criminal justice system resources. Theses crucial resources are manpower, money, and time. Therefore, it is worth noting that the United States criminal justice system in this 21st Century is facing many challenges that need to be addressed. Understanding the ways on how this system functions is normally difficult. Various challenges that ...

Prepared and submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the:

The subject of death penalty unnerves us as we recall the tragic Colorado shooting. In this movie theater shooting, the criminal, James Holmes, killed many people without impunity. He killed twelve innocent, moviegoers and wounded more than 50 (Ferguson, p. 1). Mr. Holmes may be psychologically ill or a social deviant but this does not justify the killings and the social trauma it caused the nation. The more we try to understand why people kill innocent people, the more we begin to justify a severe punishment. Is the death penalty the answer to such violent incidents? Strong public support for ...

Introduction Crime continues to be a rampant problem in many societies, as conflict proves to be a natural engagement between humans. With that, regulating criminal acts have reached varying extents targeting both the punishment of offenders and the elimination of the causes leading to those kinds of acts. Emerging as among the most potent forms of responding to crimes is restorative justice – a concept that requires constructive cooperation and communication between parties to a criminal case (Umbreit 1). This study serves as a descriptive account explaining the nature of restorative justice, with emphasis on one ...

Report

Latimer, J., Dowden, C., & Muise, D. (2005). The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis. The Prison Journal, 85(2), 127-144.

The article aims to provide an empirical synthesis of various existing literature which delve into the question of how effective restorative justice practices are. The article utilizes meta-analytic techniques in the analysis of data retrieved from various studies that compare traditional approaches to criminal justice that are nonrestorative in nature, to restorative justice programs. In particular, the article attempts to highlight the differences in the efficacy levels of the two approaches based on rates of recidivism, restitution compliance, ...

Restorative justice processes are where offenders and victims are brought together, so that those involved in a crime or conflict can be involved in communication with each other, to contribute towards repairing the damage caused and to move forward in a positive way. The processes can be used not just in the field of criminal justice, but also in connection with conflicts between young people – including within schools – and in other areas too, such as neighbor disputes, complaints against the police, etc. The principle behind the concept of restorative justice is that by holding offenders directly and personally to account for ...