Essays on Criminal Behavior

Criminal behavior among the adolescent has caused concern in the society and the need to determine the causes arises. It helps understand how delinquency comes to be and how it can be prevented. The surrounding determines the behavior a youth adopts, such as the neighborhood they reside, the peer groups they are in, schools they attend and the parenting styles. The following articles have helped understand fear of crime and factors that makes adolescent adopt the acts.

Background

There are people who have influential characteristics which make them be known and liked by others. Such individuals receive lots of attention ...

The “Son of Sam” Case

The Nature and Type of Defenses Used The main type of defense that was used in this case is the insanity defense. The insanity defense is a common-law excusatory defense under which a defendant in a criminal case asks the court to excuse them from criminal responsibility for their conduct. According to Math, Kumar, and Moirangthem (2015), the insanity defense rides on the assumption that at the material time, the accused person was ailing from a mental illness making them incapable of differentiating right from wrong behavior or appreciating the nature of the crime. The test for establishing the ...

In the majority of states all crimes are divided into two groups: felonies and misdemeanors. The difference between these two groups is in seriousness of crimes. (Hasselm, 2011) If this is a felony, an accused person can get 1 year in prison, life imprisonment without parole or even the death penalty. If it is a misdemeanor, an accused person could be punished by less than 1 year or a year of imprisonment and/or fine. Crimes are not equal in weight. General public considers some of the crimes more severe than others. (Kappeler, 2014) The majority of people considers the ...

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Summarizing the Major Findings of each Article

Article 1 - Homeless Men and Women: Differential Associations Among. Substance Abuse, Psychosocial Factors, and Severity of Homelessness This journal article is written by authors named Judith A. Stein and Lillian Gelberg. In this article, they have successfully examined the relationship between homeless men and women and their involvement in criminal activities, mental illness as well as use of drugs. After their comprehensive study, the authors have found that compared to homeless women, men are more likely to use drugs and tend to be more alcoholic. Homeless men are more involved in criminal activities if they are ...

The rational choice theory states that any behavior that a human has is as a matter of choice (Siegel & Welsh, 2014). In fact, anybody has an option to choose the kind of behavior he or she would like, depending on the needs they have. Therefore, criminal behavior is also a choice that one makes consciously. A person chooses to go against the law after careful consideration of the potential benefits that they would get out of it. One will avoid breaking the law if the potential benefits are outweighed by the dangers associated.

Controlling Juvenile Delinquency

When applying the rational choice theory, ...

Abstract

This paper explores two major psychological theories, which attempt to explain why people use drugs as a solution to their various problems. The main goal of this research is to explain how these theories explain the drug usage and describe whether these theories support a strong relation between drugs and crime. The method of research includes finding two articles about crimes, committed under the influence of drugs and reasoning the connection between the usage of drugs and crimes. This paper examines a possible connection between the two selected theories and two crimes, described in the articles. According to the ...

The science of Criminology is a relatively new field of science (Siegel, 2010). The beginnings of real criminology are noted with the Classical school of thought, whose scholars hypothesized that crime, is a result of the discerning decision and can be controlled with prevention strategies. (Hall, 2013) Since that time criminologists have developed, exacerbated, or grown new thoughts of why individuals perpetrate crime, including speculations that lead to biological, psychological, and sociological reasons for crime which we will discuss further. (Siegel, 2010) Some of the first attempts to explain crime were essentially biological in nature. Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso, ...

INTRODUCTION

Criminal justice professionals and academics work to understand why some people engage in criminal behaviors and others do not. In other words, what makes a criminal into a criminal? There are many theories that have been developed to explain deviance or criminal behavior. Some believe that criminal behavior is a choice and are deserving of consequences, while others argue that some offenders are predispositioned for it; they are not entirely responsible for their actions. Two of those theories worthy of discussion are Social Control Theory and Subculture Theory. Social Control Theory argues that people turn to deviances and criminal ...

Communication

Communication

Informational Report

Further, I decided to pursue a degree in criminal justice to enable me to contribute to the judicial system of my country. For, with a degree in criminal justice, I can easily apply for and be selected to be a judge or magistrate. This way, I will have the opportunity to play a part in our criminal justice and judicial systems. I have always yearned for a society where there is justice for everyone and hence, by being a judicial officer such as a defense or prosecutorial counsel, I will be in a better position to defend people’ ...

Disadvantages of Juvenile Justice System

The primary disadvantages found in the juvenile justice system are both interconnected and based largely on what it fails to do as opposed to what it does. Although it was designed to meet the unique needs of children involved in criminal activity as a means of curtailing recidivism, it has not consistently been able to meet the very standards it has set for itself. Worse yet, in failing to do so, the juvenile justice system has acted to complicate the problem even more. Issues of escalating criminal behavior in adulthood, failure to address mental health needs, and racial bias ...

The debate on whether minors should be held in the same stature as adults for equal crimes is one that has been raging on for a long period. The debate is occasioned by the enticing argument that any form of societal and criminal misconduct should always be tackled by undertaking tougher punishments on offenders regardless of age. However, applying the same metric of punishment to juveniles as adults is not the solution. It is especially the case considering that research indicates that minors that receive adult sentences become more likely repeat offenders as opposed to those that go through ...

Introduction

Mary’s case reflects a serious case of criminal behavior, not counting the numerous crimes committed against her by her family members. Mary is a serious psychological case, as she has faced numerous negative influences in her life and suffered serious emotional trauma. Raised by a father who was abusive against the family and a mother who was emotionally distant, Mary’s childhood and most formative years were spent facing damaging abuse that would affect her for the rest of her life. Her step-father, who arrived on the scene when Mary was nearly ten, sexually abused her and her ...

The goals of retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration are all primary goals of those within the criminal justice system. In sentencing individuals charged with specific criminal actions the philosophic principles that such decisions are based upon should be considered. Through the use of methods such as fines, probation, imprisonment, and death the criminal justice system has utilized a variety of measures in order to more effectively enact justice. These measures have, furthermore, been broadly adopted in relation to the financial, social, and international context that the criminal system was established within. Concerns such as the impact that these ...

Basis of opinions

The presented case was argued on 13th October, 2004 where the constitutionality of capital punishments for juveniles was challenged through an appeal. The basis of the argument of the Eighth Amendment as it is related to unusual and cruel punishments for crimes committed by individuals (Lane, 2005). The decision of the Supreme Court in 1988 under Thompson v. Oklahoma was to bar the execution of offenders who are below 16 years. Another case was heard in 1989; Stanford v. Kentucky, which indicated the possibility of having capital punishments rendered to individuals below 17 years. Based on the evolving standards ...

This paper discusses self-control theory, which is proposed as a general theory of crime by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). These researchers argued that low levels of self-control explained criminal acts and criminal behavior, regardless of age, gender, race, time, or type of crime. They also argue that low levels of self-control is also the (main) explanatory variable in behaviors similar to criminal behavior, such as deviant behavior, anti-social behavior, and other risk-taking behavior including smoking and over-drinking (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990). Low self-control is something that is developed from childhood, at the stage at which self-control can be developed ...

The student who wrote the essay “Violent Video Games Create More Violence” developed a well – argued manifest to disallow teenagers playing video games. The writing is persuasive because the writer followed the guidelines of sound argumentation, referring to nationwide events that ended in shooting for credibility (ethos) purpose, presenting the facts in a logical manner, hence integrating the logos, and finally, appealing to the readers in an emotional manner (pathos). This essay’s thesis is “Violent video games are desensitizing players from violence and reward them for it, while also teaching them that it is an acceptable way to ...

1. Define the ways in which each component (police, courts, and corrections) of the criminal justice system administers justice. Which component is most effective at meeting their goals? Police play the role of working with the public in order to enforce legal requirements and protect the privacy and liberty of individuals. In order to do this, however, police rely on the underlying cultural values and norms of the communities in which they function. Police interact with the public in order to ascertain those that are committing offenses and present these individuals to the criminal justice system for sentencing of ...

ABSTRACT

There are serious rising trends involving children and teens committing all sorts of crime, from individual acts to gang activity, all over the country. The issues regarding juvenile delinquency are a topic of great research and debate. There are a number of many theories from multiple disciplines, including economic, biological, psychological and sociological, that believe can explain why some children and teens become juvenile delinquents and others do not. Ultimately, there are many theories and each make valid points but, also, have weaknesses. Realistically, it is likely a combination of these different possibilities, making many of the causes of ...

Police discretion is a term used to explain a situation where the police either choose whether to apprehend a suspect or to let them off with a warning. It is viewed in an uncategorized aspect since it is constantly used across all levels of enforcement. In other situations, some view it positively while others have negative views towards it. There are merits and demerits associated with police discretion. some merits include the fact that officers are given flexibility in the manner through which they enforce the law. It also allows for police officers to balance their work with available ...

Abstract

Criminal Justice research is essential to upgrade law enforcement efficiency in combatting criminal activity. Hence, it is important for the research to come up with specific purpose in relation to the problem. Research purposes outline the problem and plot the procedure for the researcher to achieve the desired outcome. The four principle research purposes each have potential influence outcomes of subsequent researches. It is imperative to choose the proper approach and to ensure that the outcome contains the solution on how to deal with each type of criminal activity. It is remarkable that despite their dynamics, the research purposes ...

Inductive Thematic Analysis

Introduction Drug crimes are increasingly becoming a major concern on both local and global fronts. Current research (Braun and Clarke, 2012) suggests that the thematic analysis of important data sources such as sentencing remarks would facilitate the efficacy of available strategies in these crimes. The purpose of this assignment is to analyse the themes that comprise the societal understanding of the occurrence and penalties of drug-related crime. The researcher uses information from seven courtroom sentencing remarks from Adelaide, Southern Australia. This inductive thematic analysis identifies overarching themes that are evident across all seven documents. The themes include “gender and ...

Introduction

Aggression is defined as a behavior that is violent or hostile in nature towards another person that positions the person in a state of attack or confrontation. Aggression can be verbal or physical once the individual has become angry or hostile. Aggression has been a controversial issue within many areas of research. Some researchers have posited that individuals with a diagnosis of a mental illness have no higher incidences of violence than the general population. Others have suggested that individuals with severe mental illness are more likely than the general population to have higher incidences of violence. There are ...

Throughout the history of the development of the criminal justice system, researchers have always tried to categorize criminals on the basis of various factors in order to determine the needs of special treatment or rehabilitation process. Although the majority of offenders specialize in more than one particular type of crime, many of the delinquents and criminals "do show preference for certain antisocial acts that allow us to make rough categorization" and determine special criminal populations (Andrews & Bonta, 2010, p. 461). The two special populations that will be examined in this paper are as follows: sex offenders; male batterers. Patriarchal ...

Introduction

Racial profiling has always been an issue of discussion over the past few years. It is however, considered the practice done by law enforcement officers to having a target on certain individuals with suspicion of crime based on the individual’s characters. The targets considered as social profiling are based on certain unique characteristics including race, ethnicity, the national origin or even religion. Walking and Williams(2008) state that the discriminatory actions are mainly carried out in the western countries, which have high diversity degree. The law enforcing bodies, however, treat racial profiling differently. The U.S. department of justice ...

The Gender Discrimination in Criminal Justice System

Introduction Traditionally, women have not been viewed as criminals because of their less aggressive nature, making the act of crime to be mainly associated with the male gender. There are several theories brought forth to explain why the female gender would, or would not engage in crime. The theories, however, do not provide satisfactory explanations to the phenomenon leading to counterarguments. Also, the criminal justice of the United States of America has been viewed as discriminatory because it fails to address the gender needs of female offenders whose number has increased over time. This essay discusses the historical perspectives, ...

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“Social determinants of health”

Where a person resides, gets the education, and works these conditions mutually impact the health of that person in determining health risks and outcomes. Such conditions are considered as social determinants of health (SDOH) (Social Determinants of Health | CDC, 2016). It is evident that a high education and rich background provide more awareness and opportunities of better nutrition and lifestyle, thus, these are considered as a predictor of better health. Force Field and Well-Being Paradigms of Health model by Blum emphasized on three main components mental, physical ...

Identifying the causes of aggression and pointing out ways to reduce or eliminate them can help to reduce aggression in both people and society. Understanding the importance of addressing aggressive behavior is important in limiting unwanted outcomes such as harassment, violence, and death. There are five major categories of aggression that should be assessed. These include gun legislation, reduction of media violence, understanding the social context of terrorism, reduction of self-harm, and values and regulations for activities such as bullying. Through analysis of these factors, a more informed perspective on how to reduce aggressive behaviors can be achieved. In ...

Abstract

Juvenile delinquency in the United States is steadily increasing at an alarming rate. The age pool of offenders keeps on decreasing even for violent crimes such as homicide and rape. It is unclear on how the society deteriorated in successive decades since the 1970s crack cocaine epidemic. Street gangs took over droves of students into their establishments while promising acceptance. The programs that came to the aid of the criminal justice system were two pronged. The primary program is prevention. This program holds the potential to safeguard schoolchildren who are yet to succumb to the pressures and circumstances around ...

With the issue of crime, the levels of criminal recidivism and high rates of incarceration becoming more and a more serious, there has been a need to find ways of reducing the emphasis on punishment within the US criminal justice system. One of the ways through which this objective can be achieved has been found after years of studies and research to lie in rehabilitation as an alternative mechanism for dealing with criminal offenders within the justice system. Thus, there have been calls to integrate rehabilitation and punishment as a parallel strategy of controlling crime and recidivism.

The Theoretical Perspectives of Rehabilitation Strategies

The main ...

Personality of the offender - a set of socio-psychological characteristics and qualities, which are the causes and conditions for committing crimes. Criminal’s personality is different from the personality of law-abiding person by public danger, it is characterized by criminal needs and motivation, emotional and volitional deformation and negative social interests. The problem of offender’s personality is one of the central problems for sciences, which are connected with criminology. Criminology examines the socio-demographic and moral-psychological characteristics of offender. In addition, crucial for this topic and for criminology as a whole is a question of what the nature of ...

The latest criminological theories are considered critical because, first, they introduce a new paradigm in the interpretation of reasons why people commit crime. Secondly, these latest criminological theories introduce new perspectives of looking at criminal behavior in a total departure from the traditional criminological theories. Further, these criminological theories represent post-modernism, that is, reflect modern scientific or technological knowledge of crime and criminal behavior. Lastly, these theories are considered critical because they represent a new era of studying crime in light of new developments in the society (Lanier, Henry & Anastasia 106). Postmodernism is a recent movement in criminology studies ...

Abstract:

Theories were developed over the years, as researchers and sociologists tried to explain the reasons why there is crime within the communities. These theories include the social bonds theory, the self-control theory, the power control theory, the control balance theory, the differential coercion theory, and the social support theory. Based on the theories, there are five realities behind the causation of crime: (1) that crime is caused by weakening bonds to the society; (2) that crime is the effect of having low self-control; (3) that crime is caused by occupational patriarchy; (4) that it is caused by the roles ...

The continuity of the anti-social behavior can be associated to the life-course theory which explains the continuity and change in behavior over time by making a connection between the past events and experiences to the present (Laub & Samson, 2005). Based on this theory, the extent of continuity in behavior between childhood, adolescence and adulthood should be analyzed to draw on the life-course framework in relation to social control and crime. In the beginning, a person’s criminal tendencies can be traced back to his or her childhood antisocial behavior, until reaching the adolescent delinquency, and the last stage is ...

Introduction

The issue of trying teens who commit crimes has been subject to debate for several years. It is important to note that the criminal behavior is shown by warrants severe punishments or at least being held responsible. The question as to whether the teen should be tried in the courts like adults who commit a similar crime still elicits divergent reaction and opinion. Proponents of leniency on teens argue that they should always be offered a new lease of life to correct their behavior as such change their criminal mannerism (Bechtold et al. 126). However, such statements are a ...

Institutional

How has DLC research enhanced our understanding of antisocial behavior to date? An individual’s development, from childhood to adulthood, is fraught with numerous challenges. Development and life-course criminology (DLC) has provided us with an elaborate explanation on the advancements in offending as well as the development of antisocial characters from childhood to adulthood. Furthermore, DLC analyzes various risks and protective factors associated with offenders and their antisocial traits (McGee et al. 2015). DLC research also highlights different life events and developmental courses that are necessary for explaining antisocial characteristics. Such results have been achieved by analyzing the stability ...

Probation and parole are alternative sentences to incarceration, which offer convicted offenders the opportunity to remain in the community, but operate under supervision (Hanser 12). Whereas probation takes place before and often instead of imprisonment, parole usually occurs as an early prison release. The convicted offender is required to comply with probation and parole conditions. The offenders are subjected to warrantless searches without any reasonable cause. In the United States, over 2,000 agencies administer probation on offenders who commit felonies as well as misdemeanors. Adult probation as well as parole are established in executive branches of state government ...

Introduction

Correctional reforms are an important part of the criminal justice system. The reforms can reduce recidivism or have the opposite effect depending on its implementation based on cultural beliefs. Every region of the world has its unique philosophies. Despite changes in political paradigms, the cultural values find their purpose even in the new laws. Eventually, all penal systems aim to achieve an intolerance for criminal behavior from their respective civilian population. The success of any reformist drive must have the potential to derive a law that will work for the entire community. Although this criterion might seem difficult, it ...

Childhood predicator of criminal behavior

Over the last couple of decades, numerous commentaries have been published noting the importance of developmental criminology contribution to both practical and theoretical understanding of the course of crime from childhood through to adulthood(Juon & Ensminger, 2006). Research by various institutions and psychologists have suggested that the understanding of the developmental constructs in the context of crime and criminal behavior adds better understanding and appreciation of interactions and the consequences of different events throughout childhood (Buikhuisen, 1988). Other researchers suggest the application of these developmental constructs and perspectives is important to the study of criminal behavior and helps advance ...

Introduction

Juvenile crime or offending by minors has become an issue that deserves critical examination given its impacts both on the criminal justice system and the society at large. A juvenile or a delinquent refers to a person who has not reached the age of majority and who has come into contact with the criminal justice system as a result of having committed a minor offence which would normally be criminal if committed by an adult. Examples of juvenile or status offences include truancy, disobedience of parents, shoplifting, consumption of alcohol, tobacco purchase or smoking, sneaking out of school or ...

ABSTRACT

The juvenile crime rate has made a significant increase in America as children as young as eight years old are committing violent crimes. The juvenile justice system was first created to keep children out of adult prisons and to rehabilitate the children so that they will become productive non-criminal adults. This system has not been effective. Children are impacted by many factors when faced with decisions in today’s society. They are not as developed and lack the reasoning capability like adults. Thus, new approaches to juvenile justice must be instilled throughout the country in order to prevent more ...

Crime has turned out to be a growing trend, and evidence suggests that there are growing factors that place individuals at the risk of being involved in criminal offences. A high rise in criminal activities raises very puzzling questions like what led a person to partake a criminal act. Being able to explain why people commit a crime is essential to handle the high rate of crime. There are some theories that strive to explain the reason why people turn out to be outlaws and engage in crime. Understanding these principles will unveil a strategy for coming up with ...

Introduction

Today the world is still reeling from the shocking surge of drug abuse cases. Drug abuse and addiction have direct negative effects for the individual and the society at large. Drug abuse is defined as the continued use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in a way or method that is harmful to their health. Prolonged drug abuse seeks to drug addiction which is a chronic brain disease that drives the victim to compulsive drug use despite the underlying harmful consequences ("Drug abuse by mature women takes its toll in the US", 1998, P. 9). ...

Introduction

Australia is one of the many countries in which moral panics have resulted to elevated racism. The concerns about crime and the fear of crime in many Australian cities including Sydney have greatly shaped lifestyles and have influenced the qualities of life. It is evidently that crime in many Australian cities is continually being linked to immigrants and other ethnic minorities. In Australia, in the recent years, the issue of crime committed by ethnic minorities and immigrants has been the subject of many media headlines and has greatly shaped policies, both domestic and international. The 9/11 attacks in the ...

Abstract

This article examines the types of drugs, their effects, and how they influence sex crime. Many people who commit crimes are either under the influence of alcohol or drugs. There seems to be a connection between drugs and offenses such as sexual assault, rape among others. Various drugs have different dangers associated with them. Sedative drugs slow down the way the brain and the body operate, stimulant drugs increase energy and keep people alert while hallucinogenic drugs may lead to very disturbing experiences and expose the user to dangerous behavior. Moreover, individuals who are under the influence of narcotics ...

Introduction

In the end of the twentieth century the United States was concerned with the spread of the drug abuse among the pregnant females. Several experts came to the conclusion that the addiction to the drug during the pregnancy will impact the mental and physical health of the child. Moreover, the experts predicted that the children born by the mother using the drugs will show the unsatisfactory academic performance. Besides, it should be said that the increased interest of society to the problem with crack babies was caused by the policy introduced by Ronald Reagan on position of the President ...

Abstract

Rising rates of recidivism in the United States have developed concerns pertaining to the effectiveness of prisons as correctional facilities. In this study, the focus is to assess the suitability of faith-based correctional methods in promoting inmates reentry into the society. Some discussed methods include Inner change programs, prison chaplaincy, and meditational strategies. Several studies have indicated significant declines in recidivism rates among inmates who participated in these initiates. For example, Duwe & Johnson (2013) found that inmates who engaged in Inner change programs in Minnesota were less likely to be arrested by at least 8% compared to their counterparts ...

Problem 1

Social and economic status influence criminal behavior. The independent variable of the problem is the state of one’s economic situation while the dependent variable is criminal behavior. The American Psychological Association (n.d) noted that an individual’s social and economic status affects physical and mental health, daily activities, and living areas. Besides, one’s financial abilities would influence levels of education and poverty and may predispose one to criminal behavior. At the same time, since poverty may have significant adverse effects on the mental health of the people, it follows that the individual may be susceptible to criminal ...

Introduction

Juvenile correctional approaches in the United States centers around the best interest of the child. Young children below the age of 18 fall into the juvenile category. The system offers to purge any criminal record after a stipulated period of time and at the completion of certain terms. The juvenile records remain sealed from public record during this time and are rarely unsealed in spite of exceptional circumstances. Juvenile offenders are first part of a meeting between the State prosecutors to discuss the options of community service for nonviolent crimes. Only in the event of not reaching a conclusive ...

Juvenile delinquency consists of criminal behavior by individuals under the age of eighteen. A risk factor is any influence or characteristic that increases the probability of criminal behavior. Risk factors can be used to forecast future behavior. Several risk factors increase the risk of children to engage in delinquency and possessing certain factors may increase chance of becoming delinquent. Risk factors may increase the probability that a juvenile will engage in delinquent behavior but it does not make delinquency a certainty. The greater number of risk factors existing in a juvenile’s life, the greater the amount of crime ...

Introduction

One of the major occupations of students studying crimes is to understand how criminal behaviors come about and why individuals are induced in engaging in deviant or criminal behaviors. Theories on crime and delinquency primarily explores this question to get a better understanding of individuals and society at large. Theorists drew from different fields of sciences such as sociology, psychology and biology, to find answers in uncovering individual motivations and structural inducement. One such theory that draws not only from sociology, but also from psychology, is the strain theory of Agnew. This paper provides a detailed discussion on the ...

The criminal behavior of women has a negative impact on the whole society because it affects its basic unit - the family and its moral-psychological atmosphere. The problem is still of great social importance, as the nature of female offenders has significantly changed. Currently, it is observed that the nature of the criminal behavior of women is marked by an increase in the number of committed graves and especially grave crimes, increased recidivism, reducing age (rejuvenation) of criminals and offenders. At the beginning of the XX century and in the first years after the millennia women's crime did not ...

Research in the criminal justice follows the steps for other social sciences. In this regard, one has first to select a research topic, define it, carry out literature survey, assess the current state of the problem in question and formulate hypotheses (Rajasekar, Philominathan, and Chinnathambi, 2013 p. 11). Hypotheses are tentative statements about the problem accounting for facts for testing in the research. It follows that the research hypotheses are the focal point of the study, and the processes of arriving at them need the active attention of the scientist(s). The above proposition places the hypotheses as the ...

One of the purposes of criminal law is to impress upon the public the necessity of acting in a manner that society or the state deems desirable. One way that the state achieves this purpose is to impose punishment on those found guilty of undesirable conduct (LaFave, 2000). Naturally, over the course of criminal law in human history, multiple theories of punishment have been developed. Two such theories are contained in the classical and positivist schools of criminological analysis. In order to understand the differences between these two schools, it is important to first understand some of their fundamental ...

Theories of crime

Crime has always been a part of the human society; unfortunately individuals were often involved in crime and it was widely discussed. Why does crime attract so much attention? Moreover, what can be called a crime? At different times, various behaviors were considered a crime. For instance, it was illegal to sell or drink alcohol during Prohibition in the USA so Prohibition gave rise to all types of illegal behaviors which in other countries were not seen as crimes. Another example would be the Soviet Union, where it was illegal to be involved in any kind of business; therefore, ...

History of Community Policing

The concept of community policing was formed in the 1960s during the struggle for the civil rights movement (Brunschot, 2003). Before this time, law enforcement executed the methods of power and violence in order to control the citizens. The core root of the community policing was a failure of the formal police authorities to fulfill their duties productively, which resulted in various protests and rebellion against the authorities. It is believed that the crucial trigger initiated the development of this movement is a crisis in the interactions between the law enforcement and the public. During the 1960s, police managed ...

Effects of Fictional Violence On Aggressive Behavior

Introduction Media violence has been a topic of controversy because many researchers propose that violent media will encourage people to act aggressively and violently as a result of learning that behavior from watching others. Many of the earlier studies focus on short- term effects of watching violent media and measuring the effects by observing the outcome of aggressive behavior. One of the earliest studies to bring up the topic of the influence of viewing aggressive models on aggressive behavior was that of Albert Bandura in the 1960s. According to Bandura’s study, when children were presented with an aggressive ...

Description of the Type of Crime and Criminal Behavior

The discussions in this paper will focus on Alex Johnson et al.’s (01) report on the Kansas shooting spree incident featuring the already-neutralized suspect Cedric Larry Ford. Killing sprees are not uncommon in the United States. This is mainly because of the rather lax gun ownership laws in the country, something which is unique especially when it gets compared side by side with the gun ownership laws in other countries, even the most liberalized ones. In the said criminal incident, the suspect, Cedric Larry Ford went on a shooting spree across two separate (but adjacent) towns in the ...

Argumentative Essay: Capital Punishment

Introduction Capital punishment is one of the most controversial topics pertaining to criminal punishment. For many years, this issue has been debated, yet until today, no conclusive position has been reached especially in the United States. Discussing the issue of capital punishment is important primarily because people are divided on whether capital punishment should be imposed or abolished. Furthermore, capital punishment raises an ethical dilemma that needs to be resolved since it is crucial in achieving a just justice system. This paper would like to argue that capital punishment is a just form of punishment.

The arguments that support ...

Introduction

Punishment is the system used by society to enforce the desired standards of conduct, and to deal with the offender after a crime has been committed . Two common theories of punishment include the retribution theory and the incapacitation theory. The retribution theory seeks to punish an offender who has committed a criminal act. The incapacitation theory seeks to deter or prevent future crime. Both theories seek to convey justice.

Retribution theory

The retribution theory of punishment is the oldest theory of punishment. The retribution theory of punishment rests on the idea that those who violate the law should be punished for ...

The manifestation of criminal behavior has been subject to philosophical and scientific annotations with projections of divergent mannerism made towards the contribution. It is essential to understand that criminal behavior must be rooted from something. Consequently, several theories have been projected in an attempt to explain the causation of criminality.

Biological theories

In the view of these theories, the criminal behavior is a culmination of heredity thus can be passed from parent to children (Mancini et al., 2012). The theories project that the causation of criminality is solely rested on the physical attributes that are transmitted to the child at birth. ...