Essays on Trait Theory

Perception and Consumer Behavior

Perception is the process of knowing features of stimuli with the use of vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch (Scott, 1994). The visual perception i.e. size/shape in the L’Oreal Men Expert Vita Lift 5 ad is rectangle with the focus on more than one dimension to enable consumers to downsize their order by enlarging the product along all dimensions. On the other hand, the shape of the Aveeno Absolutely Ageless ad is portrait. The size of the ad is adjusted through focus on multiple dimensions to perceive the product easily. Lettering is another factor affects the perception of ...

The rational choice theory states that any behavior that a human has is as a matter of choice (Siegel & Welsh, 2014). In fact, anybody has an option to choose the kind of behavior he or she would like, depending on the needs they have. Therefore, criminal behavior is also a choice that one makes consciously. A person chooses to go against the law after careful consideration of the potential benefits that they would get out of it. One will avoid breaking the law if the potential benefits are outweighed by the dangers associated.

Controlling Juvenile Delinquency

When applying the rational choice theory, ...

Steve Jobs was a highly controversial but extremely successful leader of one of the largest and most successful companies in the world. Jobs dazzled the business world and the general public with his drive for excellence, but annoyed at even angered many of his executives and employees with his single-minded vision. Jobs was remarkable and visionary, and he helped to revolutionize personal computers and the digital industry as a whole. Thanks for this, Apple enjoyed massive sales any time a new iPhone, iPad or iPod hit the market. All of this convinced the world in general and business circles ...

Executive summary

This report is an analysis of the performance of Kodak over time since its inception. The report finds that the dismal performance of Kodak is largely as a result of the poor leadership elected to lead the company. The report traces the failures of the company to the hierarchical and toxic leadership styles that saw the company lag behind in joining the competitors in the migration to digital photography. The report concludes by highlighting the specific failures of leadership that cost the company a fortune had it transformed into digital promptly. The report recommends a series of actions to ...

Section A

Higher education is considered the epitome of learning and research in the scholarly world. Therefore, leadership in higher education institution ought to be in maximum effectiveness at all times. Leaders at higher education institutions had better employ strategic leadership and management skills to ensure that such institutions attain the goals that define their existence. The current paper will analyze and comment on theories and research paradigms that have been presented in the integration and practice of leadership and management at higher institution centers. This section holds that although several theories, concepts and research paradigms have been presented, still there ...

Leadership qualities can be seen in many fields, from business to academics to politics. One man whose name is synonymous with political leadership was Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was born in poverty in Kentucky in 1809, lived in cabins on the Kentucky and Indiana frontier, and was almost entirely self-educated. In fact, Lincoln taught himself the rudiments of law so that he could work as a lawyer and later as a legislator in the state of Illinois during the 1830s and 1840s. In 1847, he followed this with a short tenure in the United States House of Representatives where he ...

Criminal Justice

Introduction Criminological perspectives encompass several arguments that explain the cause of crime. Understanding the cause of crime is relatively important in solving criminality, which the various criminological theories tend to clarify. The discussion will highlight the three criminological perspectives namely trait, social, and classical theories. Each perspective will be discussed followed by an argument regarding the two sentencing models and determine, which of the models is a more effective approach in addressing crime. Lastly, the discussion articulates the sentencing model, which is likely to have the most potential in reducing crime while linking to the discussion on the various ...

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Personality is considered as a combination of all the attributes characterizing a specific individual. These attributes may include temperamental, behavioural, mental, and emotional characteristics. A lot of psychological experts started showing increased interest in the study of personality during the past several decades, and presented many theories on personality. Researches on personality and constant evaluation as well as review of emerging theories and models have helped in further understanding of personality. Dispositional and evolutionary or biological personality theories are among some of the most important theories. These theories are different from many other personality theories in ...

Introduction

The phenomenon of leadership is one of the most broadly discussed in management-related scholarship. Various theories and models are designed in order to develop an understanding of the scope of leadership as a concept and the traits, necessary for an individual to exhibit strong leadership and inspire followers. In this regard, a crucial question remains whether leadership can be learnt in case an individual does not have a natural disposition to leading. In the end of the 19th century particularly the ‘Great Man’ theory, emphasizing one’s intrinsic ability to lead followers, was the major approach to leadership, logically ...

On the Criminal Justice System of any country lies great responsibilities for the general well-being of the country itself and for the citizens. Without a well-organized Criminal Justice System, the world would be in criminal chaos.

Definition of Crime

The study of Criminal Justice System has certainly to begin with the definition of crime. Criminal lawyers have been disputing over it for years and still there is no consensus as to the only, profound and unified definition of crime. Surely, crime is an offence, with which criminal law deals. One more certainty is that criminal courts operate the notions of crime (Farmer, ...

Psychology

Introduction For many years, leadership has been the subject of discussion among scholars and the concept of leaderships branches out to several theories that explains its core characteristics. Leadership theories, concepts, and models of application vary according to the professional environment in which a leadership role is warranted. In the field of social work, leadership is an important characteristic that fosters change for the betterment of the population that the profession serves. In this discussion, leadership theories will be examined and linking the concept to approaches and application relevant to the social work profession. In addition, the discussion will ...

Nursing leadership involves critical thinking, advocacy, and action. Leadership plays a significant role in the lives of nurses and the entire healthcare system. As a profession, nurses take a patient- centered approach to service delivery. Often, nurses are on the frontline in taking care of the patients hence, playing a vital role in responding to the changes in the health status of a patient. An efficient nurse leader has distinct qualities such as courage, and ability to handle stress. Excellent leaders do more than directing, dictating or delegating duties. They focus on helping others to achieve their potentials. Leadership ...

Power is an ability to influence the behavior and actions of other people within an organization. It can be used either to bring a positive or negative impacts in an organization. According to French Raven, a renowned American sociologist, there rarer five main sources of power: legitimate, expert, referent, coercive and reward (Chemers M., 1997). All these, depending on how they are used, directly alter the behavior of the employees within the organization as discussed herein:

1. Legitimate power

This is simply a positional power that arises from one’s position in the organizational hierarchical structure. For instance, the Chief Executive Officer(CEO), Managing Director, ...

Leadership is defined as the process of influencing other people to align their actions towards the attainment of common goals. Leadership is one of the most misunderstood concepts in the world. On the contrary, it is applied in everyday life. Besides, it is a common theme in social and political discourse. Over the years, leadership has been understood in various terms and philosophies. The early thinkers understood leadership in terms ‘superman’ and his distinctive traits. Plato for instance advanced the view of philosopher kings. He believed that only philosophers would provide effective leadership. ‘The great man’ approach to leadership was ...

Leadership in Health and Social Care: The challenge of promoting effective teamwork on hand hygiene compliance in an inter-disciplinary environment for team leaders in Hong Kong authority hospitals

Part I

Introduction: Hand hygiene is the single most effective and cost efficient method for preventing and reducing the transmission of hospital acquired infections. Adherence to hand hygiene practices is the most important method of reducing infections in healthcare facilities. Because hands of healthcare workers frequently serve as vectors for the transmission of organisms between patients, and are also a major reservoir for pathogens with antimicrobial resistance, the simple act of washing ones ...

Interview

Keeping employees and subordinates motivated towards their professional duty of serving and taking care of patients is a mandatory role of the nursing leaders. Leadership is a complex set of abilities, traits, and strategies that helps a manager or chief direct his subordinates. This paper summarizes the face-to-face interview with two of the nursing leaders, and a conclusion about the leadership roles is drawn basing upon these interviews. The content of the interview focuses upon the role of qualification and training in acquiring a management position. Moreover, the challenges and the accomplishments of the interviewees as managers depict the possible relation between professional training, ...

Steve Jobs

Leadership in an organization is a joint effort that should involve both the employer and the employee. Leaders have led to the growth of their companies in different ways. Steve Jobs is one of the most celebrated leaders in the technology sector. The management strategies and the methods of the employer have a greater impact on the performance of the company. The rise or demise of the company depends on the leadership skills of the manager. High world managers such as Steve Jobs have faced different challenges in dealing with bigger companies. Steve Jobs can be a superb example to show the ...

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There have been several leadership theories that have been developed at different points of time. Sales and sales management has been a subject of many discussion, especially in the contemporary corporate world. Sales management has become increasingly complex as the dimension in the competitive environment increases daily. InsideView is a sales management solution that empowers the sales force with information about the prospects. One of the key philosophies of this solution ...

Abstract

The outcome of any situation, incident or event depends upon how the person faces them by using experience, skill, and trouble-shooting approach. The success of any business or organization is determined by the effective leadership. Leadership is a multi-dimensional concept. The paper focuses on the thorough discussion of leadership. The paper highlights the effective leadership qualities of Oprah Winfrey, one of the most influential personalities of our time. The paper starts with explaining a brief biography of Oprah Winfrey. The biography highlights Oprah's professional aspects rather than the personal aspects of her life. Among these aspects, her educational achievements, career achievement ...

Introduction

A survey of the human population will show that people exhibit different levels of creativity. People have different abilities to generate novel solutions to significant problems in the society (Duxbury 1). Different theories have been advanced to explain the origin and factors influencing creativity among individuals. For instance, proponents of psychoanalytic theories argue that creativity is the result of reactions to repressed emotions or difficult circumstances. The major tenet of this theory is that the creative process is inspired by the need to find solutions to difficult situations in life. On the other hand, psychoticism theories posit that all ...

Abstract

The present paper delineates mainly the two types of leadership styles; one the charismatic leadership style and the other situational leadership style. While the charismatic leadership style is based on the personal charisma of the leader, the situational leadership style is based on the perception of the situation. The charismatic leadership despite inspiring in its appeal is not a participatory style of leadership. This style of leadership is hard to be sustained and does not promote participation and involvement of all. A situational leader changes his style as per the demand of the situation and involves the participation of the ...

Introduction

Leadership is defined by Chester Bernard as "the ability of a superior to influence the behavior of subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action" (ETSU, 2013). For the success of any organization or a mission, it is important to have a great leader at the helm. A true leader is he who can elicit positive actions, behaviors and emotions in people without the promise of a reward or a threat of punishment (Givray, 2012). A true leader is he who with his passion, perseverance and dedication can guide his followers and subordinates into the right direction of success. There are different ...

Leadership is one of the widely discussed topic, while it is such a concept which is still confusing and not as much of understood in many of the cultures and society. It’s been a long when many researchers have emphasized over this trendy misapprehension, indicating several defective suppositions, or myths exist about leadership which is frequently hindered with the individual's concept of what actually the term leadership is. However there are number of leadership theories which are proposed by many authors and some of them are mentioned below:

Trait theory of leadership:

Trait theory is primarily based on a person's human qualities. It is believed ...

Introduction

Leadership is social influence where an individual demonstrates influence over other people’s decisions for them to follow. Leadership requires qualities which are molded by an individual through self-assessment and realization. A good leader should be able to address people in mature manner considering their divergent views on certain contentious issues. One of the best qualities of a leader is self confidence. This refers to the ability of a person to assert the words from his or her mind without fear of other people’s reaction. He should be able to accommodate the resistance from other people and make the necessary ...

Background

Amazon is the largest online trading company based in the US, a creation of its CEO Jeff Benzos in 1994 during the internet boom. It sells retail goods e.g. jewelry, consumer electronics e.g. e-books and digital content which include e-books, videos and mobile applications. With a market share of over 60 million customers, Amazon is the largest online retailer. Amazon has been most popularly known for its online bookstore where published materials are transacted. Amazon has about 88,400 employees employed and working in care centers, offices and warehouses all over the world. Acquiring $61 billion in sales revenue and $ ...

Instruction

Individuals exist in a culture that is reliant on social relations whether with the outside community or close family structure. Individual personality and behavior mirrors who we are as persons. Our behavior and personality are factors that can be viewed to be beyond our control and psychologists have taken quite some time to study how people behave and the reasons for the divergent behavior in human being. This paper shall seek to analyze the character of Jenny Curran from the movie Forrest Gump using the personality theories of psychoanalytic and traits. Jenny Curran, though not a chief character, is very influential ...

Introduction

The topic of the paper is murder, and its mission is to discuss the crimes of Jeffrey Dahmer and relating this crime with the three categories of crime causation. Murder is the deliberate taking of another person life. Murder can be first-degree and second-degree murder where in the first degree both the intention and the killing is planned (Brown et al, 2010). This paper will also discuss how Jeffery Dahmer killed people deliberately out of ill will.

The Crime

The paper will address the crime of murder and will discuss the life of an American serial killer and sex offender Jeffrey ...

I admire Steve Jobs as a leader and there are several reasons why I do so; he is an innovative and genius person who everyone knows resurrected the company from ashes to become the most loved organization of all times. But there is more than merely his being a genius which sets him apart from non-leaders; these are his traits as a leader. First trait is adaptability; he had always welcomed criticism in his life and work because he admitted his flaws, realized where the problem was and then struggled to remove those. He was determined to become a better leader and was ...

Introduction

A variety of internal and external factors influence the state and effectiveness of any organization. Furthermore, joint influence of several factors is almost always different from the influence, exerted by these factors, when they are not active simultaneously. Such a phenomenon is called synergy or cooperative effect, and is widely used for the purposes of managerial and organizational science-related researches. Particularly synergy constitutes the basis for effective functioning of organization, where joint efforts of team members are always more beneficial for overall performance of the enterprise, while efforts, applied by each team member, do not tend to be so effective. ...

Personality is the paradigm of feelings, thoughts, behaviors and social adjustments often executed overtime that immensely influences one’s self-perceptions, expectations, attitudes and values (Carducci, 2009). This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of personality theories- Social cognitive theories and trait theories- comparing and contrasting them in relation to: Basic or underlying assumptions, freewill versus deterministic and awareness of self (e.g., conscious versus unconscious motives for behavior). Eventually, it will choose one of these theories that is most suitable when working with people and explain why. Social cognitive theory, developed by a worldwide well known psychologist- Albert Bandura, employs ...

Abstract

We have seen changes in the way management theory and leadership strategies are looked upon in the last 100 years. Conjured under the backdrop of numerous and varied events such as the industrial revolution in the early 1900s, the equalization of the treatment of races and gender, through the various economic depressions and worldwide political changes, the management aspect of business and life in general, has evolved at a sharper and more meaningful rate. This paper examines the evolution of management, from its early beginnings, to the scientific method espoused by Taylor, the findings of Henri Fayol, the summation of ...

Certain theories explain the causes, nature, and extent of crime; for example, the theory of rational choice explains that individuals commit crime to fulfill their pleasures (Reynald, 2011, p. 23). According to this theory, individuals choose to do wrong if it results to rewards and fun rather than pain. The theory of trait argues that individuals are born with certain characteristics that make them engage in criminal activities. The social structure hypothesis argues that the surrounding influences the behavior of people. According to this theory, a person becomes a criminal if he or she lives with criminals (Walker, 2011, p.59). The ...

Introduction

Jenny is the feminine character from “Forest Gump”, Forests’ first real friend from when they were children. She is very affectionate as a child, defending Forest, encouraging him (being famous for the famous expression, which entered the popular culture – “Run, Forest, run!”), and even teaching him to read, as he was a slower learner than she was. Jenny has no physical defects but she deals with far more complex problems, because she lacks the parental protection and love. On the contrary, she is repeatedly abused by her father, and this causes severe damages in her future development as a grown up. Each ...

Explain how IQ is computed. List and describe the theories of intelligence. IQ aka intelligence quotient is a score of a multitude of standardized tests done to evaluate intelligence. Back in 1905, a French psychologist named Alfred Binet established the IQ test. The IQ score reflects our analytical and cognitive skills. In IQ calculation, through a group of standardized tests our mental age is determined and then it is divided by our physical age and finally the result is multiplied by 100. For instance, if Tom's physical age is 24 and his IQ test result shows that his mental age is 28, ...

Introduction

Human resource management is one of most rapidly developing fields of management. According to the opinion of A.Haslinda (2009), “human resources are organization’s greatest assets, because without them everyday business functions such as managing cash flows, making business transactions, communicating through all forms of media and dealing with customers could not be completed”(180). Despite the fact that modern HRM stresses high value of human resources, it is still criticized for treating people just as a means or a tool instead of considering their personalities. In this assignment we will consider the way modern HRM treats people and find out ...

Leadership is one of the most crucial subject matter in any aspects of human affairs. This is very important because of two main reasons. First, leadership solves the problem of organizing a collective effort, which is a major ingredient in group or organizational success (Daft, 2011). With great leaders, government, business, personal and community organizations succeed and develop. When organizations are successful, the members are happy and fulfilled. Leadership matters because it is greatly consequential for the effectiveness and the success of an organization and the well being of the members of an organization (Daft, 2011). Leadership affects organization. For ...

Leadership has always been a controversial issue since ancient times. Some people believed that leaders are born, but studies suggest that leaders can be made. Leadership studies have been separated into various phases. The phases evolved as studies in leadership progressed prompting a better understanding of the subject. The earliest studies on leadership known as trait studies focussed on specific personality traits. Apparently, a leader possesses specific characteristics that could be identified by studying the person and how they behaved (Argyris, 1957). These studies suggest that leaders are born and not made. Despite the criticism it faced, these studies were upheld ...

Introduction

Organizational behavior is actually a field of study, which investigates the impact that the individuals, the groups, and the structures have on the behavior within an organization for purpose of applying this type of knowledge towards improving the effectiveness of an organization. The concept of Leadership has essentially been a hot discussion topic for many millenniums. It is a current event that is directly related to the organizational behavior. The term leadership is defined in various ways. A definition that is widely accepted states that it is a characteristic which enables an individual to inspire a certain group to realize their common interest or ...

How Transformational Leadership Leads to Ethical Leadership

As managers struggle to make their subordinates follow their directions, one thing that managers must realize is that theirs is just a title assigned to their role in the team, and does not necessarily equate to leadership. With more employees turning into cynics about the real motives of management, the more becoming an effective manager and leader and changing the leadership approach become crucial in keeping employees loyal, motivated, and satisfied with their job and work environment. Therefore, what managers must understand is how becoming a transformational leader can help restore the faith of employees to management without sacrificing ethics, principles, ...

Home Depot was founded in Atlanta in 1978. By the end of 2000, Home Depot owned more than 1,100 stores and reached $40 billion in revenue (Charan, 2006). Robert Nardelli arrived to the company at the end of 2000 and introduced a new leadership style to the company. Rather than focusing on employee or customer satisfaction, Nardelli aimed to create a big business based on facts and sacrifices for the sake of growth. With a background in the industrial sector, his strict and authoritarian approach helped Home Depot increase revenue to $80 billion and double their earnings per share in five ...

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Leadership Theory and Practices Introduction

Leadership is important for any group of people that has come together for a common purpose. Clark (2004) defines leadership as a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs an organisation or institution in a way that makes it more coherent and cohesive. Thus, a leader steers and stimulates a group of people towards achieving a shared goal. While this is the basic role of a leader, people’s approach to leadership varies widely. The objective of the paper is to analyse the leadership approach of a chosen leader based on key leadership theories that provide ...

Practical Implications of Transactional and Transformational Leadership

Leadership Styles: Practical Implications of Transactional and Transformational Leadership

Leadership is a skill that is often described as a form of social influence because it is the process of influencing an individual or organizing a group of people with the aim of reaching a common goal. Early research in leadership considered only the leader’s traits as determinants of successful leadership, but modern research recognizes several factors that enable leaders to influence their followers. Rather than observing leadership as a natural and fixed occurrence, contemporary theories and research on effective leadership state that it is a skill which can be learned by developing various ...

I. Abstract Each one of each has often found themselves working within a given group. Within every group there is a unifying factor that causes its members to exhibit a uniform group think. However, it is important to note that realizing such a pattern is caused by the effort of a person within the group who conveys to the rest of the group members a clear picture of what the goals of the group are. This particular individual possesses a passion of the objective that the group aims at achieving which in turn causes the rest of the group members to follow suit. This person ...

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1.0 Extended Introduction There are many theories that have been put forward that try to address the issue of leadership and success in an organization. Many theorists have taken different issues and focused on them to try to explain the disparities in leadership styles that are adopted by different leaders in different organizations. Since the seventeenth century, there have been researches that have been focused on leadership in relation to hereditary attributes as seen in the works of Galton and Eysenck (1869; Derue et al. 2011, p. 7). In their research, it was ...

Article Review: Modern Leadership Theories in Criminal Justice

This article discusses three modern theories of leadership: trait theory, style theory, and situational leadership theory. Out of the three leadership theories, the author, Caol McKinney favors the situational leadership theory. I disagree. I favor the trait theory. Let me explain why.

Trait theory assumes that good leaders have certain traits in common. I agree. Good leaders have the following traits: the ability to understand and work with a wide variety of personalities, the ability to organize work and people, and the ability to know their own strengths and weaknesses. Knowing their own strengths and weaknesses is important when it ...

1.0 Introduction Personality can be defined as a set of organized and dynamic characteristics that reflects and determines how an individual reacts to his/her environment[ CITATION Tie93 \l 2057 ]. Normally, these set of organized and dynamic characteristics influences ones behaviors, motivation and cognition[ CITATION THu08 \l 1033 ]. Personality brings out the differences between individuals and a unique set of inner characteristic that each posses. Through the study of personality one can appreciate the fact that no two individuals are exactly identical e.g. one can be adventurous while the other is not. It is worth noting that personality can be enduring ...